Article

Wind Turbines Around Cut-In Speed: Startup Optimization and

Behavior Analysis Reported to MPP
Cristian Paul Chioncel 1 , Elisabeta Spunei 1, * and Gelu-Ovidiu Tirian 2

1 Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University,

400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; cristian.chioncel@ubbcluj.ro
2 Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Polytechnic University of Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania;
ovidiu.tirian@fih.upt.ro
* Correspondence: elisabeta.spunei@ubbcluj.ro; Tel.: +40-0751-194693

Abstract: The conversion of air currents through wind turbine technology stands as one
of the most significant and effective means of generating green electricity. Wind turbines
featuring a horizontal axis exhibit the greatest installed capacity. The study establishes a
mathematical model for large wind turbines, categorized by megawatt output, utilizing
measured data for key parameters, including wind speed, power output from the generator,
and rotational speed. The analysis of the system’s behavior on startup—the cut-in wind
speed, is conducted by transitioning the electric generator into motor mode. A mathematical
model has been established for the dual-powered motor configuration, wherein both the
stator and rotor are connected to a common frequency network, facilitating a shift to
synchronous motor functionality. The equation that describes the kinetic moment highlights
the importance of attaining optimal velocity, while simultaneously accounting for variations
in the load angle. These fluctuations are observable in both the power output and the
electrical currents. The simulations that have been processed are derived from experimental
data, specifically inputs obtained from a 1.5 MW wind turbine located in the Oravita region
of southwestern Romania. The paper thus outlines essential elements concerning the
functionality of high-power wind turbines that utilize wound rotor induction generators,
aiming to guarantee optimal performance from the moment the wind speed reaches the
cut-in threshold.

Academic Editor: Wei Huang

Keywords: wind system; mathematic model; maximum power point; induction generator;
Received: 4 February 2025 optimal mechanical angular speed; cut-in speed
Revised: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2025
Published: 11 March 2025

Citation: Chioncel, C.P.; Spunei, E.;

1. Introduction
Tirian, G.-O. Wind Turbines Around
Cut-In Speed: Startup Optimization The fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals also envisages the development
and Behavior Analysis Reported to of renewable energy production systems, so that it is accessible to all socio-economic sectors,
MPP. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026. and the price is convenient for consumers [1].
https://doi.org/10.3390/ Wind energy is one of several renewable energy sources used in the production of
app15063026
electricity due to rising electricity consumption and environmental pollution. In choosing
Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. the type of wind turbine, the control system must consider the characteristics of the area,
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. wind speed, climatic conditions, local and regional regulations as well as the length of the
This article is an open access article
investment, which for a wind farm is about 10 years [2,3]. Currently, wind systems are
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
also used together with other electricity production and/or storage systems. One of the
Attribution (CC BY) license most widely used storage systems is the pumped storage plant, which has a large storage
(https://creativecommons.org/ capacity and contributes to the stability of the power supply system [4,5].
licenses/by/4.0/).

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063026

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 2 of 24

The overall efficiency of the wind energy system is significantly affected by the aerody-
namic characteristics of the turbine, which can be enhanced through advanced aerodynamic
modeling and refined design techniques. In the realm of design, certain researchers advo-
cate for the integration of Industry 5.0 principles alongside optimization methods utilizing
genetic algorithms. This innovative strategy has resulted in production improvements of
as much as 10% [6]. Most wind turbines are designed to provide power output depend-
ing on wind speed, not being able to quickly change their power to sudden changes in
load [7]. In order to ensure maximum capture of wind energy, it is necessary to identify
the dependence of the optimal mechanical angular speed (MAS) on wind speed. This
dependence can be determined by calculating the maximum power provided by the wind
turbine, WT, at different wind speeds, also considering the energy efficiency of the wind
system [8,9]. In the case of offshore wind systems, it has been found that the tracking of the
maximum power point (MPP) and the control of the total output power of the wind system
can be performed by controlling the current of the d-axis of the active rectifier related to
the system [10]. Recent studies examine and outline various control strategies, including
maximum power point tracking, control of turbine blade pitch angles, and stationary wind
turbine control [11].
A challenge for variable renewable energy sources (RES) in isolated grids is to ensure
control of the frequency of supply voltage and system stability [12]. Thus, in the situation
where the share of RES is 100%, and the production system is hybrid, consisting of a
hydroelectric unit, a pumping plant and a wind farm, it is also necessary to introduce
energy storage system [13,14]. This will significantly improve frequency control and ensure
continuity in supply, even if the wind speed is not constant.
Power oscillations affect the structural system of turbines. To dampen these oscilla-
tions, power oscillation damping (POD) regulators are used, whose effect on the wind
tur-bines is comparable to that determined by variations in wind speed and much lower
than that determined by transient effects in the case of three-phase short circuit [15]. In cases
of the use of a double-powered induction generator (DFIG) with an adequate controller
in wind power systems, following determinations based on numerical simulations, it was
found that it works properly in dynamic regimes determined by fluctuations in wind speed
and changes in grid energy values [16,17].
In order to analyze the operation of the wind system, it is necessary to know the wind
speed [18]. This is usually measured with the sensor located on the nacelle, but there are
situations in which the measured value is different from the actual wind value. In [19], to
determine the effective wind speed it is proposed to reverse the aerodynamic model of the
turbine after estimating the related torque and the speed of the turbine rotor. This method
proved to be accurate under laboratory conditions and can be used in regulation and
control structures related to wind power systems. Another method used to measure wind
speed is to determine the speed with a low-power turbine, which operates without load
at mechanical angular speed [20]. Previous research on wind speed forecasting, essential
for modeling, employs artificial intelligence that utilizes statistical models grounded in
machine learning [21]. In all cases, the control functions of the entire system play an
essential role in achieving increased wind turbine efficiency [9,22–24].
The use of applications for modeling and simulating the operation of wind systems is
important both in the design and operation optimization phases, as they allow, through
the mathematical models used, the realization of different configurations and different
operating scenarios for the steady state and transient regime [25–28]. Also based on
simulations and experimental data regarding the value of the wind turbines provided
power, it is possible to establish whether their operation is in the optimal zone in terms of
captured energy [29–32].
 it is possible to establish whether their operation is in the optimal zone in terms of cap-
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 3 of 24
tured energy [29–32].
In this paper, the mathematical models of the wind turbine and the double powered
asynchronous
In this paper,motortheare determined models
mathematical by switching
of thethe
windelectric generator
turbine and theinto motor
double mode,
powered
so that the turbine
asynchronous motorreaches the optimal
are determined speed in the
by switching theelectric
shortest possibleinto
generator time interval
motor mode,andso
operates in MPP [8,9]. One of the main contributions consists of visualizing
that the turbine reaches the optimal speed in the shortest possible time interval and operates the commis-
sioning
in MPPprocess of high-power
[8,9]. One of the main wind turbines equipped
contributions consists with dual-powered
of visualizing induction gen-
the commissioning
erators. In the specialized literature of the approached field, for
process of high-power wind turbines equipped with dual-powered induction generators. the commissioning of
high-power wind literature
In the specialized turbines to ofoperate at the point
the approached field,offor
maximum power, simulations
the commissioning with
of high-power
the dual motor powered by the stator and rotor connected to
wind turbines to operate at the point of maximum power, simulations with the dualthe same frequency network
have
motornot been identified
powered [2,5,20].
by the stator and rotor connected to the same frequency network have not
Wind turbines
been identified [2,5,20]. reach the MPP at the optimal mechanical angular speed, in a time
interval
Wind of tens of seconds.
turbines ThisMPP
reach the article addresses
at the optimal precisely
mechanicalthis problem: the optimal
angular speed, op-
in a time
eration of high-power wind power plants by driving the wind turbine
interval of tens of seconds. This article addresses precisely this problem: the optimal with the dual motor
powered
operationby of the stator andwind
high-power rotorpower
at theplants
same frequency.
by driving At thewind
windspeeds
turbinethat
withvary
the over
dual
time, the wind turbine operates permanently in dynamic mode at variable
motor powered by the stator and rotor at the same frequency. At wind speeds that vary over speeds [10,13].
time,Thethe process being operates
wind turbine dynamic,permanently
we use the equation
in dynamic of the
modekinetic momentum
at variable speeds[7,14,16]
[10,13].
of theTheform:process being dynamic, we use the equation of the kinetic momentum [7,14,16] of
the form: dω
⋅ ⋅ω = PWT + PENGINE
Jdω (1)
J · dt· ω = P WT + PENGI NE (1)
dt
where
where ω—mechanical
ω—mechanical angular angular speed,
speed, MAS,
MAS, at at the
the shaft
shaft ofof the electric motor/generator,
the electric motor/generator,
J—the equivalent moment of inertia, dω—the derivative with respect to time of MAS,
J—the equivalent moment of inertia, dω—the derivative with respect to time of MAS,
PWT—the useful power given by WT relative to the shaft of the electric motor/generator,
PWT —the useful power given by WT relative to the shaft of the electric motor/generator,
PENGINE—the electromagnetic power at the shaft of the induction motor.
PENGINE —the electromagnetic power at the shaft of the induction motor.
The double-powered induction motor, coming from the double-powered induction
The double-powered induction motor, coming from the double-powered induction
generator, having the same frequency in the stator and rotor, becomes the synchronous
generator, having the same frequency in the stator and rotor, becomes the synchronous
motor. The synchronous motor operates at variable frequency and controlled stator flow.
motor. The synchronous motor operates at variable frequency and controlled stator flow.
This paper examines the challenges associated with the integration of wind turbines
This paper examines the challenges associated with the integration of wind turbines
into the energy system, particularly as wind speed increases from zero to the cut-in speed.
into the energy system, particularly as wind speed increases from zero to the cut-in speed.
The power generated by the turbine is contingent upon the wind speed, v, and the rota-
The power generated by the turbine is contingent upon the wind speed, v, and the rotational
tional speed, n. The wind energy system operates at the maximum power point within the
speed, n. The wind energy system operates at the maximum power point within the optimal
optimal range at the ideal rotational speed [29], as exemplified in Figure 1.
range at the ideal rotational speed [29], as exemplified in Figure 1.

PWT [W]

60,000

40,000

20,000
ωOPTIM
0 50 100 150 ω [rad./s.]
Figure
Figure 1.
1. Turbine
Turbine power
power characteristic.
characteristic.

Therotational
The rotationalspeeds
speedsofofwind
wind turbines
turbines equipped
equipped with
with a gearbox
a gearbox are are referenced
referenced to
to the
the shaft
shaft of theofelectric
the electric generator.
generator. Atturbine
At the the turbine
shaft,shaft, the rotational
the rotational speedspeed
valuesvalues
are kT are kT
times
times lower, where kT represents the gear ratio of the transmission. The wind speed is a
fundamental parameter that determines the optimal rotational speed, nOPTIM , ensuring
that the turbine operates at its maximum power point.
It is evident that at low rotational speeds, specifically below 5 revolutions per second,
the power output generated by the turbine is minimal. Consequently, the time required
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 4 of 24

to reach optimal rotational speed can be significantly prolonged, particularly when wind
speeds are low and the equivalent moment of inertia, J, is on the order of hundreds of kgm2 .
Therefore, during this range, wind energy is not effectively harnessed.

2. The Mathematical Model of the Double-Powered Induction Generator

The wind turbine operates at the point of maximum power by changing the load on
the double-powered induction generator.
The wind turbine on which the analysis is based is Fuhrlander FL MD 70, equipped
with double-powered induction generators, with the following nominal data [31]:
- Nominal power PN = PEG = 1.5 MW;
- Nominal voltage, UN —690 V;
- Nominal current, IN = PEG /3UN = 1,500,000/3 · 690 = 724.64 A;
- Nominal rotation, nN —1500 rpm.;
- Maximum rotation, nmax —1800 rpm.;
- Equivalent moment of inertia, J—136 [kgm2 ].
The generator’s parameters are established based on the nominal data PN , UN , IN . The
short-circuit impedance, Zsc , is calculated from the ratio between the nominal voltage, UN
and the short-circuit current Isc , considering Isc ∼
= 9 · IN .

UN 690
Zsc = = = 0.1058 [Ω] (2)
9 · IN 9 · 724.64
q
Zsc = 2 = 0.1058 [ Ω ]
R2sc + Xsc (3)

Short-circuit resistance, Rsc , is calculated from short-circuit power [33]:

Psc ∼
= 0.05 · PN (4)

2
3 · Rsc · IN = 0.05 · PN = 0.05 · 1, 500, 000 = 75, 000 [W] (5)

Obtaining Rsc = 4.7610·10−2 .

The short-circuit reactance, Xsc , is calculated from the short-circuit impedance:

2
2
Xsc 2
= Zsc − R2sc = 0.10582 − (2.3805 · 10−2 ) = 1.0627 · 10−2 [Ω] (6)
√
Xsc = X1 + X2 = 1.0627 · 10−2 = 0.10309 [Ω] (7)
0.10309
X1 = ω · L 1 = X2 = ω · L 2 = = 5.1545 · 10−2 = 314 L (8)
2
Short-circuit inductances: L1 = L2 = L = 1.6416·10−6 [H].
The magnetization reactance, XM , is calculated using the current from idle operation:
Ino-load = 0.05·IN .
UN ∼ 690
XM ∼= =· = 19.044 [Ω] (9)
Ino−load 0.05 · 724.64
X M = ω · L M = 314 · L M = 19.044 [Ω] (10)

Magnetization inductance: LM = 6.0650·10−2 H.

With these parameters of the generator, the stator and rotor equations are:

US = ( R1 + j · X1 ) · IS + j · X M · ( IR + IS ) (11)
 
R2
UR = + j · X2 · IS + j · X M · IR (12)
s
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 5 of 24

where s is the slip, s = (n1 − n)/n1 , n1 is the speed of the rotating field, and n—the rotational
speed of the rotor.
The rotor parameters R2 and X2 are reduced to the stator in the form of

R2 = k2 · R2− REAL X2 = k2 · X2− REAL (13)

where k = N1 /N2 , N1 is the number of turns per phase in the stator, and N2 the number of
turns per phase in the rotor.
Rotor tension UR is obtained from the real rotor tension UR—-REAL by multiplying by k
and dividing by sliding s:
k · UR− REAL
UR = (14)
s
Since the rotor is wound, a rotor tension can be imposed UR to obtain the desired
rotational speed.

3. Mathematical Model of the Wind Turbine

The mathematical models of WT are relatively well presented in the literature [4,8,19].
In order to achieve, at a given wind speed, a maximum capture of wind energy, the WT
must operate at the optimal MAS, ω OPTIM , in the maximum power point, MPP [22,27,34].
The mathematical model of WT, in the authors’ conception, is the characteristic of
WT power, the function PWT (ω, V, β), with V—wind speed [m/s] and β—the angle of
inclination of the blades [28,35,36]:

PWT (ω, V, β) = ρ · π · R2p · C p (λ, β) · V 3 (15)

where ρ is the density of the air in the operating location of the WT, Rp blades radius, Cp (λ)
is the power conversion coefficient, and λ = ω ·Rp /V.
The power conversion coefficient, Cp (λ), at WT with three blades and the inclination
angle of the blades β, fixed, is determined with the relationship [19,20,22,23]:
c  c4
C p ( λ ) = c1 ·
2
− c3 · e − ( Λ ) (16)
Λ
where c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are constructive constants, given in the catalog.

1 1 V V
= − 0.035 = − 0.035 = − 0.035 (17)
Λ λ Rp · ω 1.5 · ω

In wind turbines with blades having an adjustable angle of inclination, the power
conversion coefficient, Cp (λ, β) is determined by the relation [23,28]:
c  c4
C p (λ, β) = c1 ·
2
− c3 · e − ( Λ ) (18)
Λ
where the parameter Λ has the form:

1 1 V V
= exp(−d · β) − 0.035 = exp(−d · β) − 0.035 = exp(−d · β) − 0.035 (19)
Λ λ Rp · ω 1.5 · ω
By substituting Λ, the power conversion coefficient, Cp (λ, β), is obtained in the form:
c4   V
C p (λ, β) = c1 · cΛ2 − c3 · e−( Λ ) = c1 c2 · V
exp(−d, β) − 0.035 − c3 · e−c4 ( 1.5·ω −0.035) =


1.5·ω
h i V (20)
a1 · V ω exp (− d, β ) − b · e−c· ω

where the values of the parameters a, b, c and d are determined from the experimental data.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 6 of 24

In this paper, we present a mathematical model of WT, MM-WT, deduced by mea-

suring the wind speed, V, the power output by the generator, PEG and the MAS at the
generator, or WT, n/ω.
As atmospheric conditions, mechanical stresses and even turbine geometry change
over time, and the initial MM-WT changes over time. Therefore, a periodic recalculation of
it is required based on measurements of the fundamental quantities: wind speed, power
and MAS, at the electric generator.
In most of the works [11,37,38] the existing wind systems are treated on the basis of
inadequate MM-WT and without efficient processing of experimental data. The experi-
mental data can be analyzed through various algorithms, methodologies, and specified
conditions [39,40]. On the basis of MM-WT, the dependence of the optimal mechanical
angular speed, ω OPTIM (V), on the wind speed, V—reference quantity in the r control
algorithms, is determined for wind systems operating at time-varying wind speeds.
A maximum capture of wind energy, at wind speeds that vary significantly over time,
can only be achieved on the basis of a valid, constantly updated MM-WT. It is preferable
that the determination of the MM-WT is carried out during the operation of the wind
system. To ensure the operation of the wind turbine at maximum power, it is essential to
know the mathematical model of WT as accurately as possible.
The determination of MM-WT is based on experimental data from the 1.5 MW WT
of type Fuhrländer FL MD 70, within the Oravita wind farm. The mathematical model of
WT defined by the experimental power characteristics, PWT (ω, V), [4,16,19,30] was initially
deduced, at a fixed blade tilt angle, β = 0.
The value of the maximum power is obtained at ωOPTIM, by canceling the power derivative:

dPWT
=0 (21)
dω
results in:
ω−V·c+b·c·ω = 0 (22)

and from here [29,37,38]:

c
ωOPTI M = ·V = k·V (23)
1+b·c
The period was defined as an interval, during which the wind speed remains steady,
allowing the wind turbine to function at its maximum efficiency, the maximum power
point. The measured values for wind speed, output power, PEG and MAS at the gener-
ator, ω, the experimental data were collected [30]: ω OPTIM = 204.39 rad/s, V = 8.5 m/s,
PWT-MAX = 1500 kW.
From the experimental data, we obtained ω OPTIM /V = 24.046, or c/(1 + b·c) = 24.046.
This is the first equation of the system in the unknowns a, b, and c.
The value of the maximum power of the WT corresponds to the optimal MAS, ω OPTIM :

V 1+b·c
= (24)
ωOPTI M c

and it is:

1+b·c
 
1+ b · c a
PWT − MAX (V ) = a · − b · e − c ( c ) · V 3 = · e −1− c · b · V 3 (25)
c c

Results:
a −1− c · b
kp = ·e (26)
c
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 7 of 24

Analogous to ω OPTIM , from the experimental data, the proportionality factor kp has
the value:
P 1500
k p = WT −3MAX = = 2.4425 (27)
V 8.53
Thus, the second equation of the system results in the unknowns a, b and c:

a −1− c · b
·e = 2.4425 (28)
c
These two equations are essential in determining MM-WT and in establishing MPP,
the ω OPTIM and PWT-MAX coordinates. To determine the unknown variables a, b, and c,
an extra equation is necessary. However, this equation is not critical for establishing the
coordinates of the Maximum Power Point (MPP), which can instead be derived from the
ratio: ω OPTIMAL /ω MAXIM , where ω MAXIM is the maximum mechanical angular speed, at
the idle operation of the WT. The value of the ω OPTIM /ω MAX ratio generates the third
equation. Since the WT power is zero at idle:
 
V V
PWT = a · − b · e−c· ω · V 3 = 0 (29)
ω

at MAS ω = ω MAXIM results:

V
ω MAXI M = (30)
b
Substituting in the value of the ω OPTIMAL /ω MAXIM ratio, we obtain:
c
ωOPTI M 1+ b · c b·c
= 1
= (31)
ω MAXI M b
b·c+1

The value of the ratio ω OPTIM /ω MAXIM generates the 3. equation. Since the WT power
is zero at idle, from the power conversion coefficient, Cp (λ) for a three-bladed WT [16,19,20],
we obtain e−1−0.725 66 = 0.17806, ω OPTIM /ω MAXIM = 0.42051.
The following illustrates how the system of equations led to the determination of the
unknown variables a, b, and c:

c


 1+(b·c)
= 24.046
a − 1 − c·b = 2.4425
c ·e (32)
b·c


(b·c)+1
= 0.42051

with the solution: a = 569.2, b = 1.7488·10−2 , c = 41.495.

With the experimental data of the WT from the Oravita wind farm, the wind turbine
mathematical model was determined as follows, in the form:
 
V V
PWT (ω, V ) = 569.2 − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · V 3 [kW] (33)
ω

or:  
V V
PWT (ω, V ) = 5.692 · 10 5
− 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · V 3 [W] (34)
ω
The maximum power point is obtained at the optimal MAS, ω OPTIM , by canceling the
power derivative:
h   i
d 5.692 · 105 · V −2 e−41.495· V
ω · V3
dPWT (ω, V ) ω –1.7488 · 10
= (35)
dω dω
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 8 of 24

or:
3.0695 · 1010 · ω − 7.3809 · 1011 · V = 0 (36)

with the solution ω = 24.046·V.

4. Operating the Turbine by Switching the Generator to Engine Mode

When wind speeds exceed V = 3 m/s, wind systems become operational [20,26,33].
Bringing the system into MPP requires enhancing its speed to achieve the optimal MAS.
This can be accomplished within a brief timeframe through two approaches:
- disconnecting the EG from the grid (slower method);
- switching the EG to engine mode (faster method).
WT is operated only by the action of the wind, but the time interval for the speed to
reach the optimal value is, from an economic perspective, it is deemed unacceptable due to
the significant loss of potential wind energy. It is essential to position the wind turbine at
the point of maximum power output within the shortest time frame feasible. For the cut-in
wind speed, this can be achieved by switching the electric generator to engine mode and
absorbing power from the grid, P.
The mains power, P, is injected into the stator, P1 and the rotor of the machine, P2, resulting:

P = P1 + P2 = PENGI NE (37)

Thus, the turbine rotor accelerates according to the equation of motion:

dω
J · ω = PWT + PENGI NE (38)
dt
where ω is the MAS at the shaft of the electric generator, J is the equivalent moment
of inertia, dω/dt is the derivative with respect to time of MAS, PWT is the useful power
given by the wind turbine relative to the shaft of the electric generator, PENGINE is the
electromagnetic power at the shaft of the induction motor.

4.1. Case Study 1

For the equivalent moment of inertia J = 136 kg·m2 , the equation of motion results:
 
dω 3 3
136 · ω = 5.692 · 105 · − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 + PENGI NE (39)
dt ω

At the wind speed of 3 m/s, the MPP is obtained at the optimal mechanical angular
speed, ω OPTIM :

ωOPTI M = 24.046 · V = 24.046 · 3 = 72.138 [rad./s.] (40)

as can be seen in Figure 1.

The achievement of the value of the optimal mechanical angular speed is analyzed in
two variants:
- only with the wind turbine and without power absorption from the network;
- with wind turbine and motor, with power absorption from the grid.

4.1.1. Variant 1—Only with the Wind Turbine and Without Power Absorption from the Grid
In this instance, the equations governing power are as follows:
3
136 dω 5 3
− 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33


dt · ω = 5.692 · 10 ω (41)
ω (0) = 11
 In this instance, the equations governing power are as follows:
3
dω 3  −41.495⋅ω 3
136 ⋅ ω = 5.692 ⋅105  −1.7488⋅10−2  ⋅ e ⋅3
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 dt ω  9(41)
of 24
ω(0) = 11
At
At ω(0)
ω(0)==11
11rad/s
rad/sthe theoptimal
optimalmechanical
mechanicalangular
angularspeed speedisisreached
reachedafter
after58.5
58.5s,s,
ω(58.5) = 72.151 rad/s.
ω(58.5) = 72.151 rad/s.
3
dω 3  −41.495⋅ 3
136 ⋅ ω = 5.692 ⋅1055⋅  3−1.7488 ⋅10−2  ⋅ e−2
ω ⋅−
3 3
dω
136 dt ·dtω = 5.692 · 10 · ωω − 1.7488 ·10 · e 41.495· ω · 33 (42)
(42)
ω (=08) = 8
ω(0)
At
Atω(0)
ω(0)==88rad/s
rad/sthe
theoptimal
optimalmechanical
mechanicalangular
angularspeed
speedisisreached
reachedafter
after829.85
829.85s,s,
ω(829.85)
ω(829.85) = 72.248 rad/s. By solving them, the time variations in the MAS ω are shownin
= 72.248 rad/s. By solving them, the time variations in the MAS ω are shown in
Figure
Figure2.2.

ω [rad./s.] ω [rad./s.]
80 80
ωOPTIM ωOPTIM
60 60
ω (0) = 8
40 ω (0) = 11 40

20 ω 20 ω

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 t [s.] 0 200 400 600 800 t [s.]

Figure 2. Time variations in mechanical angular speeds at ω(0) = 11 rad/s and ω(0) = 8 rad/s.
Figure 2. Time variations in mechanical angular speeds at ω(0) = 11 rad/s and ω(0) = 8 rad/s.

The duration necessary for the wind turbine (WT) to achieve its maximum power
The duration necessary for the wind turbine (WT) to achieve its maximum power
point (MPP) is contingent upon the initial mechanical angular velocities, denoted as ω(0).
point (MPP) is contingent upon the initial mechanical angular velocities, denoted as ω(0).
Specifically, when the initial mechanical angular velocities are low, below cut-in speed, the
Specifically, when the initial mechanical angular velocities are low, below cut-in speed,
time required for the turbine to attain the optimal speed is significantly prolonged, often
the time required for the turbine to attain the optimal speed is significantly prolonged,
extending to several minutes.
often extending to several minutes.
At a wind speed of 3 m/s, with ω(0) = 11 rad/s, at the time moment t = 58.5 s, the
At a wind speed of 3 m/s, with ω(0) = 11 rad/s, at the time moment t = 58.5 s, the
values of the optimal mechanical angular speeds, ω OPTIM , and real, ω, being equal, the
values of the optimal mechanical angular speeds, ωOPTIM, and real, ω, being equal, the sys-
system operates at the maximum power point of the turbine. For ω(0) = 8 rad/s, the system
tem operates at the maximum power point of the turbine. For ω(0) = 8 rad/s, the system
gets to work in WT’s MPP at t = 829.85 s, the values of the optimal mechanical angular
gets to work in WT’s MPP at t = 829.85 s, the values of the optimal mechanical angular
speeds, ω OPTIM , and real angular speeds, ω, are then equal.
speeds, ωOPTIM, and real angular speeds, ω, are then equal.
It is evident from Figure 2 that at the initial MAS, ω(0), of low values, specifically
It is evident from Figure 2 that at the initial MAS, ω(0), of low values, specifically
below 8 rad/s, the wind system attains its maximum power point after 14 min. This time
below 8 rad/s, the wind system attains its maximum power point after 14 min. This time
interval in which the turbine reaches the point of maximum power, becomes even higher,
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
interval in which the turbine reaches the point of maximum power, becomes even higher, 10 of 25
for example, at ω(0) = 7 rad/s it reaches 70 min, and at ω(0) = 6 rad/s it exceeds the order
for example, at ω(0) = 7 rad/s it reaches 70 min, and at ω(0) = 6 rad/s it exceeds the order
of hours: 11 h, as Figure 3.
of hours: 11 h, as Figure 3.
ω [rad./s.] ω [rad./s.]
80 80
ωOPTIM ωOPTIM
60 60

ω (0) = 7 40 ω (0) = 6
40

20 20 ω
ω

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 t [s.] 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 t [s.]
Figure 3. Time variations in mechanical angular speeds at ω(0) = 7 rad/s and ω(0) = 6 rad/s.
Figure 3. Time variations in mechanical angular speeds at ω(0) = 7 rad/s and ω(0) = 6 rad/s.
4.1.2. Variant 2—With Wind Turbine and Motor with Power Absorption from the Network
4.1.2. Variant 2—With Wind Turbine and Motor with Power Absorption from the
The turbine is brought to the MPP in the least amount of time, by converting the
Network
electric generator to operate in asynchronous motor mode and supplying it with power
from The turbine
the grid, is brought
utilizing to frequency
variable the MPP in theregulated
and least amount
statorof time,
flow (seebyFigure
converting
4). the
electric generator to operate in asynchronous motor mode and supplying it with power
from the grid, utilizing variable frequency and regulated stator flow (see Figure 4).

Network
50 Hz
 Network
The turbine is brought to the MPP in the least amount of time, by converting the
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026
electric generator to operate in asynchronous motor mode and supplying it with power 10 of 24
from the grid, utilizing variable frequency and regulated stator flow (see Figure 4).

Network
50 Hz
P
≈
=

=
≈

WT TE
P2

Gearbox
P1

Figure 4. Connecting the stator and rotor to the same, time-varying frequency network.

At the
At the nominal voltage U
nominal voltage UN = 690 V and f = 50 Hz, the stator flux has the value:
N = 690 V and f = 50 Hz, the stator flux has the value:

UUNN = UU 690 690

ΨSΨ=
S = =2 ⋅ π ⋅ fN = 2= = 2.1963= [Wb]
N
2.1963 [Wb] (43)
(43)
ωω 2 · π · f π ⋅250· π · 50
⋅
At controlled stator flow, the U/f ratio is:
At controlled stator flow, the U/f ratio is:
U
= 2.1963 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π = 13.8 [Vs] (44)
U
f
= 2.1963 · 2 · π = 13.8 [Vs] (44)
f
4.2. Operation at Frequency Equality f1 = f2 = f
4.2. Operation at Frequency Equality f1 = f2 = f
The stator and
The stator androtor
rotorare
areconnected
connectedtotothethe same
same frequency
frequency network
network f1. From
f1 . From the slip-
the slippage
page definition
definition relationship:
relationship:
n −n1n − n
s s==1 (45)
(45)
n1 n1
or:
or: f2
s=± (46)
f1
results:  
f2
n = n1 1 ∓ (47)
f1
Take the sign—at the same sequence of the phases in the stator as the phases in the rotor,
and at an inverse sequence of phases, we take the + sign. The result is a synchronous motor
regime with n = 0 at the same phase sequence and n = 2n1 at an inverse phase sequence.
At the reverse sequence of phases, the rotor speed is n = 2n1 = 2f /p1 = 2f /2 = f ;
therefore, the MAS ω, at the shaft of the electric motor results in the form:

ω = 2·π·n = 2·π· f (48)

The relationship between the voltage time variation U(t) = k·t and the supply frequency
of the double-powered asynchronous motor must be aligned with the temporal changes in
rotational speed to prevent the occurrence of saturation phenomena.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 11 of 24

Considering that the process takes place at a constant stator flux of value ΨS = 2.1963 Wb
and at a load angle, ϑ, also constant, ϑ = 30◦ , the power to be generated by the asynchronous
motor, PENGINE , is given by the equation of motion:
 
dω 3 3
136 · ω = 5.692 · 105 − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 + PENGI NE (49)
dt ω

It is required that at the wind speed of 3 m/s, the optimal MAS ω OPTIM = 72,138 rad/s
has to be obtained within a time interval of one minute, resulting in:

dω 72.138
= = 1.2023 [rad./s2 ] (50)
dt 60

and the time variation in the MAS, ω(t) = 1.2023 t.

In this case, the equation of motion becomes:
 
3 3
136 · 1.2023 · 1.2023 · t = 5.692 · 105 − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495( 1.2023·t ) · 33 + PENGI NE (51)
1.2023 · t
resulting in the necessary power that the double-powered asynchronous motor must develop:
 
3 3
PENGI NE (t) = 136 · 1.2023 · 1.2023 · t − 5.692 · 10 5
− 1.7488 · 10 −2
· e−41.495( 1.2023·t ) · 33 (52)
1.2023 · t
At the increasing slope of the mechanical angular speed, ω, of 1.2023 rad/s2 the motor
is energized up to tM = 15.83 s, at which point the power developed by the asynchronous
motor becomes zero, as seen from Figure 5. This result is also confirmed by solving
the equation:
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW   12 of 25
5 3 −2 3
−41.495( 1.2023 ) 3
136 · 1.2023 · 1.2023 · t − 5.692 · 10 − 1.7488 · 10 ·e ·t · 3 = 0 (53)
1.2023 · t

PENGINE [W]
2,000
PWT [W]
80,000
1,500 MPP
ENGINE 60,000
1,000 WIND
40,000
500 TURBINE
tM 20,000
t*
0 5 10 15 t [s.] 0 20 40 60 80 t [s.]

Figure 5. Evolution in engine and turbine power over time.

Figure 5. Evolution in engine and turbine power over time.
The variations
variations over
over time
time of the engine and turbine power outputs are illustrated
illustrated in
Figure
Figure5.5. At
Atthe
thetime momenttM
timemoment tM,,the MASωωhas
theMAS hasthe
thevalue ω(t)==1.2023
valueω(t) ·15.83 ==19.032
1.2023·15.83 19.032rad/s
rad/s
and, further, the turbine rotor is accelerated only by the action of the wind. The representation
and, further, the turbine rotor is accelerated only by the action of the wind. The represen-
of the process
tation is derived
of the process from equations
is derived characterized
from equations by powersbyofpowers
characterized the following
of the form:
following
form:  
dω 3 −2 3 3
J·· ω d=ωPWT (ω, t) = 5.692 · 105 · 3 − 1.7488· 10 · e−41.495· ω · 33 (54)
dt J ⋅ ⋅ω = P (ω, t ) = 5.692⋅105 ⋅ −ω1.7488⋅10−2 ⋅ e−41.495⋅ω ⋅ 33
WT   (54)
dt ω 
or:  
or: 136 dω 5 3 −2 · e−41.495· ω3 · 33
dt · ω = 5.692 · 10 · ω − 1.7488 · 10 (55)
3
dω 5 (3  −41.495⋅ω 3
136 ⋅ ω = 5.692 ⋅10ω⋅ 0) −=1.7488
19.032
⋅10−2  ⋅ e ⋅3
dt ω  (55)
Given that ω(10.12) = 72.148 rad/s, it can be concluded that the optimal mechanical
ω(0) = 19.032
angular speed, denoted as ω OPTIM , is attained at 10.12 s, as illustrated in Figure 6.
Given that ω(10.12) = 72.148 rad/s, it can be concluded that the optimal mechanical
angular speed, denoted as ωOPTIM, is attained at 10.12 s, as illustrated in Figure 6.
 136 ⋅ ω = 5.692 ⋅10 ⋅  −1.7488 ⋅10  ⋅ e ⋅3
dt ω  (55)
ω(0) = 19.032

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 Given that ω(10.12) = 72.148 rad/s, it can be concluded that the optimal mechanical
12 of 24
angular speed, denoted as ωOPTIM, is attained at 10.12 s, as illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Time evolution of the mechanical angular speed.

Figure 6. Time evolution of the mechanical angular speed.
At a wind speed of 3 m/s, the optimal mechanical angular speed, ω OPTIM , is obtained
At a wind speed of 3 m/s, the optimal mechanical angular speed, ωOPTIM, is obtained
in 25.95 s, lower than initially prescribed.
in 25.95 s, lower than initially prescribed.
At low values of mechanical angular velocities, the contribution of the power devel-
At low values of mechanical angular velocities, the contribution of the power devel-
oped by the electric motor is preponderant, the turbine developing a low power, contribut-
oped by the electric motor is preponderant, the turbine developing a low power, contrib-
ing very little to the acceleration of the masses in the rotational movement. The necessity of
uting very littlethe
transitioning to the acceleration
electric of to
generator theengine
massesmode
in theisrotational
warranted,movement. The
next to the necessity
cut-in wind
ofspeed,
transitioning the electric generator to engine mode is warranted, next to the cut-in
to enable the system to reach its maximum power point in the shortest possible time.wind
speed, to enable the system to reach its maximum power point in the shortest possible
time.
5. Mathematical Model of Dual Powered Asynchronous/Synchronous Motor
At cut-in wind speed, the turbine reaches its peak power output in the least amount of
5.time
Mathematical Model of Dual Powered Asynchronous/Synchronous
by converting the electric generator into either an asynchronous or synchronous motor
Motor
mode, utilizing a mains-powered motor with variable frequency and regulated stator flow.
At
Thecut-in wind
values of speed, the turbineare
the inductances reaches its peak
derived frompower output in the
the parameters of least amount
the generator
ofestablished
time by converting thenominal
based on the electricdata:
generator
statorinto either an
inductance LS asynchronous ·10−2 H, rotor
or synchronous
= L1 + LM = 7.5812
inductance LR = L2 + LM = 7.5812·10−2 H, magnetization inductance LM = 6.0650·10−2 H,
global dispersion factor σ = [(LS ·LR ) – LM 2 ]/LS ·LR .
h
2 i
7.5812 · 10−2 · 7.5812 · 10−2 − 6.065 · 10−2
σ= = 0.36 (56)
7.5812 · 10−2 · 7.5812 · 10−2

When neglecting losses, the stator and motor rotor equations are:

US = j · ω · ΨS
(57)
UR = j · ω · Ψ R

where ΨS is the stator flow, ΨR is the rotor flow, ω is the pulsation of US and UR tensions,
and f is the frequency of the supply voltage.

ΨS = LS · IS + M · IR
(58)
Ψ R = L R · IR + M · IS

ϑ is the phase shift in the supply voltages US and UR , Figure 7, and is the same as the phase
shift between flows, ΨS and ΨR .
 ΨS = LS ⋅ IS + M ⋅ IR
(58)
ΨR = LR ⋅ IR + M ⋅ IS

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 ϑ is the phase shift in the supply voltages US and UR, Figure 7, and is the same as the 13
phase
of 24
shift between flows, ΨS and ΨR.

US

UR
ΨR
ϑ

ϑ
ΨS
Figure 7.
Figure Phase shift
7. Phase shift in
in supply
supply voltages
voltages and
and flows.
flows.

Considering the phasor of the U supply voltage in the real axis, it follows:
Considering the phasor of the USS supply voltage in the real axis, it follows:
R =U
UU ⋅ e jϑ · e jϑ
=R U (59)
(59)
R R

or:
or:
jϑ
e jϑ e
⋅ R· k
U RU=R U=R U (60)
(60)
k
where kk =
where =N /N2,2 ,NN
N11/N is the number of turns per phase in the stator, N is the number of
1 1is the number of turns per phase in the stator, N22 is the number of
turns per
turns per phase
phase in
in the
the rotor.
rotor. From
From the
the system:
system:
U = j ⋅ ω ⋅ (L ⋅ I + L ⋅ I R )
USS = j · ω · S( LSS · ISM+ L M · IR ) (61)
U = j ⋅ ω ⋅ ( L ⋅ I + L ⋅ I ) (61)
UR = j · ω · ( L R · IR + L M · IS )
R R R M S

stator IS and rotoric IR currents are obtained:

stator IS and rotoric IR currents are obtained:
L + L ⋅ e j⋅ϑ / k
IS = US ⋅ R M (62)
ω ⋅ LβM · e j·ϑ /k
L j ⋅+
IS = US · R (62)
j·ω·β
LR + M ⋅ e j⋅ϑ / k  ΨS  2
IS = US ⋅ ·ϑ /k =  q LR − 2 ⋅ LR ⋅ LM ⋅ (cosϑ / k) + (LM / k)2 (63)
L R + M · je⋅jω ⋅β Ψβ
IS = US · =   L2R − 2 · L R · L M · (cos ϑ/k) + ( L M /k)2
S
(63)
j·ω·β β
L + L ⋅ e j⋅ϑ / k
IR = US ⋅ M L MS+ LS · e j·ϑ /k (64)
IR = US · j ⋅ω ⋅ β (64)
j·ω·β
L + LS · e j·ϑ /k ΨS
  q
IR = US · M = L M 2 − 2 · LS · L M · (cos ϑ/k ) + ( LS /k )2 (65)
j·ω·β β
where β = (LS ·LR ) – LM 2 :
 2
σ = 7.5812 · 10−2 · 7.5812 · 10−2 − 6.065 · 10−2 = 2.069 · 10−3 (66)

Knowing the currents and voltages, the stator PS and PR rotor active power can be
performed as follows:
PS = 3 · US · IS REAL
(67)
PR = 3 · UR · IR
or:
L M ·sin ϑ L M ·sin ϑ L M ·sin ϑ
PS = 3 · US2 · ω · β·k = 3 · US · ΨS · β·k = 3 · US · 2.1963 · β·k
L M ·sin ϑ L M ·sin ϑ (68)
PR = 3 · US2 · ω · β·k = 3 · US · 2.1963 · β·k

5.1. Stator Current Under Load and No-Load

The nominal curent, IN , is obtained at a load angle ϑ of value ϑN = 30◦ and has the value:

PEG 1, 500, 000

IN = = = 724.64 [A] (69)
3 · UN 3 · 690
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 14 of 24

Thus, it is obtained:

2.1963
q
· L2R − 2 · L R · L M · cos ϑ/k + ( L M /k)2 = 724.64 (70)
β

or: √
2.1963
q
· L2R − L R · L M · 3/k + ( L M /k)2 = 724.64 (71)
2.069 · 10−3
The no-load current, ISno-load , is obtained at the zero value of the charge angle ϑ and is
approximately 5% of the nominal current IN :

5
ISno−load = · 724.64 = 36.232 [A] (72)
100

resulting:
2.1963
q
· L2R − 2 · L R · L M /k + ( L M /k)2 = 36.232 (73)
β
or:    
2.1963 L
· L R − M = 36.232 (74)
2.069 · 10−3 k
With the two values of the stator current, IN and ISno-load , we obtain the system of
equations in the unknown LR and LM /k:

√
r  2
2.1963
· L2R − L R · L M · k3 + LkM


2.069·10−3
= 724.64
  (75)
2.1963 LM
· L R − k = 36.232


2.069·10−3

with the solution LR = 1·1.3343 [H], LM /k = 1.3 [H].

Considering that the process takes place at a constant stator flux of value:

US
ΨS = = 2.1963 [Wb] (76)
ω
and at a load angle ϑ, the value of the stator current is:

L R + M · e j·ϑ /k
 q
2.1963
IS = US · = 1.33432 − 2 · 1.3343 · 1.3 · cos ϑ + (1.3)2 (77)
j·ω·β 2.069 · 10−3
√
IS = 1061.5 3.4704 − 3.4692 · cos ϑ (78)

Since between the inductances LR , LS and LM are the bond relations:

LS = k2 · L R = k · L M (79)

with k = N1 /N2 , the obtained rotor current value is:

L M + LS · e j·ϑ /k
 p
2.1963
IR = US · =k 1.32 − 2 · 1.3343 · 1.3 · cos ϑ + 1.33432 (80)
j·ω·β 2.069 · 10−3
√
IR = 1061.5 · k · 3.4704 − 3.4692 · cos ϑ (81)

The examination indicates that the current in the stator is k times less than that in
the rotor; conversely, with respect to voltage, the rotor voltage is k times less than the
stator voltage.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 15 of 24

5.2. Power to Synchronous Motor Shaft

The shaft power of the motor, PENGINE , can be determined by summing the active
powers of the stator and rotor, PS and PR :

PENGI NE = PS + PR = US · 8695.6 · sin ϑ (82)

at US voltage and rotational speed n:

US
n= f = (83)
13.8

Since the stator flux has constant value,

US US
ψS = = = 2.1963 [Wb] (84)
ω 2·π· f

results:
US U
f = = S (85)
2 · π · 2.1963 13.8
When neglecting the resistance, at a constant stator flux of value 2.1963 Wb and at the
load angle ϑ, the power value at the motor shaft is:

L M · sin ϑ
Parbore = PENGI NE = PS + PR = 6 · US · = 6 · US · ψS · 659.87 · sin ϑ = 8695.6 · US · sin ϑ (86)
ω·β·k
In conclusion, at the US voltage, the power developed by the motor is:

PENGI NE = US · 8695.6 · sin ϑ (87)

at rotational speed:
US
n= (88)
13.8
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 8 illustrates the changes associated with the load angle of both currents and
16 of 25
power in the context of asynchronous and synchronous motors, which are supplied through
the stator and rotor under variable frequency conditions and regulated stator flow.

IS, IR [A] P[W]

2000 6·106
5·106
1500
4·106 PN
1000 IN 3·106
500 2·106
ϑN 1·106 ϑN
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 ϑ[rad./s.] 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 ϑ[rad./s.]

Figure 8.
Figure Variations in relation to the load angle of currents and power.
8. Variations power.

Since the
Since the stator
stator and
and rotor
rotor are
are connected
connected toto the
the same
same frequency
frequency network
network f1,f1, the
the motor
motor
speed depends on the frequency value of the supply voltage. Given that the stator
speed depends on the frequency value of the supply voltage. Given that the stator flux is flux is
kept constant,
kept constant,and
andthetheoperating
operatingregime is synchronous
regime motor,
is synchronous the succession
motor, of the phases
the succession of the
in the stator with those in the rotor is reversed, resulting in:
phases in the stator with those in the rotor is reversed, resulting in:
U US
nn==2 ⋅2n1· =n1f =
= f S= [rps] [rps] (89)
(89)
13.8 13.8
Also, the motor being synchronous, implies that its speed is determined solely by the
frequency of the supply voltage, and not the magnitude of the power supplied to the shaft.
In the synchronous motor, the phenomenon of pendulum occurs.

5.3. Visualization of the Process of Bringing It to the Optimal Rotational Speed

Bringing the turbine to the point of maximum power by switching the electric gener-
ator to engine mode is a dynamic process. For this purpose, the kinetic momentum equa-
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 16 of 24

Also, the motor being synchronous, implies that its speed is determined solely by the
frequency of the supply voltage, and not the magnitude of the power supplied to the shaft.
In the synchronous motor, the phenomenon of pendulum occurs.

5.3. Visualization of the Process of Bringing It to the Optimal Rotational Speed

Bringing the turbine to the point of maximum power by switching the electric genera-
tor to engine mode is a dynamic process. For this purpose, the kinetic momentum equation
is used in the following form:

dω
J· = MWT + MENGI NE (90)
dt
where ω is MAS, of the shaft of the electric motor, J is the equivalent moment of inertia,
du/dt is derived in relation to time of MAS, MWT is the moment, in relation to the shaft
of the electric motor, given by the WT, MENGINE is the electromagnetic moment of the
electric motor.
Multiplying the equation of the kinetic moment by ω, at an equivalent moment of
inertia of value J = 136 kg·m2 , we obtain the equation of powers:

dω
136 · · ω = PWT + PENGI NE (91)
dt
where PWT is the useful power given by WT in relation to the shaft of the electric motor,
PENGINE is the electromagnetic power to the shaft of the electric motor.
At a wind speed of 3 m/s, the power output of the turbine is:
 
3 3
PWT (ω, 3) = 5.692 · 10 · 5
− 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 (92)
ω

resulting:
 
dω 3 3
136 · · ω = 5.692 · 105 · − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 + PENGI NE (93)
dt ω

By summing up the stator and rotor active powers, PS and PR , the shaft power of
the motor is PENGINE = PS + PR = US ·8695.6·sin ϑ at US voltage and rotational speed n,
n = f = US /13.8.
The maximum power point (MPP) at a wind speed of 3 m/s is achieved at the optimal
mechanical angular velocity, ω OPTIM :

ωOPTI M = 24.046 · V = 24.046 · 3 = 72.138 [rad./s.] (94)

The ideal mechanical angular speed, ω OPTIM , should be attained within a time frame
of one minute, leading to a change in frequency over that duration:

ωOPTI M 72.138
f = ·t = · t = 0.19135 · t (95)
2 · π · 60 2 · π · 60

The power developed by the motor (83) does not depend on the MAS, ω being depen-
dent only on the US voltage and the load angle ϑ. In this case, the power equations are:
 
dω 3 3
136 · · ω = 5.692 · 105 · − 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 + US · 8695.6 · sin ϑ (96)
dt ω
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 17 of 24

The change in time of the voltage and frequency of the motor supply is made at
controlled stator flow, the U/ω ratio being:

US U 690
= ψS = N = = 2.1963 [Wb] (97)
ω ω 2 · π · 50

resulting:

US = 2.1963 · ω = 2.1963 · 2 · π · f = 2.1963 · 2 · π · 0.19135 · t = 2.6406 · t (98)

At the mechanical angular speed ω(0) of value ω(0) = 0.1 rad/s, we obtain:

136 dω 5 −2 −41.495(3/ω ) · 33 + 2.1963 · ω · 8695.6 · sin ϑ

dt · ω = 5.692 · 10 [(3/ω ) − 1.7488 · 10 ] · e (99)
ω (0) = 0.1
Between the angular speed of the spinning field ω = 2 · π · f and the mechanical
angular speed of the electric motor shaft, ω, there is the bonding relationship:

dϑ
+ω−ω = 0 (100)
dt
where dϑ/dt is derived from the load angle ϑ. The angular speed of the spinning field, ω,
is imposed by the frequency of the motor supply voltage, f, resulting:

ω = 2 · π · f = 2 · π · 0.19135 · t = 1.20232 · t (101)

Consequently, the equation of motion is expressed as follows:

3
136 dω 5 3
− 1.7488 · 10−2 · e−41.495· ω · 33 + 2.1963 · 1.2023 · t · 8695.6 · sin ϑ


dt · ω = 5.692 · 10 ω
dϑ
dt + ω − 1.2023 · t = 0 (102)
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW ω (0) = 0.1 18 of 25
ϑ (0) = 0
By solving it, the time variations in the mechanical angular speed ω and of the load
angle ϑ, shown in Figure 9, are obtained.

ϑ[rad.]
ω [rad./s.]
80 ωOPTIM 0.1

60
0.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 t [s.]
40
ω ̶ 0.1
20

0 ̶ 0.2
10 20 30 40 50 60 t [s.]

Figure 9.
Figure Variations in
9. Variations in time
time of
of mechanical
mechanical angular
angular speed
speed and
and load
load angle
angle at
at the
the motor.
motor.

5.4. Achieving Optimal Speed and Switching to Generator Mode

5.4. Achieving Optimal Speed and Switching to Generator Mode
At the time t = 15.83 s, the power developed by the synchronous motor becomes zero
At the time t = 15.83 s, the power developed by the synchronous motor becomes zero
and the load angle, ϑ, becomes negative, as can be seen in Figure 9—the synchronous motor
and the load angle, ϑ, becomes negative, as can be seen in Figure 9—the synchronous
switching to generator mode and delivering power to the grid, at MAS:
motor switching to generator mode and delivering power to the grid, at MAS:
ωω(15.83
(15.83) )==
1.2023 ⋅15.83
1.2023 = 19.032
· 15.83 [rad./s.]
= 19.032 [rad./s.] (103)
(103)

and voltage:
and voltage:
S (S15.83) = 2.6406 ⋅15.83 = 41.801 [V]
UU (15.83) = 2.6406 · 15.83 = 41.801 [V] (104)
(104)

At the time moment t = 60 s, the system operates at the optimal mechanical angular
speed, ωOPTIM, in the MPP of the turbine, at the wind speed of 3 m/s:
ω OPTIM = 24.046 ⋅ V = 24.046 ⋅ 3 = 72.138 [rad./s.] (105)
 ω (15.83) = 1.2023 ⋅15.83 = 19.032 [rad./s.] (103)

and voltage:
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026
U S (15.83) = 2.6406 ⋅15.83 = 41.801 [V] 18 of 24
(104)

At the time moment t = 60 s, the system operates at the optimal mechanical angular
At the time moment t = 60 s, the system operates at the optimal mechanical angular
speed, ωOPTIM, in the MPP of the turbine, at the wind speed of 3 m/s:
speed, ω OPTIM , in the MPP of the turbine, at the wind speed of 3 m/s:
ω OPTIM = 24.046 ⋅ V = 24.046 ⋅ 3 = 72.138 [rad./s.] (105)
ωOPTI M = 24.046 · V = 24.046 · 3 = 72.138 [rad./s.] (105)
Over the time interval ∆t = 60 − 15.83 = 44.17 s, the double-powered synchronous
generator
Overoutputs
the timepower
interval ∆t =
to the grid,
60 − at 15.83
variable frequency
= 44.17 and voltage:
s, the double-powered synchronous
generator outputs power to the ( t ) = at41.801
U grid, + 2.6406
variable
S ⋅t
frequency and voltage:
(106)

S ( t ) = becomes:
In this case, the equation ofUmotion 41.801 + 2.6406 · t (106)
dω −41.495(3/ω )
136 ⋅ ωcase,
In this = 5.692 5
[(3/ ω) −1.7488
⋅10equation
the ⋅10−2 ] ⋅ ebecomes:
of motion ⋅ 33 − (41.801+ 2.2406 ⋅ t ) ⋅ 8695.6 ⋅ sinϑ
dt
dϑ
136 dω
dt · ω = 5.692 · 105 [(3/ω ) − 1.7488 · 10−2 ] · e−41.495− ω(+3/ω ) · 33 − (41.801 + 2.2406 · t ) · 8695.6 · sin ϑ
(19.032 +1.2023⋅ t ) = 0 (107)
dϑ dt
− ω + ( 19.032 + 1.2023 · t ) =0
dt ω ( 0) = 19.032 (107)
ω (0) = 19.032
ϑ ( 0) = 0.01
ϑ (0) = 0.01
by solving it, obtaining the variations in the load angle ϑ and the mechanical angular
by solving it, obtaining the variations in the load angle ϑ and the mechanical angular speed
speed ω, Figure 10.
ω, Figure 10.

ω [rad./s.]
90
80 ωOPTIM
ϑ[rad.] 70
60
0.1 ϑ 50 ω
ϑN 40
0.0
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
10 20 30 40 t [s.] 30 19 of 25
20
̶ 0.1 t [s.]
0 10 20 30 40
The power output from the generator:

Figure 10. Variations in

10. Variations EG ( 72.138
inPthe
the )angle
= ( 41.801
load angle 2.6406 ⋅ t ) ⋅ 8695.6
and+mechanical
mechanical ⋅ sin ϑ speed in the generator.
angular (108)
Figure load and angular speed in the generator.
being dependent on the load angle that shows pronounced oscillations, it will also oscil-
The power output
late pronouncedly from
(Figure the generator:
11a).
The intense oscillations of the power output by the generator are at the end of the
PEGthe
transient process when (72.138 =the
power) to (41.801 + 2.6406
generator is: · t) · 8695.6 · sin ϑ (108)
PEG 1200000
= = 18.197 (109)
being dependent on the load PWT
angle 65946shows pronounced
that oscillations, it will also oscillate
pronouncedly
higher than (Figure
that of the11a).
turbine.

(a) (b)

Figure 11. Variations in generator power: (a) On reaching the optimum speed and switching to gen-
Figure 11. Variations in generator power: (a) On reaching the optimum speed and switching to
erator operation; (b) In stationary operation.
generator operation; (b) In stationary operation.
5.5. Stationary Mode
Upon reaching the optimal mechanical angular speed ωOPTIM = 72,138 rad/s, at the
time moment t = 60 s, the system operates in the MPP of the turbine at the wind speed of
3 m/s. The frequency and voltage being constant, they stabilize at the values:
72.138
f = = 11.481 [Hz]; ω = 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f = 2 ⋅ π ⋅11.481 = 72.137 [Hz] (110)
2 ⋅π
U S = 13.8 ⋅ f = 13.8 ⋅11.481 = 158.44 [V] (111)
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 19 of 24

The intense oscillations of the power output by the generator are at the end of the
transient process when the power to the generator is:

PEG 1, 200, 000

= = 18.197 (109)
PWT 65, 946

higher than that of the turbine.

5.5. Stationary Mode

Upon reaching the optimal mechanical angular speed ω OPTIM = 72,138 rad/s, at the
time moment t = 60 s, the system operates in the MPP of the turbine at the wind speed of
3 m/s. The frequency and voltage being constant, they stabilize at the values:

72.138
f = = 11.481[Hz]; ω = 2 · π · f = 2 · π · 11.481 = 72.137 [Hz] (110)
2·π

US = 13.8 · f = 13.8 · 11.481 = 158.44 [V] (111)

the regime becomes stationary. In this case, at constant tension, the equation of
motion becomes:

136 dω 5 −2 −41.495(3/ω ) · 33 − 158.44 · 8695.6 · sin ϑ

dt · ω = 5.692 · 10 [(3/ω ) − 1.7488 · 10 ] · e
dϑ
dt + ω + 72.137 = 0 , (112)
ω (0) = 72.1371
ϑ (0) = 0.01
obtaining the variation in the power at the generator, Figure 11b:

PEG−b = 158.44 · 8695.6 · sin ϑ (113)

The fluctuations in value are significantly more evident during the process of ramping
up the turbine to achieve maximum power, in contrast to the variations observed in a
steady state (see Figure 11a,b).
The oscillations are, in this case, smaller compared to the previous case and the power
to the generator is:
PEG−2 79, 135
= = 1.2 (114)
PWT −2 65, 946
higher than that of the turbine.
The oscillations are pronounced in both regimes due to the fact that the electrical
losses in the winding resistances and in the iron have been neglected. From the power
characteristic WT, PWT (V, ω), at ω OPTIM :

P = 5.692 · 105 [(3/ω ) − 1.7488 · 10−2 ] · e−41.495(3/ω ) · 33

(115)
ω = 72.138

the power developed by the WT results:

PWT (3, 72.138) = 65, 946 (116)

The power developed by the WT is during the process of bringing the WT to the
optimal constant speed, because the wind speed is constant, at 3 m/s. The power output
of the generator oscillates around the power developed by WT. However, the power
developed by the synchronous motor is variable during the process.
The variations over time of the mechanical angular speed and load angle, as illustrated
in Figure 9, reveal several key aspects:
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 20 of 24

• At the beginning of the transient process, the mechanical angular speed, ω, and the
charge angle, ϑ, vary linearly over time;
• At the end of the transient process, the mechanical angular speed, ω, and the charge
angle, ϑ, vary oscillating over time;
• The oscillations of the load angle, ϑ, are more pronounced in cases where the motor is
powered at variable voltage and frequency;
• The turbine enhances the fluctuations of the load angle, which are reflected in the
variations in power output and current.
The fluctuations in the load angle, and consequently in the power output, are further
intensified by the temporal variations in voltage and frequency, which are influenced by the
regulated stator flow. In conclusion, by changing the voltage and frequency of the generator,
in synchronous mode, there is a significant disturbance in the Electrical Power System.
Consequently, the asynchronous generator regime is used to mitigate these disturbances.
The modification of the voltage and frequency of the generator is imposed by the wind
speed variable in time and the capture of a maximum wind energy at these wind speeds
can only be achieved when the WT operates at the point of maximum power, at the optimal
mechanical angular speed.
The wind turbine consistently functions in dynamic mode at variable speeds, adapting
to the fluctuations in wind speeds that occur over time.

6. Discussion
At low wind speeds, specifically above the connection threshold of 3 m/s, the duration
required to attain optimal speed solely through wind input is significantly prolonged,
resulting in considerable wastage of wind energy. In power converters that facilitate
bidirectional power flow, the electric generator can be transitioned into engine mode,
thereby reducing the time needed to achieve optimal speed.
Analyzing the operation of these wind turbines, it was possible to:
1. Develop a mathematical model for the wind turbine (WT) and the double-fed asyn-
chronous/synchronous motor, derived from the induction generator with a wound
rotor, utilizing experimental data as the foundation;
2. Follow the transition of the asynchronous generator to a double-powered synchronous
motor, with the stator and rotor connected to the same frequency network, so that the
turbine operates at the point of maximum power in the shortest possible time interval;
3. Visualize the process of bringing it to the optimal speed and interpreted the oscillations
of the load angle and power at the double powered synchronous motor;
4. Determine the oscillation of the load angle, the power when switching to generator
mode as well as the operation at the maximum power point.
The results obtained reveal several key aspects that can be emphasized:
• When switching the asynchronous generator to the mode of a double-powered syn-
chronous motor, at the same frequency, oscillations of the load angle and power occur;
• The most pronounced oscillations are in the stator and rotor power supply at
variable frequency.
Consequently, the power supply of the motor obtained from the induction generator
with the wound rotor, having the same frequency in stator and rotor, is new and of interest
in high-performance electric drives, with direct applicability in starting wind turbines
at cut-in wind speeds. The work demonstrated the importance of modeling the double
synchronous motor powered from the same variable frequency source.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 21 of 24

7. Conclusions
This paper examines the challenges associated with the integration of wind turbines
into the energy system, particularly at low wind speeds. To minimize the time required to
reach optimal rotational speed, the advantage of operating the electric generator in motor
mode has been demonstrated. High-capacity wind systems exhibit significant moments
of inertia, which can pose challenges in optimizing the time required to reach optimal
rotational speed.
In the present paper, the mathematical models of the wind turbine and the asyn-
chronous/synchronous double powered motor, obtained by switching the asynchronous
generator to motor mode, have been deduced, analyzing the oscillations of the load angle
and power at the asynchronous/synchronous motor, double powered, at variable frequency,
in the process of bringing it to the optimal speed. The solution presented—feeding the
motor with the same frequency in the stator and in the rotor—is a technical novelty, based
on the processing of experimental data: wind speed, generator power and mechanical
angular speed from a WT type FL MD 70 1.5.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.P.C. and E.S.; methodology, C.P.C. and G.-O.T.; software,
C.P.C. and G.-O.T.; validation, C.P.C., E.S. and G.-O.T.; formal analysis, E.S.; investigation, C.P.C.
and G.-O.T.; resources, E.S.; data curation, C.P.C. and G.-O.T.; writing—original draft preparation,
E.S.; writing—review and editing, C.P.C. and E.S.; visualization, E.S. and G.-O.T.; supervision, C.P.C.;
project administration, C.P.C. and E.S.; funding acquisition, C.P.C. and E.S. All authors have read and
agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: The publication of this article was supported by the 2024 Development Fund of the UBB.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the first author.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design
of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or
in the decision to publish the results.

Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:

ω mechanical angular speed

ω OPTIM optimum angular speed
ω MAXIM maximum angular speed
J equivalent moment of inertia
PWT power given by WT relative to the shaft of the electric motor/generator
PWT-MAX maximum wind turbine power
PENGINE electromagnetic power at the shaft of the induction motor
PN nominal power
Psc short-circuit power
PEG power of the electric generator
P mains power
P1 power injected into the stator
P2 power injected into the rotor
PS active stator power
PR active rotor power
UN nominal voltage
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 3026 22 of 24

US stator voltage
UR rotor voltage
IN nominal current
Isc short-circuit current
Ino-load current from idle operation
IS stator current
IR rotor current
V wind speed
nN nominal rotation
nmax maximum rotation
n1 speed of the rotating field
n rotational speed of the rotor
Zsc short-circuit impedance
Rsc short-circuit resistance
R1 the resistance of the stator winding
R2 the rotor winding resistance reduced to the stator
Xsc short-circuit reactance
X1 the reactance of the stator winding
X2 the rotor winding reactance reduced to the stator
XM magnetizing reactance
LM magnetizing inductance
LS stator inductance
LR rotor inductance
s slipping
N1 number of turns per phase in the stator
N2 number of turns per phase in the rotor
β the angle of inclination of the blades
ρ density of the air in the operating location
Rp radius blades
Cp (λ) power conversion coefficient
MM mathematical model
kp proportionality factor
f frequency
ΨS stator flux
ΨR rotor flux
ϑ load angle
σ global dispersion factor
EG electric generator
MWT moment related to the shaft of the electric generator
MEG electromagnetic torque at the electric generator
MPP maximum power point
RES renewable energy sources
POD power oscillation damping
DFIG double fed induction generator
WT wind turbine
MAS mechanical angular speed

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