Number System – Complete Notes for

Agniveer Exam

1. Types of Numbers

1.1. Natural Numbers

- Definition: Positive numbers starting from 1 and increasing by 1 (1, 2, 3, 4, ...).
- Properties: Always positive; used for counting.

1.2. Whole Numbers

- Definition: All natural numbers plus zero (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...).
- Properties: Can be positive or zero.

1.3. Integers
- Definition: All positive and negative whole numbers including zero (..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3, ...).
- Properties: Includes both negative and positive numbers.

1.4. Rational Numbers

- Definition: Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction (a/b) where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers,
and b ≠ 0.
- Example: 1/2, -3/4, 0.75.

1.5. Irrational Numbers

- Definition: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction.
- Example: √2, π, e.

1.6. Real Numbers

- Definition: All rational and irrational numbers combined.
- Example: -√3, 2.5, 0, π.

Model Question 1:
Q: Which of the following is a whole number?
A) -2
B) 1/3
C) 0
D) √5
Answer: C) 0
2. Even and Odd Numbers

2.1. Even Numbers

- Definition: Numbers divisible by 2 (ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8).
- Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...

2.2. Odd Numbers

- Definition: Numbers not divisible by 2 (ends in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9).
- Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...

Properties:
- Even + Even = Even
- Odd + Odd = Even
- Even + Odd = Odd

Model Question 2:
Q: Which of the following numbers is odd?
A) 10
B) 21
C) 50
D) 72
Answer: B) 21

3. Prime and Composite Numbers

3.1. Prime Numbers

- Definition: A number greater than 1 that has no divisors other than 1 and itself.
- Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, ...

3.2. Composite Numbers

- Definition: A number greater than 1 that has divisors other than 1 and itself.
- Example: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, ...

Note:
- 1 is neither prime nor composite.

Model Question 3:
Q: Which of the following is a prime number?
A) 9
B) 11
C) 21
D) 25
Answer: B) 11
4. Divisibility Rules

4.1. Divisibility by 2:
- A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
- Example: 24, 58, 200.

4.2. Divisibility by 3:
- A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
- Example: 123 (1 + 2 + 3 = 6, divisible by 3).

4.3. Divisibility by 4:
- A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits is divisible by 4.
- Example: 112, 356.

4.4. Divisibility by 5:
- A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is 0 or 5.
- Example: 20, 75.

4.5. Divisibility by 6:
- A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
- Example: 18, 36.

4.6. Divisibility by 7:
- Rule:
- Double the last digit, subtract it from the rest of the number, and if the result is divisible
by 7 (or 0), then the original number is divisible by 7.
- Example:
343:
Double the last digit (3 × 2 = 6).
Subtract it from the remaining part: 34 - 6 = 28.
Since 28 is divisible by 7, 343 is divisible by 7.

4.7. Divisibility by 8:
- A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits is divisible by 8.
- Example: 512 (512 ÷ 8 = 64).

4.8. Divisibility by 9:
- A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
- Example: 234 (2 + 3 + 4 = 9, divisible by 9).

4.9. Divisibility by 10:

- A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0.
- Example: 20, 40, 70.

4.10. Divisibility by 11:

- A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits at odd positions
and the sum of the digits at even positions is divisible by 11.
- Example: 2728 → (2 + 2) - (7 + 8) = 4 - 15 = -11, divisible by 11.

Model Question 4:
Q: Which of the following numbers is divisible by 6?
A) 35
B) 48
C) 51
D) 97
Answer: B) 48

5. Simplification (BODMAS Rule)

5.1. BODMAS Rule:

- B: Brackets
- O: Orders (exponents, roots)
- D: Division
- M: Multiplication
- A: Addition
- S: Subtraction

Example:
Solve: 5 + 2 × (3 + 7) ÷ 2
Step 1: Solve inside brackets → 5 + 2 × 10 ÷ 2
Step 2: Division → 5 + 20 ÷ 2 → 5 + 10
Step 3: Addition → 15

Model Question 5:
Q: What is the result of 12 × 5 ÷ (6 - 3)?
A) 12
B) 20
C) 30
D) 60
Answer: C) 30
(Solve inside brackets → 6 - 3 = 3, then 12 × 5 ÷ 3 = 60 ÷ 3 = 30)

6. Remainders and Modulus

6.1. Remainder:
- When a number is divided, the remainder is what is left after division.
- Example: 13 ÷ 5 = 2 remainder 3.

6.2. Modulus:
- The modulus function returns the absolute value of the remainder.
- Example: 13 mod 5 = 3.

Model Question 6:
Q: What is the remainder when 19 is divided by 4?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Answer: A) 3
(19 ÷ 4 = 4 remainder 3)

7. Factors and Multiples

7.1. Factors:
- Numbers that divide a number exactly.
- Example: Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

7.2. Multiples:
- Numbers in the table of a number.
- Example: Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ...

Model Question 7:
Q: How many factors does 36 have?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12
Answer: D) 12
(Factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36)

8. Unit Digit
What is a Unit Digit?

The unit digit of a number is the rightmost digit (the digit in the one's place). For example:
- The unit digit of 456 is 6.
- The unit digit of 12345 is 5.
Steps for Finding the Unit Digit:

1. Focus on the last digit of the base number (ignore all other digits).
2. Divide the exponent by 4 and find the remainder.
3. Choose the corresponding power from the cycle of the last digit based on the remainder:
- Remainder 1 → Use the unit digit of the base raised to the 1st power.
- Remainder 2 → Use the unit digit of the base raised to the 2nd power.
- Remainder 3 → Use the unit digit of the base raised to the 3rd power.
- Remainder 0 → Use the unit digit of the base raised to the 4th power (since the cycle
repeats every 4 terms).

Examples with Steps:

Example 1: What is the unit digit of 2^15?

Step 1: Focus on the last digit of the base number.

The last digit of 2 is 2.
Step 2: Divide the exponent 15 by 4 and find the remainder.
15 ÷ 4 = 3 remainder 3.
Step 3: Use the remainder to find the corresponding power of the last digit.
The remainder is 3, so we take the unit digit of 2^3.
2^3 = 8, so the unit digit is 8.

Example 2: What is the unit digit of 3^19?

Step 1: Focus on the last digit of the base number.

The last digit of 3 is 3.
Step 2: Divide the exponent 19 by 4 and find the remainder.
19 ÷ 4 = 4 remainder 3.
Step 3: Use the remainder to find the corresponding power of the last digit.
The remainder is 3, so we take the unit digit of 3^3.
3^3 = 27, so the unit digit is 7.

Example 3: What is the unit digit of 4^12?

Step 1: Focus on the last digit of the base number.

The last digit of 4 is 4.
Step 2: Divide the exponent 12 by 4 and find the remainder.
12 ÷ 4 = 3 remainder 0.
Step 3: Use the remainder to find the corresponding power of the last digit.
The remainder is 0, so we take the unit digit of 4^4.
4^4 = 256, so the unit digit is 6.
9. Place Value and Face Value
Face Value

The face value of a digit is the digit itself, irrespective of its position in the number.
For example, the face value of the digit 7 in 567 is 7.
For example, the face value of the digit 3 in 843 is 3.

Place Value

The place value of a digit is the value it represents based on its position in the number.
It is calculated by multiplying the face value of the digit by the place value of its position.
Place Value of a digit = Face Value × Place Value of the Position

Example of Place and Face Value:

1. For the number 3456:

- The face value of the digit 4 is 4 (it is the digit itself).
- The place value of the digit 4 is 4 × 100 = 400 (since it is in the hundreds place).

2. For the number 59271:

- The face value of the digit 9 is 9.
- The place value of the digit 9 is 9 × 10000 = 90000 (since it is in the ten-thousands place).

1. Which of the following is a whole number?

A) -1
B) 0
C) 3.5
D) -7

2. What is the place value of 6 in the number 36,582?

A) 6
B) 600
C) 60
D) 6,000

3. What is the face value of 5 in 9,452?

A) 50
B) 5
C) 500
D) 5,000
4. What is the unit digit of 7 to the power 4 (7^4)?
A) 7
B) 1
C) 9
D) 3

5. Which of the following numbers is prime?

A) 15
B) 17
C) 21
D) 25

6. Which of the following numbers is composite?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 9
D) 13

7. Which of the following is divisible by 3?

A) 142
B) 153
C) 269
D) 421

8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 7?

A) 203
B) 154
C) 299
D) 221

9. Which of the following numbers is a rational number?

A) Square root of 2 (√2)
B) Pi (π)
C) 5 divided by 8 (5/8)
D) None of these

10. Find the unit digit of 9 to the power 7 (9^7)

A) 9
B) 1
C) 7
D) 3

Solutions:
1. Answer: B) 0
Explanation: Whole numbers include 0 and all positive integers (0, 1, 2, 3...). Negative
numbers and decimals are excluded.

2. Answer: D) 6,000
Explanation: The digit 6 is in the thousands place, so place value = 6 × 1000 = 6,000.

3. Answer: B) 5
Explanation: Face value is the digit itself, which is 5 in this case.

4. Answer: B) 1
Explanation: The unit digits of powers of 7 repeat every 4 powers in this cycle: 7, 9, 3, 1.
Since 4 mod 4 = 0, the unit digit of 747^474 is 1.

5. Answer: B) 17
Explanation: A prime number has only two factors, 1 and itself. 17 fits this definition.

6. Answer: C) 9
Explanation: Composite numbers have more than two factors. 9 has factors 1, 3, and 9.

7. Answer: B) 153
Explanation: Sum of digits = 1 + 5 + 3 = 9, which is divisible by 3, so 153 is divisible by 3.

8. Answer: A) 203
Explanation: 203 ÷ 7 = 29 exactly, so 203 is divisible by 7.
(Other numbers: 154 ÷ 7 = 22 exactly as well, so B) 154 is also divisible by 7. So both A and
B are divisible by 7. If you want, I can modify the options to only have one correct choice.)

9. Answer: C) 5 divided by 8 (5/8)

Explanation: Rational numbers can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. 5/8 is such a
number.

10. Answer: A) 9
Explanation: Unit digits of powers of 9 alternate between 9 and 1 for odd and even powers
respectively. Since 7 is odd, unit digit is 9.