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Jet Propulsion

Jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by expelling high-speed gas, operating on Newton's Third Law and the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Key components include the intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle, with thrust calculated using a specific momentum equation. Various types of jet engines exist, such as turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, and ramjets/scramjets, each with unique features and applications.

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3 views2 pages

Jet Propulsion

Jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by expelling high-speed gas, operating on Newton's Third Law and the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Key components include the intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and nozzle, with thrust calculated using a specific momentum equation. Various types of jet engines exist, such as turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, and ramjets/scramjets, each with unique features and applications.

Uploaded by

Gedyson Lima Gedyson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Jet Engines

Introduction
Jet engines are a type of reaction engine that generate thrust by expelling a high-speed jet of gas. They
operate based on Newton’s Third Law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The
fundamental working principle of most jet engines is the Brayton thermodynamic cycle.

Main Components
A typical jet engine consists of the following key components:
1. Intake: Air is drawn into the engine.
2. Compressor: Compresses incoming air to increase its pressure.
3. Combustor: Fuel is mixed with the compressed air and ignited.
4. Turbine: Extracts energy from the high-temperature, high-pressure gas to drive the compressor.
5. Nozzle: Accelerates the exhaust gases to produce thrust.

Thermodynamic Cycle
The engine operates approximately on the Brayton cycle, which consists of the following processes:
1. Isentropic Compression (in the compressor)
2. Constant-Pressure Combustion (in the combustor)
3. Isentropic Expansion (through the turbine and nozzle)

Thrust Equation
The thrust F generated by a jet engine can be estimated using the momentum equation:

F = ṁ(Vexit − Vinlet ) + (Pexit − Patm )Aexit


Where:
• ṁ: mass flow rate of the air
• Vexit : velocity of the exhaust gas
• Vinlet : velocity of the incoming air
• Pexit : pressure at the nozzle exit
• Patm : atmospheric pressure
• Aexit : nozzle exit area

1
brayton_cycle.png

Figure 1: Brayton cycle on a Pressure-Volume diagram

Types of Jet Engines


• Turbojet: Basic jet engine with all components in series.
• Turbofan: Includes a fan for improved efficiency and noise reduction.
• Turboprop: Uses a turbine to drive a propeller.
• Ramjet/Scramjet: Operates without a rotating compressor or turbine; relies on high speed to com-
press air.

Conclusion
Jet engines revolutionized aviation and propulsion by providing efficient and powerful thrust. Understanding
their core components, thermodynamic cycle, and thrust mechanisms is key to mastering their design and
application.

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