Gregorian Institute of Technology Kottayam

Department of Automobile engineering

SPEED CONTROL USING AURDINO

DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOBILE
ENGINEERING REPORT
4009 MINOR PROJECT
Submitted By
HARISANKAR P A (2301051755)

SREERAG VISWAN (2301051769)

ALEN SABU (2301051744)

MUHAMMAD RIZIL I (2301051760)

ABIN BIJU (2301051735)

ASWIN SURESH (2301051750)

Department of Automobile Engineering

Gregorian Institute
of Technology
(GIT) Kanghazha,
Kottayam

APRIL 2025
 GREGORIAN INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY (GIT) KANGAZHA
KOTTAYAM

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is the certificate that the report entitled "SPEED CTROL USING ARDUINO" Submitted by
"HARISANKAR P.A, SREERAG VISWAN, ALEN SABU, MUHAMMAD
RIZIL I, ABIN BIJU, ASWIN SURESH"to the department of Automobile Engineering ,Gregorian
institute of technology (GIT) kangazha kottayam,in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Diploma in Automobile Engineering from Department of Technical Education of kerala, is an authentic
report of the minor project (4009) done by them.

Staff in Charge Head of the Department

Balu vinod Mr. Muhammed Roshan
Lecture
Dept.of AUE ENG
External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and the foremost, Ithank God,the Almighty who gave me the inner strength,
resource, and ability to complete the work successfully without which all the
efforts Would have in vai

lexpress my sincere gratitude to our chairman. MR J0JI THOMAS for providing

good facilities and proper environment for developing my project works and to do.
it in the required way. lam grateful to our Academic Director,
MR SATHEESH KUMAR M this val.uable advice. I am thankful to our principal, MR RAMESH S C for
the valuable advice and motivation. lexpress my heartfelt thanks to our HOD,
MR.MUHAMMAD ROSHAN for his valuable advice and Support

convey my sincere thanks to

MR BALU VINOD (lecture) and all other
faculties in the Automobile department for their support, encouragement, and
timely assistance, I thank all my friends who have helped me during the work with
their inspiration and cooperation
I truly admire my parents for their contant encouragement and enduring support,
which was inevitable for the success of this venture. Once again, I convey my
gratitude to all those persons who directly or in directly influericed my work

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SL. NO. CONTENT PAGES

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 ABSTRACT 4

3 WORKING PRINCIPLE 5

4 DESIGN PHASE OF 6
PROJECT

5 COMPONENTS 8

6 COST ESTIMATION 19

7 ADVANTAGES AND 20
DISADVANTAGES

8 IMAGE GALLERY 21

9 CONCLUSION 26

2
 INTRODUCTION

Speed control of electric motors is crucial in many industrial and household applications, such as
fans, conveyors, and robotic systems. Traditional methods of speed control often require bulky
hardware or complex circuitry. However, with the advent of microcontrollers like the Arduino, it
has become easier and more efficient to implement precise motor control using software.
This project focuses on using an Arduino to control the speed of a DC motor through Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM). PWM is a technique that allows the adjustment of the power delivered to the
motor by varying the duty cycle of the signal. By controlling the windth of the pulses sent to the
motor, we can effectively increase or decrease its speed without changing the voltage.

This system can be further enhanced with a user interface, such as a potentiometer or a digital
input method, to provide real-time speed control. The use of Arduino makes the setup cost-
effective, easy to implement, and highly customizable for various automation tasks.

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 ABSTRACT

This project presents a method for controlling the speed of a DC motor using an Arduino
microcontroller and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. The system allows precise speed
variation by adjusting the duty cycle of a PWM signal, enabling efficient power usage without
mechanical losses. A potentiometer is used as an input device to provide real-time control over the
motor speed, making the system user friendly and adaptable. This project demonstrates a simple
yet effective way to implement motor speed control for applications in automation, robotics, and
other electromechanical systems. The use of Arduino ensures a low-cost, flexible, and easily
programmable solution.

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Working Principle of the Speed-Controlled Car System The system measures the wheel speed using
a groove coupler module and processes the data in an ESP32 microcontroller. The ESP32 then
sends the speed data to Arduino Cloud, where users can monitor the real-time speed on a mobile
phone.
Additionally, users can set a maximum speed limit through the Arduino Cloud interface. Based on
this input:

• If the user sets a maximum speed, the system ensures the motor does not exceed this limit.
• The Arduino Cloud sends a PWM signal to the ESP32, representing the desired speed.
• The ESP32 then adjusts the L298N motor driver, which controls the DC motor’s speed
accordingly.
• Simultaneously, the speed data from the groove coupler sensor is also sent to an Arduino
board, which drives a servo motor to act as an analog speedometer, visually displaying the
speed in real time.

This system allows both digital monitoring and manual visualization of the car’s speed while
maintaining user control over the maximum speed.

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DESIGN PHASE OF PROJECT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6
DESIGN

7
 COMPONENTS

Arduino UNO :
The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller-based development board that is widely used in electronics
and programming projects. It is part of the Arduino family and is ideal for beginners and
professionals due to its ease of use, versatility, and large community support.
Key Features:

1. Microcontroller: The board is powered by the ATmega328P microcontroller.

2. Digital I/O Pins: It has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 of which can be used as PWM outputs.
3. Analog Input Pins: 6 analog input pins are available to read analog sensors.
4. Clock Speed: Operates at 16 MHz.
5. Memory: It has 32 KB of flash memory, 2 KB of SRAM, and 1 KB of EEPROM.
6. Connectivity: It has a USB port for programming and communication, as well as serial
communication through pins TX/RX.
7. Power Supply: Can be powered through USB or an external power supply (7-12V)

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Application Areas:

Prototyping: Great for building prototypes of electronic systems.

Education: Widely used for learning programming and electronics. Automation: Can

be used for home automation projects, robotics, IoT applications, etc.

Programming: Arduino UNO is programmed using the Arduino IDE, which supports a
simplified C++ language. It offers a user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and uploading
code to the board. Arduino UNO is a versatile and cost-effective platform, making it an excellent
choice for a wide range of projects, from hobbyist experiments to professional prototypes.

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MOTOR DRIVER :

The L298N is a popular dual H-Bridge motor driver IC used to control the speed and direction of
DC motors, stepper motors, and other inductive loads. It allows microcontrollers (like Arduino) to
control high-current motors, which cannot be directly powered by microcontrollers due to their
limited current-handling capacity.
Key Features:

1. Dual H-Bridge Configuration: The L298N has two H-Bridge circuits that allow for control
of two DC motors independently.
2. Motor Voltage: It can drive motors with voltages from 4.5V to 36V.
3. Current Rating: The L298N can handle a maximum output current of 2A per motor.
4. Logic Voltage: The input logic voltage (control voltage) is typically 5V, which is
compatible with most microcontrollers like Arduino.
5. Thermal Shutdown: The IC features thermal shutdown protection to prevent overheating.
6. Overcurrent Protection: It includes built-in current-limiting features for motor protection.
7. PWM Control: Supports Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for speed control of DC motors.

Pinout: k IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4: Control pins to set the motor direction. ENA, ENB: Enable pins
to turn the motors on and off (also used for PWM control to adjust speed). OUT1, OUT2, OUT3,
OUT4: Motor connection pins. Vcc: Power supply for the motor. GND: Ground connection. Vs:
Motor power supply voltage.

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Working Principle:

• The L298N operates using two H-Bridge circuits to control the direction of the motors by
changing the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor terminals.
• The Enable pins allow for enabling or disabling the motor, while the IN1, IN2, IN3, IN4
pins control the rotation direction.
• Speed control can be done using PWM signals sent to the Enable pins, allowing for finer
control over motor operation.

Applications: Robotics: Used to control motors in robotic systems. Automation: For driving
motors in automated devices. DIY Projects: Common in hobbyist projects where motor control is
required.

Conclusion: The L298N motor driver is a simple, versatile, and affordable solution for
controlling motors, making it a key component in many DIY and robotics projects. It provides an
easy way to interface high-power motors with low-power microcontrollers like Arduino.

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Wi-Fi Module (ESP 32) :

The ESP32 is a powerful, low-cost, and energy-efficient microcontroller developed by Espressif

Systems. It is designed for use in a variety of applications, particularly in the Internet of Things
(IoT), automation, and wireless communication projects.

Key Features:

1. Dual-Core Processor: The ESP32 features a dual-core Ten silica Xtensa LX6 processor,
capable of running at up to 240 MHz.
2. Connectivity: Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n): Provides high-speed wireless networking. Bluetooth:
Supports both Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for short-range
communication.
3. Memory: 320 KB of SRAM. 4MB Flash Memory (often, depending on the module).
4. GPIO Pins: It has up to 34 GPIO pins, which can be configured for a wide range of
functions, including analog inputs, digital inputs/outputs, PWM, I2C, SPI, etc.
5. Low Power Consumption: Features various power modes for energy-efficient operation,
making it ideal for battery-powered projects.

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 6. ADC/DAC: Includes 12-bit ADCs for analog-to-digital conversion and DACs for digital-
to-analog conversion.
7. Onboard Peripherals: Includes I2C, SPI, UART, and CAN interfaces, among others.
8. Security: Supports hardware encryption and secure boot for secure communication and
data. It uses the USB-to-serial interface for programming and communication.

Applications:

• IoT Devices: Smart home systems, sensors, and other connected devices.
• Wearables: Health monitoring devices, smartwatches, etc.
• Automation: Home automation, smart lighting, and security systems. Robotics: Remote
control and wireless communication for robots.

Conclusion:

The ESP32 is a highly versatile and cost-effective solution for a wide range of projects, offering
both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, robust processing power, and low power consumption. Its
flexibility and ease of use make it one of the most popular microcontrollers for IoT and wireless
applications.

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Bug Booster :

A bug booster (often referred to as a boost converter) is an electronic circuit that increases the
voltage from a lower value to a higher value. In the context of 3V to 5V, it specifically refers to a
circuit or module that steps up a 3V input to a stable 5V output.

Key Points:

1. Function: A bug booster (boost converter) steps up a lower voltage (3V) to a higher voltage
(5V) by using inductors, capacitors, and switching devices like transistors.
2. Applications: It is widely used in powering devices like sensors, microcontrollers (e.g.,
Arduino), and other low-power electronics that require a stable 5V supply.
3. Efficiency: Boost converters are typically more energy-efficient than linear voltage
regulators because they don't dissipate excess energy as heat; instead, they transfer it
through inductive storage.
4. Design: The design usually includes a control circuit that adjusts the switching frequency
and duty cycle to maintain the desired output voltage, regardless of the load or input
variations. Boost converters are essential in battery-powered applications, where the input
voltage from batteries (often 3V or less) needs to be stepped up to 5V to power 5V systems.

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LN 393 Sensor :

The LM393 is a dual comparator IC that is commonly used in speed measuring sensors, particularly
in systems where precise detection of speed is required, such as in motor control, RPM
measurement, and tachometer circuits.

Key Points:

1. Function: The LM393 is used as a comparator, which compares two input voltages and
outputs a digital signal (high or low) based on which input is higher. In speed-measuring
sensors, it compares the signal generated by a rotating object (e.g., pulses from a wheel or
motor shaft) to a reference voltage, producing a corresponding output that indicates the
speed.
2. Speed Measurement: In speed sensors, the LM393 is often used to detect pulses generated
by a rotating disk or object, such as a magnetic encoder or optical sensor. Each pulse
corresponds to a specific distance traveled or a number of rotations, and the frequency of
pulses can be used to calculate the speed of the rotating object..
3. Advantages: Low Power Consumption: The LM393 operates at a low current, making it
suitable for battery-powered applications. Open-Collector Output: The open-collector
output allows easy interfacing with digital systems, like microcontrollers, for further

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 processing or display of speed data. Noise Immunity: The LM393 provides a clean digital
output with noise rejection, which is useful in speed sensing applications where accuracy is
important.
4. Applications: RPM Sensors: Detecting rotational speed of motors or wheels. Tachometers:
Measuring the rotational speed of machinery. Encoders: Used in combination with optical or
magnetic encoders for precise speed measurement.

Conclusion:

The LM393 is widely used in speed-measuring sensors due to its low power consumption, digital
output, and reliable performance in various speed-sensing applications.

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BO Motor :

A BO motor typically refers to a type of DC motor commonly used in various applications like
robotics, automation, and other small mechanical projects. However, it is important to note that
"BO" may refer to different terms depending on the context. The following explanation assumes
you're referring to a basic DC motor commonly found in educational kits, robots, and DIY
electronics.

Key Features :

1. Basic Functionality: A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy,

producing rotational motion.
2. Simple Construction: Typically consists of a rotor (armature), stator, and a commutator
for switching current direction.
3. Voltage and Current: Can operate at various voltages, typically from 3V to 12V in small
motor versions.
4. Direction Control: The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the polarity of
the applied voltage. 5. Speed Control: Speed can be regulated using PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals, which adjust the average voltage supplied to the motor.
Applications: Robotics: For driving wheels, actuators, and various moving parts.

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Automation:

Used in fans, small appliances, and control systems. DIY Projects: Widely used in hobby
electronics for educational purposes.
Conclusion: A BO motor (if referring to a basic DC motor) is a crucial component in many
electronic and robotic projects. It is easy to control and highly adaptable, making it a popular
choice for small scale applications.

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 COST ESTIMATION

SL.NO COMPONENT PRICE

(Rupees)

1. ARDUINO 2326+5000

2. MOTOR DRIVER 450

3. MOTOR 600

4. BUCK BOOSTER 200

5. WIFI MODULE 660

6. LM393 SENSOR’S 200

TOTAL 9436

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:

• Wireless Control You can control motor speed remotely using a phone, tablet, or
computer.
• Flexibility & Automation Can be integrated with sensors or IoT systems for smart
automation.
• Real-Time Monitoring You can create a web dashboard to monitor speed and status in
real time.
• No Need for Physical Input No need for physical knobs or buttons— everything can be
digital.
• Low Cost & Easy to Build Components like Arduino and ESP8266/ESP32 are cheap and
widely available.

Disadvantages:

• WiFi Dependence
• The system needs a stable WiFi connection —no internet, no control.
• Security Concerns Without proper security, your system can be vulnerable to hacking.
• Limited Range (for ESP8266) ESP8266 has limited range compared to Bluetooth or long-
range radios. Latency WiFi control may have slight delay depending on network speed
and signal strength.
• Complexity for Beginners Networking and web server setup may be tricky if you're new
to Arduino and IoT. Want me to help with the actual code or wiring diagram next? 4o

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IMAGE GALLERY

ARDUINO

21
MOTOR DRIVER

22
ESP 32 WI-FI MODULE

23
BUCK BOOSTER

24
BO MOTOR

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 CONCLUSION

Controlling motor speed using an Arduino and a Wi-Fi module offers a modern, efficient, and
flexible solution for remote automation. It allows for real-time control and monitoring over a
wireless network, making it ideal for smart applications and IoT projects. However, considerations
such as network stability, security, and system complexity should be carefully managed. Overall,
it provides a powerful and cost-effective approach to wireless motor control in both hobbyist and
practical applications.

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