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Chapter 5 discusses the fundamental unit of life, the cell, highlighting its discovery, structure, and functions. It covers the cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and various cell organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids. Additionally, it contrasts plant and animal cells, emphasizing their unique features and roles in living organisms.

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Aarnavi Goswami
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9 views4 pages

201615020

Chapter 5 discusses the fundamental unit of life, the cell, highlighting its discovery, structure, and functions. It covers the cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and various cell organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids. Additionally, it contrasts plant and animal cells, emphasizing their unique features and roles in living organisms.

Uploaded by

Aarnavi Goswami
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 9

Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 5
The Fundamental Unit of Life
1. All the living organisms are made up of fundamental unit of life called “
cell”.
2. The cell is a Latin word for “a little room”.
3. The scientist Robert Hooke saw a little room in the cork (the bark of a
tree) resembled the structure of a honeycomb. The use of the word “Cell”
to describe these units is used till this day in Biology as” Cell Biology”.

4. The Compound Microscope consist eye piece,objective lens and


condenser to observe a cell after putting a drop of Safranin (for plant cell)
and methylene blue (for animal cell).
5. The scientist Leeuwenhoek saw free living cells in the pond water
for the first time.
(father of microbiology)

6. The scientist Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in the cell.


7. The cell theory states that all the plants and animals are composed of
cells, it was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.
8. The cell theory was further expanded by Virchow by suggesting that
“all cells arise from the pre-existing cells”.
9. The cells differ in size, shape, structure (Please refer to Fig. 5.2/5.3:
Onion peel/Various cells in Human body, NCERT Book Page-57/58): Types
of cells: Onion cells, Smooth muscle cell, Blood cells, Bone cell,
Fat cell, Nerve cell, Ovum, Sperm etc. Each kind of cell performs
specific function.
10. A single cell may constitute a whole organism as in Amoeba,
Chlamydomonas, Paramecium and Bacteria; these are called
as unicellular organisms. Whereas in multi-cellular organisms (Human
beings) division of labor is seen.
11. The feature in almost every cell is same: Plasma membrane,
nucleus and cytoplasm.
12. Plasma membrane: It is the outermost covering of the cell.
 It is called as selective permeable membrane (because it prevents
movement of some materials).
 It helps in diffusion and osmosis
 Diffusion: movement of substance from high concentration to low
concentration.
Eg; exchange of carbon dioxide or oxygen with external environment.
Osmosis: it is the passage of water from the region of high water
concentration to a region of low water concentration through a selective
permeable membrane.

a) The cell gains water, if the medium surrounding the cell has a higher
water concentration (Hypotonic solution) than the cell.
b) The cell maintains the same water concentration as the cell (Isotonic
solution), water crosses the cell membrane in both directions.
c) The cell loses water, if the medium has lower water concentration
(Hypertonic solution) than the cell.
Note – The cell drinking is endosmosis;
omission of water is called ex-osmosis.

13. The cell engulfs food is called endocytosis and ejects solid is called
exocytosis. Amoeba acquires food through endocytosis and excretion of
solid is called exocytosis.
14. The cell wall is a rigid outer covering composed of cellulose. It
provides structural strength to plant cells. When a living cell loses water,
there is shrinkage of contents of a cell away from the cell wall. This
phenomenon is called as plasmolysis. The cell walls permit the cells of
plants, fungi and bacteria to withstand very dilute (Hypotonic) external
media without bursting.
15. The Nucleus: It is a dark colored, spherical or oval, dot-like structure
near the center of a cell called Nucleus. The nucleus plays a central role in
cellular activities/reproduction. The chromatin material gets organized
into chromosomes. The chromosomes containinformation for inheritance
of features from parents to next generations in the form
of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid ) and protein molecules. The functional
segments of DNA are called genes.
16. In some organisms like Bacteria nucleus is not covered by nuclear
membrane. Hence it is called as prokaryote. (Pro= primitive; karyote =
karyon = nucleus.) The organisms with cells having a nuclear membrane
are called eukaryotes.
17. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Size: generally small (1-10 µm) Size: generally large. (5-500 µm)

Nuclear region: Not well defined and not


Nuclear region: Well defined and
surrounded by a nuclear membrane & known as
surrounded by a nuclear membran
nucleoids.

Chromosome: More than one


Chromosome: Single
Chromosome

Membrane-bound cell
Membrane-bound cell organellesAbsent
organellespresent

Eg- bacteria, blue green algae Eg fungi, plant cell and animal cell
18. Cell organelles: Every cell has fluid matrix (other than nucleus) is
called cytoplasm. The nucleus and cytoplasm is together called as
protoplasm. The protoplasm term was coined by Purkinje. It has important
cell organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes,
Mitochondria, Plastids, and vacuoles.
19. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): It is a large network of membrane –
bound tubules and vesicles.
 There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) (It looks rough because
Ribosome’s are attached to its surface. They are the sites of protein
synthesis).
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) (It looks smooth because
Ribosome’s are not attached to its surface. They are the sites of fat
molecules synthesis).
1. SER; help in the functioning of enzymes and hormones to carryout
biochemical activities.

2. SER detoxifies many poisons and drugs from the cell.

3. ER serves as channel for the transport of material between various


regions of the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

4. Proteins and fat molecules produced by ER helps in membrane


biogenesis.

21. Lysosomes: They contain membrane-bound sacs with powerful


digestive enzymes (enzymes are made by RER) to digest the worn-out cell
organelles. When the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst and the
enzymes digest their own cell, hence called as “Suicidal bags of a cell”. It
is a waste disposal system of the cell.
22. Mitochondria: It is covered by a double membrane. Outer membrane
is very porous and the inner membrane is deeply folded. These folds
create a large surface area for ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) molecule
synthesis. ATP is the energy currency of a cell; hence the Mitochondria are
called as Power House of a Cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and
Ribosome’s; therefore they can make their own proteins.
23. Plastids: They are present only in plant cells. They are of two types.
1. Chromoplasts (Colored Plastids: Chloroplasts – Green pigmented and
useful in Photosynthesis and also contains various other pigments like
yellow or orange)
2. Leucoplasts (White or colorless plastids; stores materials such as oils,
proteins, fats etc. ) Plastids are also covered by a double membrane. The
matrix is called Stroma, seat for enzymatic actions. Plastids have their
own DNA and Ribosome’s; therefore they can make their own proteins.
24. Vacuoles: Storage sacs for solid or liquid contents. They are small in
size in animals while plants have large, may occupy 50-90 % of the cell
volume. Helps to provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. Many
substances like amino acids, sugars, organi acids and proteins are stored
in vacuoles. In Amoeba food vacuole is specialized to play an important
role.
25. Cell: It is the fundamental structural unit of living organisms, helps in
respiration, obtaining nutrition and clearing waste material or forming a
new protein.
Differences between Plant cell and Animal Cell
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

Cell wall absent Cell wall present

Plasma membrane is the outer layer which Cell wall is the outer layer which gives
provides turgidity to the cell rigidity and turgidity to the cell

Vacuoles are small in size Vacuoles are big in size

Plastids are absent Plastids are present

Nucleus lies in the centre. Nucleus lies on one side

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