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Chapter 4 - Wind Energy1

Chapter 4 discusses wind energy as a renewable energy source, explaining the function and components of wind turbines, and classifying them into horizontal and vertical axis types. It covers the principles of power generation from wind, including calculations for kinetic energy and efficiency, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy. Additionally, the chapter highlights recent developments in wind turbine technology.

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Shifaa Allamki
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8 views25 pages

Chapter 4 - Wind Energy1

Chapter 4 discusses wind energy as a renewable energy source, explaining the function and components of wind turbines, and classifying them into horizontal and vertical axis types. It covers the principles of power generation from wind, including calculations for kinetic energy and efficiency, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy. Additionally, the chapter highlights recent developments in wind turbine technology.

Uploaded by

Shifaa Allamki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 –Wind Energy

Course Outcome:

Identify wind energy as an alternative form of energy and conversion


systems
Chapter Learning Objectives:
1. Explain the function of a wind turbine
2. Classify different types of wind turbines
3. Derive expression for input and output power of wind turbine
4. Discuss advantage and disadvantages of wind energy
Wind Energy-Introduction
❑ Winds are movement of air masses on the surface of earth

❑ Wind energy is a form of indirect solar renewable energy

❑ Energy in the wind is kinetic energy

❑ Results from uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun

❑ Air masses moves from lower to higher temperature regions


or from regions of high pressure to low pressure regions

❑Humans have known and utilized wind energy for thousands of


years to power sailboats and grind grains. However, using wind
energy to generate electricity is a relatively recent development
Wind Energy Basics

Global winds

Sea and land breeze


Wind Turbine
❑ Wind turbine is a machine that extracts the kinetic energy from the
wind and converts it into rotational mechanical energy, which then can
rotate an electric generator

Historical development of WT
Wind Turbine Components
Blades has aero foil shape that generates lift force (perpendicular) and drag
force (parallel) as air passes. Either of these forces causes the blade to spin in
an axis (rotational mechanical energy)

Lift and drag force in a blade


Lift force rotates a turbine
Wind Turbine Components
Tower - supports rotor and nacelle and entire setup at higher
elevation
Rotor blades - convert wind's kinetic energy to rotational energy
of shaft
Nacelle - casing
Shaft - transfers rotational energy of rotor to the generator
Brakes - stop rotation of shaft in case of power overload or
system failure
Gearbox - increases speed of shaft between rotor and generator
Generator - rotational energy is converted to electricity using
electromagnetism
Controller - monitors system, shuts down turbine in case of
malfunction and controls yaw mechanism and pitch angle
Yaw drive - moves rotor to align with direction of wind
Wind vane - is a tool for measuring wind direction
Anemometer - a device used for measuring the speed of wind
Types of Wind Turbines
Classified based on the axis of rotation of the blades:
1. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) - have axis of rotation that aligns
with the wind direction
2. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) - have a rotation axis perpendicular
to the direction of wind

HAWT VAWT
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
(HAWT)
❑ can have 2, 3 or multiple HAWT
blades
❑ most common type for power
generation
❑ requires yaw drive to align
with wind
❑ blade pitch angle adjusts for
maximum efficiency at different
wind speeds
❑ has higher efficiency and
requires lower starting speed

blade pitch adjustment


Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
(VAWT)
Two types of VAWT: Savonious VAWT
✓ Drag Type
- use drag force to rotate
- has large area facing wind thus
blades are large and bulky

Darriues VAWT H-type VAWT


✓ Lift Type
- use lift force to rotate
- due to the aerofoil shape, blade is
thin
- rotates faster than Savonious but
with less torque
Which WT does not belong
the group?

A B C D
Which WT does not belong
the group?

B C D
Wind speed as a function of height

✓ As height increases, wind velocity increases!


✓ The rate of increase depends on the type of terrain (surface roughness).
Power in the Wind
The kinetic energy of air with mass, m and velocity, v:
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

The area swept by the turbine is

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅2
The volume of air passing the blades per second is (Volume flow rate)
𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣 (m3/s)
and the mass of air passing the turbine per second (Mass flow rate)
𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 (kg/s)
Hence, the kinetic energy delivered by the wind to the turbine per second or Power in the wind is:

𝟏
𝑷𝒘 = 𝝆𝑨𝒗𝟑
𝟐
Power in the Wind
Example:
A wind turbine has a diameter of 10 meters. If the wind speed is 12 m/s and the air
density is 1.2 kg/m3, how much power does the wind deliver to this turbine?
Power in the Wind
Example:
If the average wind speed of 10 km/hr yields 100 W/m2, what is the power
produced if the wind speed is 40 km/hr?
Efficiency of Wind Turbine
❑ Coefficient of power, Cp
- ratio of the power available in the rotor to the power available in the wind
- the percentage of the power in the wind which is converted to mechanical
power by the turbine

Where:
Cp – coefficient of power
PR- power in the rotor
PW – power in the wind

❑ Power in the Rotor, PR


- the useful mechanical power extracted by the rotor is thus:
Efficiency of Wind Turbine
Example:
A HAWT has a blade length L= 30 m and power coefficient CP = 0.4. Determine
the available rotational power from the turbine when the wind speed is 10 m/s
and the air density is 1.25 kg/m3.
Betz Limit
❑ Betz limit is the theoretical maximum coefficient of power (or efficiency) for
a wind turbine
❑Alfred Betz in 1919 concluded that this value is 59.3% which is the maximum
percentage of kinetic energy from wind that can be used to spin the turbine
❑In reality, turbines cannot reach the Betz limit, and common power coefficients
are in the 35-45% range.
Turbine Types and Efficiencies
Tip Speed Ratio, TSR:
𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
TSR=
𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
Wind Turbine Power Curve
Wind Turbine Power Curve
Based from the wind
turbine power curve
shown, determine the:
a) cut-in speed =______
b) rated power = ______
c) rated speed = ______
d) cut-out speed = _____

wind speed (m/s)


Energy Production of WT
Example:

The table summarizes the data for wind turbine to be installed.


A) Determine the annual electrical energy output for this turbine.
B) Calculate the annual capacity factor
Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
ADVANTAGES:
✓ free and unlimited energy source
✓ does not need large volumes of water to operate, thus has no thermal
pollution.
✓ does not emit gas pollution and greenhouse gases
DISADVANTAGES:
o not always available
o can disrupt wildlife habitats and pose a danger to birds
o installed in locations are often far from where the energy is needed,
resulting in increased costs
o initial costs and maintenance costs are also increased for offshore WT
o Generates noise
Latest Developments

Wind turbine balloon

Wind turbine kite

Floating off-shore wind turbine


Practice Problems
1. Calculate the power delivered by the wind, in watts per square meter, for wind speed over a
range of 1 to 20 m/s. Assume the density of air to be 1.2 kg/m3.
2. A two bladed HAWT has 7.0 meter rotor diameter. At its rated wind speed of 12.1 m/s, the
power output of the turbine is 15 KW. Assume the density of air to be 1.2 Kg/m3.
(a) Calculate the co-efficient of power at this wind speed.
(b) Calculate the tip speed ration, if the wind turbine is rotating at 240 rpm.

3. A three-bladed wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 20 meters. Operating at a wind speed of
8 m/s, the rotor extracts 35% of the energy from the wind. Assuming the density of air to be 1.2
Kg/m3.
(a) Calculate the power output of the rotor.
(b) Calculate the wind speed after passing through the rotor blades.

4. A wind turbine 3.0 m rotor diameter produces 1KW of electricity when the average wind
speed is 10 m/s. Determine the co-efficient of power if the gearbox and generator is 100%
efficient, and the air density is 1.2 Kg/m3.
5. The length of a 3-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine is 14 meters. What wind speed would be
required to produce a power output of 28KW at an efficiency of 32%. Assume the air density to
be 1.2 Kg/m3.

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