Scribd
Upload
8 views9 pages

Expt 01

The document outlines an experiment at the Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati focused on understanding basic gate operations using Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL), Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL), and Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL). It explains the principles of digital logic gates, their construction using diodes and transistors, and provides circuit diagrams and components needed for practical experimentation. The procedure includes assembling circuits, applying input combinations, and recording output states to compare with truth tables.

Uploaded by

Kumar Bellikatti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views9 pages

Expt 01

The document outlines an experiment at the Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati focused on understanding basic gate operations using Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL), Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL), and Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL). It explains the principles of digital logic gates, their construction using diodes and transistors, and provides circuit diagrams and components needed for practical experimentation. The procedure includes assembling circuits, applying input combinations, and recording output states to compare with truth tables.

Uploaded by

Kumar Bellikatti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Date: 23-Sept-2024

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY TIRUPATI


Digital- Systems Lab (EE206P)
Experiment No : 1
Objective: ~>To understand basic gate operation using Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL)
~> To understand basic gate operation using Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) and

Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL


Overview:
Digital Logic States
All digital electronic circuits and microprocessor based systems contain hardware elements
called Digital Logic Gates that perform the logical operations of AND, OR and NOT on binary
numbers. In digital logic only two voltage levels or states are allowed and these states are
generally referred to as Logic "1" or Logic "0", High or Low, True or False and which are
represented in Boolean Algebra and Truth Tables by the numbers "1" and "0" respectively. A
good example of a digital logic level is a simple light as it is "ON" or "OFF".
Logic operations can be performed using any non-linear device that has at least two distinct
regions of operation. Obvious choices for the electrical engineer are the semiconductor diode and
the bipolar junction transistor. Particular voltage levels are assigned to logic levels 0 and 1.
While many voltage level assignments are possible, one common assignment is:
logic 1 (HIGH)---- ~ 5 V
logic 0 (LOW) ---- ~ 0 V.
This is known as "Positive logic" system. There is also a complementary "Negative Logic"
system in which the values and the rules of a logic "0" and a logic "1" are reversed. But, unless
stated otherwise, we shall only refer to the Positive Logic convention for all the experiments. It is
important to note that noise, power source fluctuations, loading by other circuits, and other
factors will cause the logic level voltages to vary over some range.

Simple Basic Digital Logic Gates


Simple digital logic gates can be made by combining transistors, diodes and resistors as discrete
components. Let us investigate some of such circuits using Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL), Diode-
Transistor Logic (DTL) and Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL).

Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL)


Diode logic gates use diodes to perform OR and AND logic functions as shown in the circuit
diagram. Connection of the LED at the output is optional which simply displays the logical state
of the output, i.e. the logic state of output is 0 or 1, if LED is off or on, respectively. Diodes have
the property of easily passing an electrical current in one direction, but not the other. Thus,
diodes can act as a logical switch. Diode logic gates are very simple and inexpensive, and can be
used effectively in limited space. However, they cannot be used extensively due to the obvious
logic level shift when gates are connected in series. In addition, they cannot perform a NOT
function, so their usefulness is quite limited. This type of logic circuit is rarely found in
integrated form.

Circuit Components/Equipments:
1. Resistors (1K, 3 Nos; 10K, 1 No.)
2. 1N4007 diodes or equivalent (2 Nos.)
3. D.C. Power supply (5V)
4. A Red/Green LED
5. Breadboard
6. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram:
A B C A+BC
Objective: To understand basic gate operation using Diode-Transistor Logic
(DTL) and Resistor-Transistor Logic (RTL)
Overview:
Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL)
The simple 2-input Diode-Resistor gate can be converted into a NAND/NOR universal gate by
the addition of a single transistor inverting (NOT) stage employing DTL. Diode- Transistor
Logic, or DTL, refers to the technology for designing and fabricating digital circuits wherein
logic gates employ diodes in the input stage and bipolar junction transistors at the output stage.
The output BJT switches between its cut-off and saturation regions to create logic 1 and 0,
respectively. The logic level shift problem of DRL gates is not present in DTL and TTL gates so
that gates may be connected in series indefinitely. If a gate drives several similar gates in parallel
problems may occur: the maximum number of gates that can be driven in parallel is identified as
the "fanout" of a gate. DTL offers better noise margins and greater fan-outs than RTL (Resistor-
Transistor Logic),but suffers from low speed, especially in comparison to TTL. Diodes take up
far less room than resistors, and can be constructed easily. In addition, the internal resistance of a
diode is small when the diode is forward biased, thus allowing for faster switching action. As a
result, gates built with diodes in place of most resistors can operate at higher frequencies.
Because of this diode-transistor logic (DTL) rapidly replaced RTL in most digital applications.

DTL Inverter Circuit


The DTL inverter uses a transistor and a collector load resistor as shown in the circuit diagram.
The input is connected through a pair of diodes in series with the base of the transistor. The diode
connected directly to the transistor base serves to raise the input voltage required to turn the
transistor on to about 1.3 to 1.4 volts. Any input voltage below this threshold will hold the
transistor off. The base resistor is also connected which should be sufficient to turn the transistor
on and off quickly thus enabling higher switching speeds.
Circuit Components/Equipments:
1. Resistors (1K 2 Nos., 4.7K; 1 No.)
2. 1N4007 silicon diodes (3 Nos.)
3. BC 547 NPN silicon transistor (1 No.)
4. D.C. Power supply (5V)
5. A Red/Green LED
6. Connecting wires
7. Breadboard

Circuit Diagram:

DTL NAND Circuit


The DTL NAND gate combines the DTL inverter with a simple Diode-Resistor Logic (DRL)
AND gate as shown in its circuit diagram. Thus, any number of inputs can be added simply by
adding input diodes to the circuit. The problem of signal degradation caused by Diode Logic is
overcome by the transistor, which amplifies the signal while inverting it. This means DTL gates
can be cascaded to any required extent, without losing the digital signal.
DTL NOR Circuit
Similar to DTL NAND circuit one can construct the NOR gate by using a DRL OR gate
followed by a transistor inverter, as shown in circuit diagram

Procedure:
1. Assemble the circuit on your breadboard for NOT/NAND/NOR operation. First, start with the
inverter circuit. Keep this circuit in tact after finishing the inverter experiment. The rest two
circuits can be constructed by just adding extra components to the inverter circuit.

2. Turn on power to your experimental circuit.


3. Apply all four possible combinations of inputs at A and B from the power supply using dip
switch.

4. For each input combination, note the logic state of the output, Q, as indicated by the LED (ON
= 1; OFF = 0), and record that result in the table.

5. Compare your results with the truth table of a logic NOT/NAND/NOR operation.

6. When you have completed your observations, turn off the power supply.
Resistor–transistor logic (RTL)

The resistor-transistor logic, also termed as RTL, was most popular kind of logic before the
invention of IC fabrication technologies.As its name suggests, RTL circuits mainly consists of
resistors and transistors that comprises RTL devices.

AND Gate NAND Gate

VCC

VCC

T1 !NPN R1 1k
T1 !NPN
R2 1k O/P
A R2 1k
A

T2 !NPN

R3 1k
B T2 !NPN

R3 1k
O/P B
R1 1k
OR Gate NOR Gate

VCC
VCC

R1 1k
T1 !NPN O/P
T1 !NPN
R2 1k
A
R2 1k
A

T2 !NPN

R3 1k
B T2 !NPN

R3 1k
O/P B
R1 1k

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy