Introduction

Different computing Paradigms:

1. Distributed Computing
2. Parallel Computing
3. Cluster Computing
4. Grid Computing
5. Cloud Computing etc.

1. Distributed Computing:
Distributed computing is defined as a type of computing where multiple computer
systems work on a single problem. Here all the computer systems are linked together
and the problem is divided into sub-problems where each part is solved by different
computer systems.
The goal of distributed computing is to increase the performance and efficiency of the
system and ensure fault tolerance.
In the below diagram, each processor has its own local memory and all the processors
communicate with each other over a network.

2. Parallel Computing: Parallel computing is defined as a type of computing where

multiple computer systems are used simultaneously. Here a problem is broken into sub-

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 problems and then further broken down into instructions. These instructions from each
sub-problem are executed concurrently on different processors.
Here in the below diagram you can see how the parallel computing system consists of
multiple processors that communicate with each other and perform multiple tasks over
a shared memory simultaneously.
The goal of parallel computing is to save time and provide concurrency.

3. Cluster Computing:
A cluster is a group of independent computers that work together to perform the tasks
given.
Cluster computing is defined as a type of computing that consists of two or more
independent computers, referred to as nodes, that work together to execute tasks as a
single machine.
The goal of cluster computing is to increase the performance, scalability and simplicity
of the system.
As you can see in the below diagram, all the nodes, (irrespective of whether they are a
parent node or child node), act as a single entity to perform the tasks.

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4. Grid Computing: Grid computing is defined as a type of computing where it constitutes
a network of computers that work together to perform tasks that may be difficult for a
single machine to handle. All the computers on that network work under the same
umbrella and are termed as a virtual super computer.
The tasks they work on is of either high computing power and consist of large data sets.
All communication between the computer systems in grid computing is done on the
“data grid”.
The goal of grid computing is to solve more high computational problems in less time
and improve productivity.

5. Cloud Computing: Cloud is defined as the usage of someone else’s server to host,
process or store data.
Cloud computing is defined as the type of computing where it is the delivery of on-
demand computing services over the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. It is widely
distributed, network-based and used for storage.
There type of cloud are public, private, hybrid and community and some cloud providers
are Google cloud, AWS (Amazon web services), Microsoft Azure and IBM cloud.

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Cloud Computing: An introduction
Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to computing resources—
applications, servers (physical servers and virtual servers), data storage, development
tools, networking capabilities, and more—hosted at a remote data center managed by
a cloud services provider (or CSP). The CSP makes these resources available for a
monthly subscription fee or bills them according to usage.

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What is cloud computing?
Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services
over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories or types of cloud
computing: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software
as a service (SaaS).
A cloud can be private or public. A public cloud sells services to anyone on the internet.
A private cloud is a proprietary network or a data center that supplies hosted services to
a limited number of people, with certain access and permissions settings. Private or
public, the goal of cloud computing is to provide easy, scalable access to computing
resources and IT services.
Cloud infrastructure involves the hardware and software components required for proper
implementation of a cloud computing model. Cloud computing can also be thought of
as utility computing or on-demand computing.

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The name cloud computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often used to
represent the internet in flowcharts and diagrams.
How does cloud computing work?
Cloud computing works by enabling client devices to access data and cloud applications
over the internet from remote physical servers, databases and computers.
An internet network connection links the front end, which includes the accessing client
device, browser, network and cloud software applications, with the back end, which
consists of databases, servers and computers. The back end functions as a repository,
storing data that is accessed by the front end.
Communications between the front and back ends are managed by a central server. The
central server relies on protocols to facilitate the exchange of data. The central server
uses both software and middleware to manage connectivity between different client
devices and cloud servers. Typically, there is a dedicated server for each individual
application or workload.
Cloud computing relies heavily on virtualization and automation technologies.
Virtualization enables the easy abstraction and provisioning of services and underlying
cloud systems into logical entities that users can request and utilize. Automation and
accompanying orchestration capabilities provide users with a high degree of self-service
to provision resources, connect services and deploy workloads without direct
intervention from the cloud provider's IT staff.
History of Cloud Computing:
Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was used where
all the data and control of client resides in Server side. If a single user want to access
some data, firstly user need to connect to the server and after that user will get
appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages. So, After Client Server computing,
Distributed Computing was come into existence, in this type of computing all computers
are networked together with the help of this, user can share their resources when needed.
It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations faced in distributed
system, cloud computing was emerged.

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• During 1961, John MaCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing Can be sold
as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to John MaCharty it was a brilliant
idea. But people at that time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the
technology they are using efficient enough for them. So, this concept of computing was
not appreciated much so and very less will research on it. But as the time fleet the
technology caught the idea after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is
implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.

• This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet and this way
the boom of Cloud Computing was started.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will provide storage,
computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon launched Elastic Compute Cloud
Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.

• After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing Enterprise
Application as other companies will see the emergence of cloud Computing they also
started providing their cloud services. Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure
and after that other companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud
Services. In today the Cloud Computing become very popular and important skill.
Advantages:
• It is easier to get backup in cloud.
• It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and anytime.
• It allows us to access data via mobile.
• It reduces both hardware and Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.

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• One of the biggest advantages of Cloud Computing is Database Security.
Disadvantages:
• It requires good internet connection.
• User have limited control on the data.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:
1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any human
administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage computing
resources as needed.
2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over standard
networks and heterogeneous devices.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to scale
out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user require services it is
provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its requirement gets over.
4. Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) present are shared across multiple applications and occupant in an
uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service from a same physical
resource.
5. Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and
occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what
has been used. This is done for various reasons like monitoring billing and effective use
of resource.
6. Multi-tenancy: Cloud computing providers can support multiple tenants (users or
organizations) on a single set of shared resources.
7. Virtualization: Cloud computing providers use virtualization technology to abstract
underlying hardware resources and present them as logical resources to users.
8. Resilient computing: Cloud computing services are typically designed with
redundancy and fault tolerance in mind, which ensures high availability and reliability.
9. Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a variety of pricing models, including
pay-per-use, subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users to choose the option
that best suits their needs.
10.Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security measures to protect their users’ data
and ensure the privacy of sensitive information.
11.Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly automated, allowing users to
deploy and manage resources with minimal manual intervention.

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12.Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly focused on sustainable practices, such
as energy-efficient data centers and the use of renewable energy sources, to reduce their
environmental impact.

Applications of Cloud Computing in real-world :

1. Cloud Service Providers (CSP) are providing many types of cloud services and now the
cloud computing has touched every sector by providing various cloud applications.
Sharing and managing resources is easy in cloud computing that’s why it is one of the
dominant fields of computing.
2. Online Data Storage: Cloud computing allows storing data like files, images, audios,
and videos, etc on the cloud storage. The organization need not set physical storage
systems to store a huge volume of business data which costs so high nowadays. As they
are growing technologically, data generation is also growing with respect to time, and
storing that becoming problem. In that situation, Cloud storage is providing this service
to store and access data any time as per requirement.
3. Backup and Recovery: Cloud vendors provide security from their side by storing safe
to the data as well as providing a backup facility to the data. They offer various recovery
application for retrieving the lost data. In the traditional way backup of data is a very
complex problem and also it is very difficult sometimes impossible to recover the lost
data. But cloud computing has made backup and recovery applications very easy where
there is no fear of running out of backup media or loss of data.
4. Bigdata Analysis: We know the volume of big data is so high where storing that in
traditional data management system for an organization is impossible. But cloud
computing has resolved that problem by allowing the organizations to store their large
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 volume of data in cloud storage without worrying about physical storage. Next comes
analyzing the raw data and finding out insights or useful information from it is a big
challenge as it requires high-quality tools for data analytics. Cloud computing provides
the biggest facility to organizations in terms of storing and analyzing big data.
5. Testing and development: Setting up the platform for development and finally
performing different types of testing to check the readiness of the product before
delivery requires different types of IT resources and infrastructure. But Cloud computing
provides the easiest approach for development as well as testing even if deployment by
using their IT resources with minimal expenses. Organizations find it more helpful as
they got scalable and flexible cloud services for product development, testing, and
deployment.
6. Anti-Virus Applications: Previously, organizations were installing antivirus software
within their system even if we will see we personally also keep antivirus software in our
system for safety from outside cyber threats. But nowadays cloud computing provides
cloud antivirus software which means the software is stored in the cloud and monitors
your system/organization’s system remotely. This antivirus software identifies the
security risks and fixes them. Sometimes also they give a feature to download the
software.
7. E-commerce Application: Cloud-based e-commerce allows responding quickly to the
opportunities which are emerging. Users respond quickly to the market opportunities as
well as the traditional e-commerce responds to the challenges quickly. Cloud-based e-
commerce gives a new approach to doing business with the minimum amount as well as
minimum time possible. Customer data, product data, and other operational systems are
managed in cloud environments.
8. Cloud computing in education: Cloud computing in the education sector brings an
unbelievable change in learning by providing e-learning, online distance learning
platforms, and student information portals to the students. It is a new trend in education
that provides an attractive environment for learning, teaching, experimenting, etc to
students, faculty members, and researchers. Everyone associated with the field can
connect to the cloud of their organization and access data and information from there.
9. E-Governance Application: Cloud computing can provide its services to multiple
activities conducted by the government. It can support the government to move from the
traditional ways of management and service providers to an advanced way of everything
by expanding the availability of the environment, making the environment more scalable
and customized. It can help the government to reduce the unnecessary cost in managing,
installing, and upgrading applications and doing all these with help of could computing
and utilizing that money public service.
10. Cloud Computing in Medical Fields: In the medical field also nowadays cloud
computing is used for storing and accessing the data as it allows to store data and access
it through the internet without worrying about any physical setup. It facilitates easier
access and distribution of information among the various medical professional and the

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 individual patients. Similarly, with help of cloud computing offsite buildings and
treatment facilities like labs, doctors making emergency house calls and ambulances
information, etc can be easily accessed and updated remotely instead of having to wait
until they can access a hospital computer.
11. Entertainment Applications: Many people get entertainment from the internet, in
that case, cloud computing is the perfect place for reaching to a varied consumer base.
Therefore different types of entertainment industries reach near the target audience by
adopting a multi-cloud strategy. Cloud-based entertainment provides various
entertainment applications such as online music/video, online games and video
conferencing, streaming services, etc and it can reach any device be it TV, mobile, set-
top box, or any other form. It is a new form of entertainment called On-Demand
Entertainment (ODE).
Cloud Computing Trends
 AI and ML: One of the most trending technologies that are close to cloud computing
is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. They are cost-effective technologies
as they require high computational power and storage for the collection of data and
training. Major trends that will grow in this sector in the upcoming years are self-
automation, self-learning, personalized cloud, high data security, and privacy. Many
cloud service provider companies such as Amazon, Google, IBM, etc are investing a
lot in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Amazon’s AWS DeepLens camera and
Google Lens are two such examples of their products based on machine learning.
 Data Security: Threats such as data leaks, data deletion, and unauthorized amendments
to the data need to be minimized. Certain steps can be taken to minimize the losses and
ensure high data security. Data breaches can be minimized with the help of encryption
and authentication. Data losses can be reduced with the help of backups, reviewing
privacy policies, and data recovery systems. Security testing will be done thoroughly to
detect any loopholes and patches. High-security measures should be taken during
storage and transfer of data. Cloud service providers secure the data with many security
protocols and data encryption algorithms.
 Multi and Hybrid Cloud Deployment
The use of multi-cloud and hybrid solutions is increasing. Many organizations like
banks, insurance companies, etc are using hybrid cloud service that offers a combination
of both private and public clouds to store their data.
Now, businesses are dividing their workload among multiple cloud service providers to
control their data and resources as well as utilize the strength of each cloud service
provider. The use of multi-cloud minimizes the potential risks and failure points and
provides cost-effectiveness. In multi-cloud, you can choose a particular service of a
particular cloud service provider that meets your requirements instead of deploying your
entire application on that cloud. This will also ignite the cloud service providers to
embed new services.

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 Low Code and No Code Cloud Solutions
Those days are gone when users need to write hundreds of lines of code to create
applications and solve real-world problems and have deep technical knowledge.
Businesses can create applications and make use of AI and its subdomains with low-
code and no-code cloud solutions. These solutions can help in the development
of websites, apps, services, etc without having any technical knowledge. This helps in
reducing the time and cost involved to create these solutions. These solutions increase
product development speed and result in a smaller number of errors. Tools such
as Figma and Zoho enable users to design and develop websites, apps, and services
without any computing infrastructure and coding knowledge involved.
 Edge computing
Edge computing includes storage of data, data processing, and data analytics which
is done geographically nearer to the source. It means that the computation and storage
of data are brought closer to the source sensors and devices. It provides many benefits
like reduced latency, enhanced efficiency, increased privacy, security, and a high rate of
data transmission. It works in real-time and processes data that is not bounded by time.
As the use of 5G is increasing, it is easy to achieve fast processing and reduced latency.
Also, many telecom and IT organizations are uniting, resulting in the rise in edge
computing. With the rise in IoT devices, edge computing will play a huge role in
providing real-time data and data analysis.
 IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a trend that is becoming popular day by day. IoT involves
the use of many sensors that generate huge amounts of data which gets storage on cloud
servers. IoT makes use of many sensors, and actuators and performs analysis on the data
collected to yield results that will help in taking business decisions. It involves
connectivity among computers, networks, and servers. It can remotely collect data and
communicate with the devices.
IoT collects data from various sensors and devices and acts as an intermediator between
remote systems and smart device management. Smart connectivity plays a major role in
making IoT a trend in cloud computing.
 Kubernetes and Docker
Kubernetes is an open-source orchestration platform where scaling, management, and
deployment of applications is done automatically. It provides automation to the cloud
network users. Organizations can choose a particular Kubernetes platform based on their
requirements.
Docker is a platform where developers can package applications and can deploy them
anywhere in the form of containers.
 Serverless architecture/computing
Serverless computing is a methodology that provides backend services on a per-user
basis. There is no need for developers to manage the servers while running their
code. Code execution is managed by the cloud service provider. Cloud users will pay
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 as per the pay-as-you-go format which means that users will only pay when their code
runs instead for a fixed server. There is no need to purchase the servers as a third party
will manage the cost for you. This will help in reducing infrastructure costs and will
enhance scalability.
 DevSecOps
Cloud computing provides many benefits to its customers in managing their data but
along with that, many security issues are sometimes faced by the users. Risks involving
network invasion, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, issues in virtualization,
unauthorized use of data, etc. This can be minimized with the help of DevSecOps.
DevSecOps is an integration of security with the ongoing development process. It
embeds many processes in its workflow to ensure secure task automation. Many cloud
service providers provide various tools and services to help businesses apply
DevSecOps methods. It will provide all the required security to provide a secure system
to the users.
 Disaster recovery and backup
Disaster recovery plays a crucial role in the restoration of critical data and systems in
case of any kind of disaster. Many organizations have faced huge losses of unsaved data
due to server crashes. With the help of cloud computing, a backup of critical data of
businesses can be stored to quickly recover from disruptions such as data loss, power
outages, natural disasters, cyberattacks, or hardware failures. For any organization, a
strong disaster recovery and backup plan with the help of cloud computing can save
them from a huge loss. Many enterprises keep electronic records and files and upload
those documents on an external cloud server automatically.
Leading Cloud platform service providers
Here is a list of my top 10 cloud service providers:
1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)
2. Microsoft Azure
3. Google Cloud
4. Alibaba Cloud
5. IBM Cloud
6. Oracle
7. Salesforce
8. SAP
9. Rackspace Cloud
10.VMWare

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