Polynomials

(i) Zero degree ; f(x) = ax°, a ¹ 0

(i) Monomial = 1 term; e g:- ax2, 5x3 (i) P(x) = x1; degree 1 (ii) Linear ; f(x) = ax + b ; a ¹ 0
2
(ii) Binomial = 2 terms; e g:- 2x2 + 3x
3 2
(ii) P(x) = x - 5x ; degree 3 (iii) Quadratic ; f(x) = ax + bx + c ; a ¹ 0
3 2
(iii) Trinomial = 3 terms; e g:- 2x2 + 3x + 5 (iii) P(x) = x4 + 4x2; degree 4 (iv) Cubic ; f(x) = ax + bx + cx + d ; a ¹ 0
4 3 2
Highest power of x in polynomial (v) Biquadratic ; f(x) = ax + bx + cx + dx + e; a ¹ 0
Based on number of terms
Degree of Polynomial Based on degree

Types of polynomial
Types of polynomial
Remainder Theorem
Value of polynomial
{If P(x) ¸ (x - a) ; Rem = P(a)} . 2
Polynomials e g. f(x) = x - 3x + 4, value at x = 2
f(2) = 22 - 3 ´ 2 + 4 = 2
F(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... +anxn

Factor Theorem Zero or root of polynomial

. 2 2
{If P(x) ¸ (x - a) ; Rem = P(a) = 0} e g. f(x) = 2x + x + 7x - 6, value at x = 2
f(2) = 0, x = 2 is a root or zero

Factors of Polynomials Algebraic Identities

(i) (a + b) = a + 2ab + b2
2

(i) By taking common factor 2 2 2

(ii) (a - b) = a - 2ab + b
eg. = 2a(x + y) - 3b(x + y)
(iii) a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
2 2 2 2
(ii) By grouping (iv) (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
3 3 2 2
eg. (x2 + 3x)2 - 5(x2 + 3x) - y(x2 + 3x) + 5y (v) a + b = (a + b) (a - ab + b )
= (x2 + 3x) (x2 + 3x - 5) - y (x2 + 3x -5) (vi) a3 + b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
3 3 3
(vii) (a + b) = a + b + 3ab(a + b)
(iii) By making perfect square (viii) (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a + b)
eg. 4a2 + 12ab + 9b2 (ix) a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
Special case : If a + b + c = 0, then
3 3 3
(iv) Difference of 2 squares a + b + c = 3abc
8 8
eg. x - y (a2 " b2 )3 $ (b2 " c 2 )3 $ (c 2 " a2 )3
= (x4)2- (y4)2 e.g.
(a " b)3 $ (b " c )3 $ (c " a)3
(v) By spliting middle term Here, (a2– b2) + (b2 – c2) + (c2 – a2) = 0
eg. x2 + 6 2x + 10 & (a – b) + (b – c) + (c – a) = 0
2
= x + 5 2x + 2x + 10