Universidad de Pamplona

Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura

Programa Ingeniería Mecánica
Termofluidos II
Taller Conducción. 3 INTEGRANTES
Entrega: 7 de octubre de 2024
Profesor: Juan Carlos Serrano Rico

1. A stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 9.5 mm and an outer diameter of 12.5 mm is heated by
passing an electric current. The tube carries a current of 300 A. The specific resistance and the thermal conductivity
of the steel are 0.8mm2/m and 18 W/(mK), respectively. Calculate the volumetric rate of heat liberation from
the tube and the temperature drop across the wall of the tube if all the heat generated in the wall of the tube is
transferred from its inner surface. Consider one-meter length of the tube. Evaluate the influence of varying the
current between 200 and 400 A on the temperature drop across the tube wall. Plot the results.

Solution

Electric resistance of the tube,

𝜌𝐿 0.8 × 1
𝑅= =𝜋 = 0.01543 Ω/m (1.1)
𝐴 × (12.5 − 9.5 )
4

The rate of heat generation per m length of the tube,

𝑄̇ = 𝐼 𝑅 = 300 × 0.01543 = 1388.99 W/m (1.2)

Volumetric rate of heat generation,

𝐼 𝑅 1388.99
𝑒 = = 𝜋 = 2.680 × 10 W/m3 (1.3)
𝐴𝐿 × (0.0125 − 0.0095 ) × 1
4

The differential equation for one-dimensional heat flow with heat generation in cylindrical coordinates is

𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑒
𝑟 + 𝑟=0 (1.4)
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘

Integration of Eq.(1.4) gives

𝑑𝑇 𝑒 𝐶
+ 𝑟+ =0 (1.5)
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟

Further integration gives the temperature distribution equation as

𝑒
𝑇(𝑟) + 𝑟 + 𝐶 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶 = 0 (1.6)
4𝑘

The boundary conditions are

at 𝑟 = 𝑟 , 𝑇 = 𝑇
(1.7)
𝑑𝑇
at 𝑟 = 𝑟 , =0
𝑑𝑟
Applying the boundary conditions
𝑒
𝐶 =− 𝑟
2𝑘
(1.8)
𝑒 𝑒
𝐶 = −𝑇 − 𝑟 + 𝑟 ln 𝑟
4𝑘 2𝑘

This gives the temperature distribution equation as

𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑇(𝑟) + 𝑟 − 𝑟 ln 𝑟 − 𝑇 − 𝑟 + 𝑟 ln 𝑟 = 0 (1.9)
4𝑘 2𝑘 4𝑘 2𝑘

The temperature drop across the wall (T2 − T1), where T2 is the temperature at radius r2,

𝑒 1
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 = (𝑟 − 𝑟 ) + 𝑟 ln(𝑟 /𝑟 ) (1.10)
2𝑘 2

The influence of varying the current on the temperature drop is shown in the following figure.

3,50
Temperature drop, T = T2-T1 [C]

3,00

2,50

2,00

1,50

1,00

0,50

0,00
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400
Current, I [A]
Figure 1.1 Temperature drop across the wall of the tube

2. A pipe carrying brine at –8°C passes through a room at 30°C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 15 cm
and the convection coefficient has a value of 18 W/m2K. Determine the heat gain for 10 m length. In order to
reduce the heat gain moulded insulations of 2.5 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm thicknesses are available with
conductivities of 0.06 W/mK. Determine the percentage reduction due to each of these. If the cost of heat is
$100/1000 kJ determine in each case the break even cost per m3 of insulation material if the investment is to be
realized in one year of operation. The unit is in operation for 7000 hr/year.

Solution

The heat lost by the pipe per unit of length when it has no insulation is:

𝑄̇ = ℎ (2𝜋𝑟 𝐿) 𝑇 , −𝑇 , = 3223.27 W (2.1)

For when insulation is used, heat transfer is calculated with

𝑇 , −𝑇 ,
𝑄̇ =
ln(𝑟 /𝑟 ) 1 (3.1)
+
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 ℎ (2𝜋𝑟 𝐿)

When the thickness of the insulation is varied, the heat transfer changes. The money saved over a year and the
amount of material used to insulate the pipe is shown in the following table:

e [cm] Q [W] % Save [$] Material [m3] [$/m3]

0,0 3223,27 - 0,0 0,0000 -
2,5 446,26 86,2% 6998073,2 0,1374 50915562,8
4,0 313,86 90,3% 7331714,3 0,2388 30707330,8
6,0 233,90 92,7% 7533230,8 0,3958 19030967,0
8,0 191,66 94,1% 7639661,3 0,5781 13216194,1

material
e [cm] Q [W] % Ahorro $ m3
0,0 3223,27 0,0% 0 0,0 0,0000 -
2,5 446,26 86,2% 2777,01 6998073,2 0,1374 50915562,8
4,0 313,86 90,3% 2909,41 7331714,3 0,2388 30707330,8
6,0 233,90 92,7% 2989,38 7533230,8 0,3958 19030967,0
8,0 191,66 94,1% 3031,61 7639661,3 0,5781 13216194,1
It is observed that the greatest benefit is achieved with the use of less insulation.

3. A plane wall with surface temperature of 300°C is

attached with straight aluminium triangular fins (k =
236 W/m⋅K). The fins are exposed to an ambient air
condition of 25°C, and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 25 W/m2⋅K. Each fin has a length of 55
mm, a base 4 mm thick, and a width of 110 mm. Using
Table 3–3, determine the efficiency, heat transfer rate,
effectiveness of each fin and plot the temperature
distribution across the fin. Repeat the problem if the
Figure P3 fin material changes, e.g. copper (k = 393 W/m⋅K) and
stainless steel (k = 17.3 W/m⋅K).
Solution

The analytical solution for the heat distribution for a triangular shaped fin is of the form:

𝜃 𝐼 2𝑎√𝐿𝑋
= (3.1)
𝜃 𝐼 (2𝑎𝐿)

Where 𝜃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 , 𝜃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 , 𝑎 = ℎ𝑃/𝑘𝐴 = 2ℎ/𝑘𝑡 , X = L-x, e 𝐼 is the modified Bessel function of the

first kind of order 0. The temperature distribution is shown in the next figure
The efficiency is determined by:

1 𝐼 (2𝑚𝑙)
𝜂 = (3.2)
𝑚𝐿 𝐼 (2𝑚𝐿)

Where 𝑚 = 2ℎ/𝑘𝑡 and the surface area is 𝐴 = 2𝑤 𝐿 + (𝑡/2) . Fin efficiency for different fin materials
is shown in the next figure

1,0
0,8
0,6
Efficiency

0,4
0,2
0,0
Aluminum Copper AISI 302
Fin Material

The heat transfer rate for fin is calculated by 𝑄̇ =𝜂 ℎ𝐴 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ), and are shown in the next figure

100

80
Heat transfer rate [W]

60

40

20

0
Aluminum Copper AISI 302
Fin Material
̇
The fin effectiveness is calculated to be 𝜀 = ( )
, and are shown in the next figure
 30

25

Effectiveness
20

15

10
Aluminum Copper AISI 302
Fin Material

4. A long steel (plain carbon) billet of square cross section 0.3 m by 0.3 m, initially at a uniform temperature
of 30°C, is placed in a soaking oven having a temperature of 750°C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient for
the heating process is 100 W/m2K, how long must the billet remain in the oven before its centre temperature
reaches 600°C? Solve this problem using the analytical one-term approximation method. Investigate the effect of
the heating time on the centre temperature of the billet, the centre temperature of the top surface of the billet, and
the total heat transfer. Let the time vary from 5 min to 60 min. Plot the centre temperature of the billet, the centre
temperature of the top surface, and the total heat transfer as a function of the time, and discuss the results.

SOLUTION

Properties Steel, plain carbon at 600K: k = 48,0 W/m·°C, ρ = 7854 kg/m3 y c = 559 J/kg·°C

This bar can physically be formed by the intersection of the two infinite plane walls of thickness 2L = 0.3 m. The
solution to this two-dimensional problem can be expressed as

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) − 𝑇 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇 𝑇(𝑦, 𝑡) − 𝑇

= (4.1)
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 ,
𝑇 −𝑇 ,

Where

𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇 𝑇(𝑦, 𝑡) − 𝑇 Fo
= =𝐴 𝑒 cos(𝜆 𝑥/𝐿) (4.2)
𝑇 −𝑇 ,
𝑇 −𝑇 ,

In the case of finding the temperature of the center, x = y = 0. First we find the Biot and Fourier numbers for the
plane wall

ℎ𝐿
Bi = = 0.3125
𝑘
(4.3)
𝛼𝑡
Fo =
𝐿

The coefficients 1 = 0.5315 and A1 = 1.0467 for a plane wall corresponding to Bi, are determined from

𝜆 tan 𝜆 = Bi
(4.4)
 4 sin 𝜆
𝐴 =
2𝜆 + sin(2𝜆 )

Substituting these and other values into Eq. 4.2 gives

𝑇 −𝑇 600 − 750 . . ×
= = 1.0467𝑒 (4.5)
𝑇 −𝑇 30 − 750

Hence, t = 6040 s (1.78 h)

The center of the top surface of the bar is still at the centre of the plane wall (x = 0), but at the outer surface of the
plane wall (y = L) is determined from:

𝑇(0, 𝐿, 𝑡) − 𝑇 Fo Fo
= 𝐴 𝑒 𝐴 𝑒 cos(𝜆 ) (4.1)
𝑇 −𝑇 , ,

The results after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min are given in Table 4–1 and are plotted in Fig. 4–1

Table 4-1 Temperatures at the centre and the centre of the top surface, and heat transfer
t [min] T(0,0,t) [°C] T(0,L,t) [°C] Q [MJ]
5 23,52 123,75 23,47
10 80,96 173,27 44,11
15 133,86 218,87 63,12
20 182,58 260,86 80,62
30 268,76 335,16 111,59
40 341,85 398,16 137,85
50 403,84 451,60 160,12
60 456,42 496,93 179,02
80 538,83 567,96 208,62
100 598,11 619,06 229,92
120 640,74 655,82 245,24

700 300
T(0,0,t) [°C] T(0,L,t) [°C] Q [MJ]
600 250
Heat Transfer [MJ]
Temperature [C]

500
200
400
150
300
100
200

100 50

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Time [min]