AI Finance White Paper
AI Finance White Paper
AI+ Finance
White Paper
AI+ Finance
1. Executive summary
The paper digs deeper into the applications of AI in financial domain. The study also
explores the pervasive influence that AI has on operational processes, decision making,
and overall transformation.
The primary objective is to elucidate the use cases at present and what can be expected
in future. The use cases are multifaceted covering different parts of overall finance
related operations in bank, investment firms, broking, and stock market advisory. The
use cases provide clear understanding of capabilities and impact of AI in financial
ecosystem.
Additionally, it explores the research in AI in finance to provide future use cases. AI offers
immense potential to transform the financial sector. We have been witnessing some of
them already in loan disbursal, investment advisory, product selection, insurance claim
process etc. Financial sector has been at the forefront of technological adoption
because of the volume of data it has to deal with. Hence it was imperative that financial
institutions integrate AI in their operations and administration.
Overall, this paper details an insightful analysis of the use cases and impacts of AI in
financial sector, offering effective guidance for professional, job-seekers, and AI
enthusiast to understand the uses of AI and prepare for job interviews, further study
and certification, and career transition.
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2. Introduction
Financial sector has always been at the forefront of using technology for its
services because of its nature. With enormous data generation in banks, stock
market, futures, currency, corporate finance & budgeting, and trades, the
marriage between technology and finance is but natural. It has improved
efficiency, helped financial institutions innovate new products and services, and
reduced the cost of transactions.
With the emergence of AI, financial services have taken a leap, impacting
everything from financial products, investing & trading strategies, banking
processes to customer service. It is not only helping established players in finance
in transforming their services and products but has resulted in emergence of
new innovative financial entity called FinTech. FinTech are technology driven, AI
integrated companies that combine technology with finance to transform
services, facilitate transactions, and produce hitherto unknown or expensive
models to build.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN LEGAL SERVICES
In the early days of 90s, financial sectors used rule based engine for their major tasks
such as loan approval, trading calls, investment strategy, budgeting. Credit rating, and
fraud detection, among other things. There were specific rules and parameters to check
to decide. The uses of past data was minimal. Partly it was because of lack of processing
power and partly because of lack of viable methods.
Near the year 2000, the much anticipated Y2K problem forced banks to tide over it in a
short time. IT companies and financial institutions employed thousands for Y2K
problem. This created a large workforce well–versed with financial system. Since then,
financial sector, also known as BFSI (Banking, Financial services, Insurance) has been
the biggest user of technology services across the world. This is what gave financial
sector an edge over others in the use of technology.
With the rise of machine learning (ML) post 2000, technology enabled ML models such
as decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and many others provided
much needed techniques to use in operations in different domains. The financial sector,
once again, adopted it wholeheartedly. These models made big data analysis much
easier, enabled financial institutions to study enormous amount of data and carry out
sophisticated financial analysis for various processes such as fraud detection, credit
ratings, investment advisory, risk management and many others.
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Technology kept its pace of development and the second decade of 21st century
witnessed significant progress of natural language processing (NLP) and emergence of
large language model or LLM. ChatGPT is an example of LLM. They are used in assessing
sentiments about market, economy, and larger trend by scanning social media, annual
reports, quarterly calls, and investors meet.
In large language models, there are many models operating in financial domain. They
have been evolving over time as we get more data. Some of the important ones are
BloomberGPT, FinGPT, FinBERT, and InvestLM, to name a few. These LLMs scan through
the news and analysis, reports, and policy documents, and social media to develop
views on the sector. A few of these tools also create financial reports based on the data
and imitate cognitive human behavior on trading and investment. While some
applications are already in use and being upgraded to factor new data, others are in the
process of development.
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MasterCard has been one of the biggest investors in the latest cutting-edge
technologies to prevent frauds from happening. Similarly, Visa analyses over half billion
transactions for threats every day using AI [3].
Models used for fraud detection and prevention: AI tools use machine learning
models like Random Forests, Gradient Boosting Machines (GBMs), and Neural Networks
to analyze transaction patterns and detect anomalies’
Example: Visa and MasterCard employ AI to monitor transactions, significantly
enhancing fraud detection capabilities. MasterCard’s AI enhancements have boosted
fraud detection rates by an average of 20%, with some instances reaching up to 300%
[4].
Impact: Reduction in financial losses due to fraud and increased customer trust.
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Algorithmic Trading
AI algorithms can analyze historical and real-time market data to execute trades with
speed and precision. It is estimated that almost 50% of the trades in India is through
algorithmic trading [5]. In developed world, this number goes up to 60% to 70%.
Models used for algorithmic trading: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-
Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Reinforcement Learning algorithms are used in AI-
driven trading to analyze real-time and historical market data.
Example: Renaissance Technologies’ Medallion Fund employs AI-driven strategies with
traditional method, achieving consistent annual returns of over 30%, outperforming
hedge funds [6]
Impact: Improved investment returns and minimized human bias in trading decisions.
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Models used for risk management & assessments: Support Vector Machines (SVMs),
Bayesian Networks, and deep learning models evaluate credit, market, and operational
risks by processing large datasets.
Example: There are many AI driven risk management applications such as FOCAL,
Calypso, Fincad, among others. These applications work with vast amount of data to
identify risks in advance. The adoption of AI technologies in J P Morgan has led to
savings of up to $1.5 billion, enhancing efficiencies in areas such as fraud management
and credit decision-making. [7]
Impact: Enhanced decision-making and regulatory compliance, Risk mitigation
Models used for customer service: Layered algorithm structure, i.e. Artificial Neuronal
Network, clustering for customer segmentation.
Example: Bank of America’s Erica offers personalized financial guidance. Erica
processed over 250 million client queries in 2023, while boosting customer satisfaction
at Bank of America by 30%. The total interaction of Erica has surpassed 1.5 Billion client
interactions, totaling more than 10 million hours of conversations since 2018 when it
launched the AI tool Erica [8].
Similarly, Wells Fargo employs a chatbot called Fargo for customer queries, account
related information dissemination, and loan processing. These are given as examples to
show the trend in banking and finance on customer service. Many banks have been
using AI chatbots to carry out the bulk of operations related to customer service and
product offerings.
Impact: Reduced operational costs, standard information structure without subjectivity,
quick service
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Models used for credit scoring and loan underwriting: Decision tree, regression,
support vector machine (SVM) and neural network
Example: Upstart uses AI for credit scoring, enabling access to loans for underbanked
populations. Many banks and lending institutions use AI to analyze transaction data to
provide the right amount of loan and terms.
Impact: Improved financial inclusion and accurate credit risk evaluation.
Advisory investment using AI is a new trend. Investors can answer a few questions and
give their references, savings goal, income, expenses, and other financial parameters
such as existing loan and EMI. The system will build the complete investment portfolio
based on the information. They build portfolio to maximize returns for a given level of
risk.
AI can personalize investment portfolio for individual investors. This was impossible for
an advisor to do because of limitation of time and speed. The democratization of
investment advisory has helped bring many new investors who were out of investment
world till now.
Example: BlackRock uses AI driven platform Aladdin for risk management, portfolio
optimization, trade execution, and data analysis. Similarly, Bloomberg has an AI driven
platform AIM (Asset and Investment Manager) for investment professionals to carry out
end to end task of portfolio management including risk management, performance
measurement, and trading & order management. It also gives reports on various
measures and metrics. [9]
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Portfolio
Management
Centralized
Investment Trade
source of
operations Execution
data
Report Automation: Financial reports follow a standard format. This can be automated
by using GenAI with narratives built around the numbers. It will save immense time for
financial analysts.
Synthetic Data: Synthetic data looks like actual data. The main advantage of
generating synthetic data is that this can be used for testing purpose. New applications
in finance need thorough testing with large amount of data to ensure that the model
works accurately. Synthetic data can be a great help in testing new applications for risk
free training and simulation of different market conditions. Synthetic data can also be
mixed with actual data to test the applications.
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Report
Synthetic Data
Automation
Use cases of
GenAI in Finance
Study: GenAI tools can help us engage with customers better by knowing their tone,
connotation, and nature of views through sentiments analysis. This helps companies
create hyper-personalized experience and communication.
Text mining: Text mining is a big area where data mining techniques can be applied to
unstructured data in real time. Real time data enable investors and companies make
informed decision instantly. This also helps in risk modelling.
Goldman Sachs: It uses artificial intelligence application for market predictions and
personalized portfolio management. The application scans past news, current actions
by firms and Governments to forecast the direction of the market.
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PayPal: AI to combat online fraud and improve payment security. Advanced AI systems
combat fraud, achieving a 98% accuracy rate in anomaly detection.
Emergence of AI in finance is a blessing for professionals. The paper explained many use
cases, tools, and a few companies using AI. The adoption of AI will only increase going
forward. There will be new use cases, newer and more sophisticated tools, complex
algorithms, and newer and more efficient platforms. Here are some of the future use
cases.
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Decentralized Finance (DeFi): AI’s role in improving the security and functionality of
DeFi platforms, including fraud detection in smart contracts.
Climate Risk Modelling: AI will evaluate the financial implications of climate change
on portfolios.
Trends in AI Adoption
Looking at the trend of AI development in past few years, we can see some trends for
the future. While forecasting future has always been fraught with risk, let’s list some
of the trends that we envisage. These are just guidelines, and these might change as
technology brings new idea and innovations.
AI for ESG Investments: Since last couple of years, there is increasing awareness
about sustainable development. There has been pressure by Governments and civil
society on measuring ESG (Economic, Social, and Governance) metrics too instead of
focusing on GDP, revenue, and profit. Integration of AI in analyzing Environmental,
Social, and Governance (ESG) factors can do wonders.
Explainable AI (XAI): AI systems are often accused of being a black box. There seems
to be no explanation of why an event occurred. For example, denial of loan is often
done by AI applications using the customer data. However, borrowers only see that
their loan request has been denied. This creates a sense of mistrust in AI. Ensuring
transparency in credit decision process is vital to build the trust between the system
and customers.
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6. Market Size
Regarding market size, there are reports by research and consulting firms
The AI in Finance Market is projected to grow from USD 38.36 billion in 2024 to USD
190.33 billion by 2030, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.6% during the
forecast period as the following chart shows. [12]
CAGR of 2024-2030
30.6%
190.33
26.33 38.36
In the fintech area, the global market size in the year 2022 for the fintech services was
estimated at $266.56 billion. This is expected to experience immense growth from 2023
to 2030 at a CAGR of 17.5%.
USA is certainly the leader in fintech services. The chart below shows the size of US
fintech as a service market estimated at $72.3 billion in 2021 and is expected to grow at
the CAGR of 16.6% till 2030 [13].
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$72.3B
2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Payment Loan Fund Transfer Others
In fact, a Gartner survey showed the following. 72% of the finance organization are in the
starting phase or yet to think about AI phase. Some are in the development stage; some
have planned while some have not yet planned. However, the trend is encouraging.
Companies that are using AI in production has gone from 8% to 20% in a year while
those developing AI applications have gone up from 28% to 32% as the chart shows [14].
Percentage of respondents
2024
19%
No planned Al implementation 2023
31%
21%
Al implementation is planned
30%
32%
Developing Al pilots
28%
58% of finance
20%
Using Al in production organizations are
8% using Al in 2024
6%
Scaling Al to a larger group of users
1%
2%
Don't know
2%
0% 20% 40%
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7. Conclusion
As per a report by Gartner, it predicts that 90% of all finance processes and functions will
deploy at least one AI driven technology by 2026. [15]
In another report, Gartner did a survey of leaders in financial industry and found that
adoption of AI in finance has increased to 58% of the firms. It was an increase of 21%
from the last year. However, leaders face acute shortage of talent in AI and Machine
learning technology. [14]
So, the future is rewarding in financial sector. But exploiting this opportunity will take
initiatives from professionals and fresh graduates seeking to build career in AI in finance.
AI in finance is an exciting field which offers challenges, large problems to solve, and a
lucrative career. Growth of AI is unstoppable in Finance, but the biggest challenge
financial institutions face in implementing AI application is lack of skilled resources in
the market.
AI in finance require skills in data science, machine learning models, GenAI expertise,
and understanding of statistical concepts and mathematics. For AI in finance, you also
need to know about financial concepts and processes. Professionals and AI role
aspirants should take courses and certification in the area of AI to understand and
solidify their concepts. These relevant industry courses can build your career in the
lucrative field of AI in finance.
The past was about discovering the potential of AI, the present is promising, and the
future will be transformative and revolutionizing.
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Reference
[1] AI in Finance Market worth $190.33 billion by 2030.
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/ai-in-finance.asp
[4] Mastercard supercharges consumer protection with gen AI. (2024, November 2).
https://www.mastercard.com/news/press/2024/february/mastercard-supercharges-
consumer-protection-with-gen-ai
[5] Rukhaiyar, A. (2022, February 15). How Tech is Disrupting the Stock Market. Business
Today. https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/30th-anniversary-special/story/how-
tech-is-disrupting-the-stock-market-321704-2022-02-15
[6] The curious case of Medallion Fund: Renaissance Technologies’ hedge fund success.
(n.d.). Hedge School of Applied Economics. https://www.schoolofhedge.com/pages/the-
curious-case-of-medallion-fund
[7] MarketWatch. JPMorgan’s increased tech spending will let it ‘develop products at
speed’: analyst. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jpmorgans-increased-tech-
spending-will-let-it-develop-products-at-speed-analyst-62bc514e
[8] BOFA’s Erica surpasses 1.5 billion client interactions, totaling more than 10 million
hours of conversations. (n.d.). Bank of America.
https://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/content/newsroom/press-releases/2023/07/bofa-
s-erica-surpasses-1-5-billion-client-interactions--totaling.html
[9] Gallin, L. (2023, September 13). BlackRock’s Aladdin technology: Touching all aspects
of an evolving investment ecosystem. ReinsuranceNe.ws.
https://www.reinsurancene.ws/blackrock-aladdin-investment-management-insurance/
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[13] Fintech as a Service Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by type (Payment,
fund transfer, loan), by technology, by application, by use, by region, and segment
Forecasts, 2023 - 2030. (n.d.). https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-
analysis/fintech-as-a-service-market-report
[14] Gartner, (Sept 11, 2024). Gartner Survey Shows 58% of Finance Functions Using AI in
2024. https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-09-11-gartner-survey-
shows-58-percent-of-finance-functions-use-ai-in-2024
[15] Gartner, (Sept 12, 2024). Gartner Predicts That 90% of Finance Functions will Deploy
at Least One AI-enabled Technology Solution by 2026.
https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-09-12-gartner-predicts-
that-90-percent-of-finance-functions-will-deploy-at-least-one-ai-enabled-tech-solution-
by-2026
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