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M1 - Introduction Concept & Overview of DBMS

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), explaining what a database is, the need for DBMS, and various types of data models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. It also discusses database languages such as DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL, along with the roles and responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA) and different types of database users. Additionally, it covers data abstraction and the Three Schema Architecture, highlighting its benefits for data independence and security.

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4 views6 pages

M1 - Introduction Concept & Overview of DBMS

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), explaining what a database is, the need for DBMS, and various types of data models including hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models. It also discusses database languages such as DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL, along with the roles and responsibilities of a Database Administrator (DBA) and different types of database users. Additionally, it covers data abstraction and the Three Schema Architecture, highlighting its benefits for data independence and security.

Uploaded by

arunabhagain07
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🔹 Module 1: Introduction: Concept & Overview of DBMS

✅ What is a Database?
A Database is an organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.
Example: A student database may contain data like Roll No, Name, Marks, Address, etc.

✅ What is DBMS?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that allows users to create, store,
retrieve, update, and manage data in a database.
It acts as a bridge between the user/application and the database.

✅ Need for DBMS:


Before DBMS, data was stored in flat files, which caused problems like:
• Data redundancy (repeating data)
• Inconsistency (conflicting data)
• Difficulty in access
• Lack of security
• Poor backup & recovery
DBMS solves these issues by managing data efficiently and securely.

✅ Examples of DBMS:
• Oracle
• MySQL
• MS SQL Server
• PostgreSQL
• SQLite
• MongoDB

🔹 2. Data Models in DBMS


✅ What is a Data Model?
A data model is a logical structure that defines how data is connected, stored, and accessed in a
database.
✅ Types of Data Models:
🔸 a) Hierarchical Data Model
• Data is organized in a tree-like structure.
• Parent-child relationship (1 parent → many children).
• Each child has only one parent.
• Example: Organization chart
Company
├── HR
├── Sales
└── IT

🔸 b) Network Data Model


• Like hierarchical, but allows a child to have multiple parents.
• Many-to-many relationships.
• Uses records and sets.

🔸 c) Relational Data Model


• Data is stored in tables (called relations).
• Tables consist of rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).
• Tables are connected using keys (Primary Key, Foreign Key).
• Most popular model in use today.
Example Table: Student

Roll No Name Marks


101 Raj 85

🔸
102 Priya 90
d) Object-Oriented Data Model
• Data is stored as objects, just like in object-oriented programming.
• Objects include data (attributes) and operations (methods).
• Used in multimedia, CAD, and complex applications.

🔹 3. Database Languages
DBMS provides several languages to interact with and control the database.
✅ Types of Database Languages:
🔸 a) Data Definition Language (DDL)
Used to define or change the structure of the database.
• CREATE: To create tables

• ALTER: To modify table

• DROP: To delete table

Example:
CREATE TABLE Student (RollNo INT, Name VARCHAR(50));

🔸 b) Data Manipulation Language (DML)


Used to manipulate and retrieve data.
• INSERT: Add data

• UPDATE: Modify data

• DELETE: Remove data

• SELECT: Retrieve data

Example:
SELECT * FROM Student;

🔸 c) Data Control Language (DCL)


Used to control access to data in the database.
• GRANT: Give access
• REVOKE: Remove access

🔸 d) Transaction Control Language (TCL)


Used to control transactions in a database.
• COMMIT: Save changes permanently

• ROLLBACK: Undo changes

• SAVEPOINT: Set a point in a transaction

🔹 4. Database Administrator (DBA)


✅ Who is a DBA?
A Database Administrator (DBA) is a person who is responsible for the entire database system.
✅ Responsibilities of a DBA:
1. Database design – Define structure and layout
2. User management – Create and manage user accounts
3. Security management – Set permissions and roles
4. Backup and recovery – Regular backups, restore data during failures
5. Performance tuning – Optimize queries and system speed
6. Data integrity – Ensure accurate and consistent data

🔹 5. Database Users
There are different types of users in a DBMS environment, each with a specific role.

✅ Types of Users:
🔸 a) Naive Users (End Users):
• Use application software to access the database.
• No knowledge of DBMS.
• Example: Bank customer using ATM.

🔸 b) Application Programmers:
• Write application programs using high-level languages like Java, Python, etc.
• Use APIs to connect to DBMS.

🔸 c) Sophisticated Users:
• Use query languages like SQL directly.
• Perform complex operations on the database.

🔸 d) Database Administrator (DBA):


• Manage the database system and ensure its smooth operation.

🔹 6. Data Abstraction in DBMS


✅ What is Data Abstraction?
Data Abstraction means hiding the complex details of the database and showing only the required
information to the user.
This is useful to:
• Simplify user interaction
• Protect sensitive data
• Achieve data independence

✅ Levels of Data Abstraction:


🔸 a) Physical Level (Lowest Level)
• Describes how data is actually stored.
• Deals with storage structure, indexes, and files.

🔸 b) Logical Level (Middle Level)


• Describes what data is stored and how they are related.
• Independent of storage method.

🔸 c) View Level (Highest Level)


• Describes what part of the database a user can see.
• Provides customized views to users.
Example:
An end-user sees only name and marks of students (view level),
Programmer sees table structure (logical level),
System sees how the data is stored in memory (physical level).

🔹 7. Three Schema Architecture of DBMS


✅ What is it?
The Three Schema Architecture is a framework used to separate the database system into three
levels to achieve data abstraction and data independence.

✅ The Three Levels:


🔸 a) Internal Level (Physical Schema)
• Describes how the data is physically stored in the database.
• Focuses on storage devices, indexing, compression, etc.

🔸 b) Conceptual Level (Logical Schema)


• Describes the logical structure of the entire database.
• Defines tables, relationships, constraints, etc.

🔸 c) External Level (View Schema)


• Describes how users interact with the database.
• Each user can have a different view.
✅ Benefits of Three Schema Architecture:
• Provides data independence
• Improves security
• Makes system easier to maintain
• Separates users from physical storage complexities

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