Unit I : Chapter 2

Measures of Central Tendency

Dr. Tuhina Manna

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CONTENTS 1 Mathematical Averages
(i) Arithmetical Mean
(ii) Geometric Mean
(iii) Harmonic Mean

2 Averages of Position
(i) Median
(ii) Quartiles
(iii) Deciles
(iv) Percentiles
(v) Mode
 (1)Mathematical Averages

(i) Arithmetical Mean

Arithmetical Mean : Formulae
f x i i
Direct Method: x = i

f i
i

 n 
Short cut method:   fidi 
x = A +  i =1n h
 
  fi 
 i =1 
where x − A
d =
h

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Q) The following distribution gives the pattern of overtime work done by 100
employees of a company. Calculate the average overtime work done per
employee.

Overtime hours: 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

No. of employees: 11 20 35 20 8 6
 Overtime No. of Mid value Let, di=mi-A fi di
Ans: hours employees mi h
fi di= mi-22.5
5
Here I 10-15 11 12.5 -2 -22
have 15-20 20 17.5 -1 -20
taken
20-25 35 22.5 A 0 0
A=22.5
and 25-30 20 27.5 1 20
h=5, 30-35 8 32.5 2 16
35-40 6 37.5 3 18
Total 100 12
Missing Frequencies Sum
Q5) Find the missing frequencies in the following
frequency distribution.
The A.M. of the data is given as 11.09.

Class interval Frequency

9.3-9.7 2
9.8-10.2 5
10.3-10.7 f3
10.8-11.2 f4
11.3-11.7 14
11.8-12.2 6
12.3-12.7 3
12.8-13.2 1
60
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Calculations for mean
Class interval Frequenc Mid value Let, di=mi-A fi di
y mi h
fi di= mi-11.0
0.5

9.3-9.7 2 9.5 -3 -6
9.8-10.2 5 10.0 -2 -10
10.3-10.7 f3 10.5 -1 -f3

10.8-11.2 f4 11.0 0 0
11.3-11.7 14 11.5 1 14
11.8-12.2 6 12.0 2 12
12.3-12.7 3 12.5 3 9
12.8-13.2 1 13.0 4 4
Total 60 23-f3
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Putting total in formula

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GROUPED MEAN FORMULA:
If there are two groups of data with the following
information :

Group 1: Number of items= n1

Arithmetic mean= x1
Group 2: Number of items= n 2

Arithmetic mean= x2
𝑛1 𝑥lj 1 + 𝑛2 𝑥lj 2
Grouped Mean = 𝑥lj =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
Grouped Mean Sum

Q7) There are two units of an automobile company in two

different cities employing 760 and 800 employees
respectively. The A.M. of monthly salaries paid to employees
in these two units is Rs. 18750 nd Rs. 16950 respectively.
Find the combined A.M. of salaries of the employees in both
the units.
Following information relates to the two units of an
automobile company in two different cities:
For Unit 1:
Let Number of employees= n1 =760
Let Arithmetic mean of salaries= x1 =18750
For Unit 2:
Let, Number of employees= n2 =800

Let, Arithmetic mean of salaries= x2 =16950

n1 x1 + n2 x2 760 *18750 + 800 *16950

Grouped Mean = x = = = 17826 . 92
n1 + n1 760 + 800
(ii)Geometric mean:

where x1, x2, x3 ,..., xn are the numbers

and
f1, f2, f3 ,..., fn are the frequencies.

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Q8) Calculate the G.M of 4,6, and 32 whose
weights are 2,3 and 1 respectively.
 1 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓𝑛
1
log( 𝐺. 𝑀. ) = log 𝑥1 . 𝑥2 . . . 𝑥𝑛 = log 𝑥1 𝑓1 + log 𝑥2 𝑓2 +. . . + log 𝑥𝑛 𝑓𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
1
𝐺. 𝑀. = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 log 𝑓 log 𝑥1 + f2 log 𝑥2 +. . . +𝑓𝑛 log 𝑥𝑛
𝑛 1
Q9) The rate of increase in population of a country
during the last three decades is 5% , 8% , and 12% .
Find the average rate of growth during the last three
decades, by calculating the geometric mean.

Given : log10 5 = 0.6989, log10 8= 0.9031, log10 12= 1.0792

and 100.8937= 7.8288

 1
n
( f1 f2 fn
)  ( )
1
log( G.M .) = log x1 .x2 ...xn = log x1 1 + log
n
f
(x )+ ... + log(x )
2
f2
n
fn

1
 ( ) ( ) ( )
G.M . = anti log  log x1 1 + log x2 2 + ... + log xn n
f f f 

n 

Sol: log G.M.=(1/3) (log 5 + log 8 + log 12)

= (1/3) (0.6989+0.9031+1.0792)=0.8937

G.M.= antilog(0.8937) = 100.8937= 7.8288% (Answer)

1. Mathematical Averages

(iii)
Harmonic
Mean
 Harmonic Mean=  i
f i

f
 i x
i

where x1, x2, x3 ,..., xn are the numbers

and f1, f2, f3 ,..., fn are the frequencies.
𝑓1 + 𝑓2 +. . . +𝑓𝑛
Harmonic mean= 𝐻. 𝑀. =
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓𝑛
+ +. . . +
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑛

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 To c a l c u l a t e a v e r a g e o f d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s o f
varibles we note the unit of the variable .
If the unit be x/y

If x is constant
then H.M is used If y is constant
then A.M is used.
Q.10) A man travels from A to B with speed
12km/hr and returns from B to A with speed
15km/hr. Find the average speed of the up
and down journey.
• Ans: Since unit of speed is distance/time

Since the man is travelling the same distance, i.e., distance is

fixed we used H.M. to find the average.
Average speed = 2 = 13.34 km/hr.
1/12+ 1/15

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Q.11) A piece of work was done in 2, 4, 3
days by 3 men. Find the average rate of work
when all work together to do the same work.
• The unit of rate of working is work done
time taken
Since the piece of work is same so , work done is constant.

Average rate of work = H.M of rate of working of all three men

= 3 = 36/13.
1/2 + 1/4 +1/3
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Two important relations

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second relation

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2. Average of Positions

01 Median

02 Quartiles

03 Deciles

04 Percentiles

05 Mode
Median

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For an Ungrouped data

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Do it yourself

Q14) Find the median of the following two sets

of numbers:

(i) 14,21,17,22,16,19,16

(ii) 14,21,17,22,16,19,16,25
For a grouped data (with equal or unequal class
width) N
th

• Median = value of the observation (gives

2
location of the median class)

 N 
 − c. f . 
= L+ 2  I
 f 
 
 
where L = lower boundary of the median class
c.f. = cumulative frequency (less than) preceding the median class
f = frequency of the median class
I = width of the median class

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Q15) A survey was conducted to determine the earnings of 3000
daily labourers. The result of the survey was as follows:

Earnings Number of workers

≤150 150
151-200 580
201-250 900
251-300 500
301-350 600
351 and above 270

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 Class boundary Number of workers c.f. (less)
≤150.5 150 150
150.5-200.5 580 730
200.5-250.5 900 1630 1500th value(Median cls)
250.5-300.5 500 2130
300.5-350.5 600 2730
350.5 and above 270 3000=N
Median class is found from value of the (N/2) th observation, or value of 1500th
observation i.e., 201-250 is median class
 N 
 − c. f . 
Median = = L+ 2  I = 200.5+ (1500-730)*50 = 200.5+42.77
 f 
  900
 

= Rs. 243.27

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Quartiles

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There are three quartiles which divide the data into four equal parts. The
word “Quartiles” is derived from the word quarter.
are used to denote the three quartiles for i=1,2,3
Qi
Below Q1 there are 25 % of data , between Q1 and Q2 there are

also 25% and above Q3 also there is 25% data.

If N= total number of observations

when i=1 we get the lower quartile = Q1

when i=2 we get the Median = Q2

when i=3 we get the upper quartile = Q3

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For an Ungrouped data
𝑖(𝑁+1)
Qi = Value of the 𝑡ℎ observation
4

where N= total number of observations where i=1,2,3.

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Q16) Find the three quartiles of the numbers 20,30,25,21,23,22,32,36

Sol: Ascending order: 20,21,22,23, 25, 30,32,36. Here N=8

Q1 = Value of (N+1)/4 th item = value of 2.25 th item

= value of 2nd item + 0.25 (value of 3rd item - value of 2nd item)
=21+0.25 (22-21)= 21+0.25 = 21.25

Q2= Value of 2(N+1)/4 th item = value of 4.5 th item

= value of 4 th item + 0.5 (value of 5 th item - value of 4 th item)
=23 + 0.5 (25-23)= 23+ 1 = 24

Q3 = Value of 3(N+1)/4 th item = value of 6.75 th item

= value of 6 th item + 0.75 (value of 7 th item - value of 6 th item)
=30 + 0.75 (32-30)= 30+1.5 = 31.5
Do it yourself

Q17)Find the three quartiles of the numbers

42,10,25,31,63,56,42,76,43,27.
For a grouped data (with equal or unequal class width)
th
= value of the iN observation (gives location of the quartile class)
Qi
4
 iN 
 − c. f . 
= L+ 4  I
 f 
 
 

where L = lower boundary of the quartile class

c.f. = cumulative frequency (less than) preceding the quartile class
f = frequency of the quartile class
I = width of the quartile class
Note that when i=2 we get the same formulae as median
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Note

• Interquartile Range = Q3 − Q1

Q3 − Q1
• Semi-Interquartile Range =
2

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Deciles

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For an Ungrouped data
Di = Value of the i ( N + 1) th
observation

10
where N= total number of observations and i = 1,2,3, ... , 9.

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For a grouped data (with equal or unequal class width)
th
iN
Di = value of the
10
observation (gives location of the decile
class)

 iN 
 − c. f . 
= L +  10  I
 f 
 
 
L = lower boundary of the decile class
c.f. = cumulative frequency (less than) preceding the decile class
f = frequency of the decile class
I = width of the decile class
Note that when i=5 we get the same formulae as median
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 Percentiles

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For an Ungrouped data

Pi = Value of the i ( N + 1) th
observation

100
where N= total number of observations and i = 1,2,3, ... , 99

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For a grouped data (with equal or unequal class width)
th
iN
Pi = value of the observation (location of the percentile class)
100
 iN 
 − c. f . 
= L +  100  I
 f 
 
 
where L = lower boundary of the percentile class
c.f. = cumulative frequency (less than) preceding the percentile class
f = frequency of the percentile class
I = width of the percentile class
Note that when i=50 we get the same formulae as median
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Q 18) Calculate all the quartiles, 6th decile and 30th
percentile from the following data:
Class frequency
10-15 4
15-20 12 • Note that the class intervals
are of unequal width---this will
20-25 16 not cause any probllem for
25-30 22 quartiles, percentiles or
deciles.
30-40 10 But for mode calculation class
40-50 8 width have to be equal.
50-60 6
60-70 4

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Ans.

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Quartiles
1
Q1 = The value of ( x82) th item
4

= value of 20.5th item which lies in 20-25

class

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6th decile

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30th percentile

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 Mode
• Mode is the value of the item which occurs
with maximum frequency
• For a data , mode can be more than one (if
two items have maximum frequency)
• For a data we can also have no mode if all
the items have same frequency.

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Formula when data has equal class
width and there exists only one mode.
 f m − f m −1 
Mode = L +    I
 2 f m − f m −1 − f m + 1 

L = lower boundary of the modal class

fm = frequency (highest) of the modal class
fm-1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
fm+1 = frequency of the class suceeding the modal class
I = width of the modal class

Modal class is the class corresponding to the highest frequency.

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Q19)The following are the data on units of sales per day of an
item for 20 days.
Sales Volume Number of days
53-56 2
57-60 4
61-64 5
65-68 4
69-72 4
72 and above 1

Calculate the mode of sales distribution of the units of the item.

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C.B Number of days

52.5-56.5 2
56.5-60.5 4
60.5-64.5  Modal class 5 (Since 5 is maximum frequency: 𝑓𝑚 = 5)
64.5-68.5 4
68.5-72.5 4
72.5 and above 1

 f m − f m −1 
Mode = L +    I =60.5 + (5 - 4 ) * 4
 2 f m − f m −1 − f m + 1  (2*5-4-4)

=60.5+ (4/2)
=62.5 units.

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If class width is not equal, but single
mode is present use the following formula

• Mean-Mode=3(Mean-Median)
• Or, Mode=3*median-2*mean

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Note:

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Q30)(i) If mean of x is 20 and y=3x-15 then find mean of
variable y.
(ii) If median of x is 30 and y=2x-11 , then find median of
y.
(iii) If mode of x is 21 and 2y-6x=6, then find mode of y.
(iv) If 2x+3y=7 and first quartile of x is 9 then find third
quartile of y.
(v) If 2y=5x and G.M and H.M of x is 1 and 0.4
respectively, then find G.M and H.M of y.

Ans: (i) 45, (ii) 49, (iii) 66 , (iv) -11/3 , (v) 2.5 and 1

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Q21) Find the mode graphically and
hence verify the result

Solution:

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Histogram to obtain mode graphically

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2nd part of solution

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Q22) Draw the ogives and hence obtain
all the quartiles from the following data:

Solution:

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Both the ogives

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Procedure and answer

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Practice Problems

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Calculation of mean

Q.1) The number of new orders recieved by a company

over the last 25 working days were recorded as follows:

3,0,1,4,4,4,2,5,3,6,4,5,1,4,2,3,0,2,0,5,4,2,3,3,1.

Calculate the arithmetic mean for the number of orders

recieved during these working days.

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Answer (without frequency)

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Answer (with frequency)
No. of orders (x) Frquency (f) fixi
0 3 0
1 3 3
2 4 8
3 5 15
4 6 24
5 3 15
6 1 6
Total 25 71

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Q2) The human resource manager at a city hospital began a study
of the overtime hours of the registered nurses. Twenty five nurses
were selected at random and their overtime hours during a month
were recorded:

13 13 12 15 7 15 5 12 6 7 12
10 9 13 12 5 9 6 10 5 6 9
6 9 12

Calculate the arithmetic mean of overtime hours during the month.

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 Overtime hours No. of nurses Let, di=xi-A fi di
Ans: xi fi di=xi-10
5 3 -5 -15
6 4 -4 -16
Here I have 7 2 -3 --6
taken 9 4 -1 -4
assumed
10 A 2 0 0
mean as
12 5 2 10
A=10
and h=1 13 3 3 9
15 2 5 10
Total 25 -12

Arithmetical
Mean =
Frequencies are given in cumulative form
Q) In an examination of 675 candidates , the examiner supplied the
following information. Calculate the arithmetic mean.
Marks obtained No. of
(Percentage) candidates

Less than 10 7
Less than 20 39
Less than 30 95
Less than 40 201
Less than 50 381
Less than 60 545
Less than 70 631
Less than 80 675
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Calculating Class intervals and frequencies
Marks Cumulative Class Frequency
obtained frequency interval
Less than 10 7 0-10 7
Less than 20 39 10-20 39-7=32
Less than 30 95 20-30 95-39=56
Less than 40 201 30-40 201-95=106
Less than 50 381 40-50 381-201=180
Less than 60 545 50-60 545-381=164
Less than 70 631 60-70 631-545=86
Less than 80 675 70-80 675-631=44

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Class Mid No. of Let, di=mi-A fi di
Intervals value candidates h
(mi) (fi) di= mi-35
10

0-10 5 7 -3 -21
10-20 15 32 -2 -64
20-30 25 56 -1 -56
30-40 35 106 0 0
40-50 45 180 1 180
50-60 55 164 2 328
60-70 65 86 3 258
70-80 75 44 4 176
Total 675 801
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Incorrect values Sum:
Q6)
(a) The average dividend declared by a group of 10 chemical
companies was 18%. Later on, it was discovered that one correct
figure, 12 was misread as 22. Find the correct average dividend.

(b) The mean of 200 observations was 50. Later on, it was found
that two observations were misread as 92 and 8 instead of 192
and 88. Find the correct mean.

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Q13) Calculate the H.M of the following data:

Class 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34

f 4 6 8 2 2
Q12) (i) An aeroplane travels distances of 2500, 1200 and 500 miles at speed 500, 400 and
250 miles per hour respectively. Find the average speed of the plane.

(ii) An aeroplane flies along a route which resembles four sides of a square at speeds
100,200,300 and 400 miles per hour respectively. What is the average speed of the plane in
its flight around the square?

sol: (i) Average speed= total distance travelled

total time taken

Total distance travelled= 2500+1200+500= 4200 miles

Total time taken= Distance of 1st journey + Distance of 2nd journey + distance of 3rd journey
speed of 1st journey speed of 2nd journey speed of 3rd journey

=(2500 / 500)+ ( 1200 / 400) +(500 / 250) = 5+3+2=10 hours

Average speed= 4200 / 10 =420 miles/hour
Sol (ii) We know, speed = distance travelled
time taken

Since aeroplane travels along a square route so the distance is same but time changes for
each journey.

Here four speeds for each of the four edges of square are given so average speed is just
the H.M of the four speeds

Average speed = 4

1/100+1/200+1/300+1/400

= 4/( 0.01+0.005+0.00333+0.0025 )
= 4/(0.02083)
= 192.030 miles/hour
Q23) Find the mode from the following distribution:
Age group x f c.f Hint: since class width is unequal
14-15 14.5 60 60 so calculate mean , median and
16-17 16.5 140 200 hence mode, using formula:
Mode=3*median-2*mean
18-20 19 150 350
21-24 22.5 110 460 Hints: Find mid values and then
25-29 27 110 570 find Mean=23.69,
30-34 32 100 670 Find class boundaries and less
than c.f. then (Median class is
35-39 37 90 760 20.5 to 24.5) Median=21.5909,
Mode=17.39.

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Q24) Calculate median from the following :

Mid value f Hints: Since mid values are given with a

constant step length of 10, we can
55 8 create equal width class boundaries like
50-60, 60-70,70-80, etc so that we get
65 33 the corresponding given mid values.
75 45 After creating class boundaries,
calculate the cumulative frequencies
85 79 and find the median in the usual way.
95 171 Median=94.97

105 61
115 43
125 37
135 21
145 2
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Q25)The A.M of 2 observations is 25 and their G.M
is 15. Find (i) their H.M. and (ii) the value of the
two observations.
2
Hint: (i) use A.M. x H.M.= G.M
(ii)Solve the expression of sum of 2 numbers from
A.M. and expression of product from G.M. to find
the numbers.
Ans: (i)9 (ii) 45 and 5

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Q26) The mode for the following distribution is 66. Find
the missing frequency.

Daily Wages Number of workers

30-40 8
40-50 16
50-60 22
60-70 28
70-80 ?
80-90 12

Ans: frequency=24
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Q27)The mean and mode of a symmetric
distribution is 18.48 and 12.30 respectively.
Find the median.

Use formula : Mean-Mode=3(Mean-Median)

Ans:16.42

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Missing Frequency Sum:

Q. 20) The median and mode of the following daily wage distribution of
230 workers are known to be Rs. 33.50 and Rs. 34 respectively. Find
the missing frequencies.

Wages 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

(Rs.)

Frequency 4 16 ? ? 40 ? 4

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Ans. Let the first and second missing frequencies be x
and y respectively.
Then the third missing frequency =230-(x+y+4+16+40+4)
= 166-x-y

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Using median formula we get relation between x and y as :

x+0.35y=95.............................(1)

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Using mode formula we get relation between x and y as :

3x-y=80.............................(2)

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Solving (1) and (2):
x+0.35y=95.............................(1)
3x-y=80 =>y=3x-80 .............................(2)
Putting (2) in (1):
x+0.35(3x-80)=95=>2.05x=95+80*0.35=>x=60
we get: x=60 and y=100

So, first missing frequency=60

second missing frequency=100
third missing frequency
=166-60-100= 6
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Q28) Calculate the arithmetic mean and median for :
(a) the first n integers
(b) the first n odd integers
(c) the first n even integers

(a)Numbers are 1,2,3….n .

1+2+⋯+𝑛 𝑛+1
Mean= =
𝑛 2

𝑛+1 𝑛+1
If n is odd: Median=value of th
item=
2 𝑛2 𝑛
If n is even: Median=average of value of th term and value of ( + 1)th
𝑛 𝑛 2 2
2
+ 2 +1 𝑛+1
term = =
2 2

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(b) Numbers are 1,3,5,…,(2n-1)
Therefore, value of k th term=2k-1, where k =1,2,3…n
𝑛
1+3+5+⋯+ 2𝑛−1 2
2+ 𝑛−1 2
Mean= = =𝑛
𝑛 𝑛

𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

If n is odd: Median= value of 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 2( )-1=n where k=
2 2 2

𝑛 𝑛
If n even: Median= average of value of th and + 1 th term
2 2

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + + 1 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 2 −1 + 2 +1 −1
= 2 2 = 2 2
2 2
(𝑛−1)+(𝑛+1)
= =n
2
where imagine instead of k we are putting n/2 and n/2+1

Dr.Tuhina Manna 90
(c)Numbers are 2,4,6,…,2n . Therefore, k th term=2k where k =1,2,3…n
2+4+6+⋯+2𝑛 2 1+2+3+⋯𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑛+1
Mean= = = =𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2

𝑛+1 𝑛+1
If n is odd: Median=value of 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 2 =𝑛+1
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
If n is even: Median = average of value of th term and + 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 2 2
𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + +1 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
=
2
𝑛 𝑛
2 2 + 2 2 +1 𝑛+𝑛+2
= = =𝑛+1
2 2

Dr.Tuhina Manna 91
Q29) Find the harmonic mean of the following numbers:
(i) 1, ½ ,1/3 , ¼ , 1/5 , 1/6 ,…,1/n
(ii) 1,1/3 , 1/5, 1/7, …, 1/(2n-1)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2
(i)H.M.=1 1 1 1 = = 𝑛 𝑛+1 =
+ + +⋯+ 1+2+3+⋯+𝑛 𝑛+1
1 1/2 1/3 1/𝑛 2

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(ii) H.M.=1 1 1 1 = =𝑛 = 1/n
+ + +⋯+ 1
1+3+⋯+(2𝑛−1) 2+ 𝑛−1 2
1 1/3 1/5 2
2𝑛−1

Dr.Tuhina Manna 92
Q 31)The following table gives the frequency distribution of heights(in
inches) of a group of 100 men, measurements being made to the nearest
inch. Draw a histogram for the following distribution and hence from the
graph find the mode.
Class limits (height in Frequency
inches)
56-57 2
58-59 4
60-61 9
62-63 30
64-65 23
66-67 20
68-69 9
70-71 2
72-73 1
Total 100
Dr.Tuhina Manna 93
Q32) Find all the quartiles graphically from an ogive from
the following distribution of weekly wages of 130 workers.
Weekly wages (Rs. ) No. of workers
30-32 4
33-35 7
36-38 16
39-41 31
42-44 60
45-47 11
48-50 1
total 130

Dr.Tuhina Manna 94