COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

YEAR OF
DATA COMPRESSION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT INTRODUCTION
CST446
TECHNIQUES
PEC 2 1 0 3 2019

Preamble: This course helps the learners to understand compression techniques on text, image,
audio and video data. It covers lossy &lossless compression, RLE, JPEG, MPEG and its variants.
This course enables the students to develop and implement compression algorithms on different
domains.

Prerequisite: Knowledge of probability theory, computation on matrices, basic topics in data

structures, storage and efficiency
Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO# CO
Describe the fundamental principles of data compression(Cognitive Knowledge
CO1 level: Understand)

Make use of statistical and dictionary based compression techniques for various
CO2 applications (Cognitive Knowledge level: Apply)

Illustrate various image compression standards. (Cognitive Knowledge level:

CO3 Apply)

Summarize video compression mechanisms to reduce the redundancy in

CO4 video.(Cognitive Knowledge level: Understand)

Use the fundamental properties of digital audio to compress audio

CO5 data.(Cognitive Knowledge level: Understand)

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
CO1
CO2

CO3
CO4

CO5

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Abstract POs defined by National Board of Accreditation

PO# Broad PO PO# Broad PO

PO1 Engineering Knowledge PO7 Environment and Sustainability

PO2 Problem Analysis PO8 Ethics

PO3 Design/Development of solutions PO9 Individual and team work
Conduct investigations of complex
PO4 problems PO10 Communication

PO5 Modern tool usage PO11 Project Management and Finance

PO6 The Engineer and Society PO12 Life long learning

Assessment Pattern
Continuous Assessment Tests
Bloom’s End Semester Examination
Category Marks (%)
Test 1 (%) Test 2 (%)
Remember 30 30 30
Understand 40 40 40
Apply 30 30 30
Analyze
Evaluate
Create

Mark Distribution

Total Marks CIE Marks ESE Marks ESE Duration

150 50 100 3

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Tests(Average of SeriesTests1& 2) 25 marks

Continuous Assessment Assignment 15 marks

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Internal Examination Pattern:

Each of the two internal examinations has to be conducted out of 50 marks. First series test shall
be preferably conducted after completing the first half of the syllabus and the second series test
shall be preferably conducted after completing remaining part of the syllabus. There will be two
parts: Part A and Part B. Part A contains 5 questions (preferably, 2 questions each from the
completed modules and 1 question from the partly completed module), having 3 marks for each
question adding up to 15 marks for part A. Students should answer all questions from Part A.
Part B contains 7 questions (preferably, 3 questions each from the completed modules and 1
question from the partly completed module), each with 7 marks. Out of the 7 questions, a student
should answer any5.

End Semester Examination Pattern:

There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contains 10 questions with 2 questions from
each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B
contains 2 full questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each
question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carries 14 marks.

Syllabus
Module-1 (Modelling and types of compression)) 1
Introduction to Compression Techniques- Lossy compression & Lossless compression, Measures
of Performance, Modeling and coding. Mathematical modelling for Lossless and lossy compression
- Physical models and probability models.

Module – 2 (Basic Compression Methods)

Basic Compression Technique- Run length encoding, RLE Text compression. Statistical Methods-
Prefix Codes, Binary Huffman coding, non-binary Huffman Algorithms, Arithmetic Coding.
Module - 3 (Text & Image Compression)
Dictionary based Coding- LZ77, LZ78 and LZW compression.Image Compression- Image
standards, JPEG image Compression- Baseline JPEG, JPEG-LS.

Module - 4 (Video Compression)

Video Compression- Analog video, Digital Video, Motion Compensation. MPEG standards-
MPEG 1, MPEG 4

Module - 5 (Audio Compression)

Audio Compression- Basics of Digital Audio, Basic Audio Compression Techniques, MPEG
Audio Compression-Layer 1 coding, Layer 2 coding and Layer 3 coding.

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Text Book
1. David Solomon, Data compression: the complete reference, 4/e, Springer, January 2007
2. Khalid Sayood, Introduction to data compression, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,2003.
References
1) Stephen Welstead, Fractal and wavelet Image Compression techniques, PHI, 1999.
2) Sleinreitz, Multimedia System, Addison Wesley.
3) Mark Nelson and Jean-loup Gailly, The Data Compression Book, M&T Books.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Discuss different types of compression performance metrics

2. Explain mathematical model for lossless compression

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Explain RLE based text compression and identify a example with compression ratio of 2.
2. Given the eight symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H with probabilities 1/30, 1/30, 1/30,
2/30, 3/30, 5/30, 5/30, and 12/30, draw three different Huffman trees with heights 5 and 6
for these symbols and calculate the average code size for each tree.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Differentiate the LZ77 and LZ78 performance with the input given as
‘sirsideastmaneasilyteasesseasickseals’
2. Explain why the continuous-tone images is required for JPEG and the main steps used in
image compression.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Briefly explain MPEG-4 video compression standard

2. How H.261 video compression is completed.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain critical bands, thresholding and masking related to audio compression

2. Explain the working of -law encoder and decoder with an example

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Model Question Paper

QP CODE:

Reg No: _______________

Name: _________________ PAGES : 2

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: CST446

Course Name: Data Compression Techniques

Max.Marks:100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer All Questions. Each Question Carries 3 Marks

1. Specify different quantities used to measure the performance of a data

compression technique

2. Explain mathematical model for lossless compression

3. State and prove Kraft-McMillan inequality

4. Compare Huffman and Arithmetic coding

5. Describe LZ77 approach of encoding a string with the help of an example

6. Compare and contrast JPEG and JPEG-LS differences in working.

7. Discuss different components of video

8. Identify the advantage of MPEG-4 over MPEG

9. Explain critical bands, thresholding and masking related to audio compression

10. Explain the working of -law encoder and decoder with an example
(10x3=30)

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Part B
(Answer any one question from each module. Each question carries 14 Marks)

11. (a) Explain mathematical model for lossy compression and lossless compression (10)
(b) Define compression ratio with an example (4)
OR

12. (a) Discuss any probability model and identify the shortcoming of the solution. (7)

(b) Identify the mathematical preliminaries for Lossless Compression (7)

13. (a) With a help of flowchart discuss the RLE text compression for text data given (10)
below
‘ABBBBBBBBBCDEEEEF’
(b) calculate the compression ratio for the example while taking repetitions = 4 (4)

OR
14. (a) Illustrate with a example why Huffman coding is preferred than Shannon (10)
Fano Algorithm for compression
(b) How Huffman coding is handling the unpredictability of input data stream (4)

15. (a) Explain in detail the working of LZ78 with example and dictionary Tree (10)

(b) Illustrate with example, how the compression factor LZW differ from the (4)
LZ78

OR
16. (a) How quantization and coding helps in compression and their role in JPEG. (6)

(b) With the help of the given example illustrate the compression ratio of JPEG (8)
and JPEG-LS

17. (a) With the help of equations discuss Composite and Components Video (7)

(b) Differentiate the major changes in MPEG - 2 and MPEG-4 Video (7)

OR
18. (a) Describe in details about functionalities for MPEG-4 (8)

(b) How Motion Compensation help in video compression (6)

19. (a) How The Human Auditory System limitations can be taken in audio (7)

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

compressions
(b) Discuss the complexity of Layer III compared to others in MPEG Audio (7)
Coding

OR
20. (a) Discuss Format of Compressed Data and encoding in layer I and II (9)

(b) Differentiate Spectral and Temporal Masking (5)

TEACHING PLAN

No Contents No of
Lecture
Hrs (36
Hours)

Module – 1 (Modelling and types of compression) (7 hrs)

1.1 Introduction to Compression Techniques- Lossy compression & Lossless 2

compression, Measures of Performance

1.2 Modelling and coding. 1

1.3 Physical model for lossless compression 1

1.4 Physical model for lossy compression 1

1.5 Probability model for lossless compression 1

1.6 Probability model for lossly compression 1

Module - 2 (Basic Compression Methods) (8 hrs)

2.1 Run length encoding, RLE Text compression 1

2.2 Statistical methods-Prefix Codes 1

2.3 Binary Huffman coding 1

2.4 Illustration of Binary Huffman coding 1

2.5 Non-binary Huffman Algorithms 1

2.6 Arithmetic Coding algorithm 1

2.7 Illustration of Arithmetic Coding algorithm 2

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in

 COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Module - 3 (Text & Image Compression) (8 hrs)

3.1 LZ77 compression 2

3.2 LZ78 Compression 1

3.3 LZW Compression 1

3.4 Basics of Image compression and Image standards 1

3.5 Baseline JPEG Image compression 1

3.6 JPEG-LS Image compression 1

Module - 4 (Video Compression) (7 hrs)

4.1 Basics of Video Compression- Analog video and Digital Video. 2

4.2 Motion Compensation 1

4.3 MPEG-1 standard and Video Syntax 1

4.4 MPEG-1 Pel Reconstruction 1

4.5 MPEG-4 standard 1

4.6 Functionalities for MPEG-4 1

Module - 5 (Audio Compression) ( 6 hrs)

5.1 Basics of Audio Compression, Digital Audio 1

5.2 Basic Audio Compression Techniques 1

5.3 MPEG Audio Compression basics- Frequency Domain Coding 1

5.4 Encoding: Layers I and II 1

5.5 Encoding: Layer II -Psychoacoustic Models 1

5.6 Psychoacoustic Models - Encoding: Layer III 1

Downloaded from Ktunotes.in