Parameters in Procedures & Functions

!!

Pankaj Jain
!
@twit_pankajj
 How to Pass Parameters?

!
[schema.]<function_or_procedure_name> (parameter1,….parameterN)
!

<param_name> <param_mode><param_datatype> {:= | DEFAULT} def_val

!
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION get_tier(p_salary IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS

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 Parameter Modes

IN OUT IN OUT

▪ Multiple

▪ Overloading

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 Formal vs Actual Parameters

▪ Formal
□ Declared in Subprogram Specification

□ No Constraints Specified

!
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_emp(p_dept_name IN VARCHAR2) RETURN NUMBER IS

!
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_emp(p_dept_name IN employee.emp_dept_id%TYPE)
RETURN NUMBER IS
!
▪ Actual
□ Variable or Expression Passed from Calling Client

! DECLARE
l_dept_name VARCHAR2(60):= 'IT'; Do Not Place Anything in
BEGIN This Space
! update_emp(l_dept_name); (Add watermark during editing)
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END;
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 IN Mode
!
▪ Default Mode CREATE OR REPLACE
FUNCTION update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
p_dept_name VARCHAR2)
▪ Read Only RETURN NUMBER AS
CURSOR cur_get_dept_id IS
DECLARE SELECT dept_id
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; FROM departments
l_dept_name VARCHAR2(60):= 'IT'; WHERE dept_name = p_dept_name;
l_status NUMBER; l_dept_id departments.dept_id%TYPE;
BEGIN BEGIN
p_emp_id := 20;
l_status := update_emp(l_emp_id,
l_dept_name); OPEN cur_get_dept_id;
END; FETCH cur_get_dept_id INTO l_dept_id;
CLOSE cur_get_dept_id;
UPDATE employee
DECLARE SET emp_dept_id = l_dept_id
l_status NUMBER; WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id;
BEGIN COMMIT;
l_status := update_emp(50, RETURN 1;
'IT' ); EXCEPTION
END; WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); Do Not Place Anything in
ROLLBACK; This Space
RETURN 0; (Add watermark during editing)
END update_emp; Note: Warning will not appear
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 Actual Parameter Value Ignored
!
OUT Mode Read & Write
!
Cannot Pass Literals or Constants

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 OUT Mode

CREATE OR REPLACE
FUNCTION update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
DECLARE p_dept_id NUMBER,
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; p_location OUT VARCHAR2)
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1; RETURN NUMBER AS
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA'; BEGIN
l_status NUMBER; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Location Initially '||p_location);
BEGIN UPDATE employee
l_status := update_emp(l_emp_id, SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id
l_dept_id, WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id
'CA' l_location ); RETURNING emp_loc INTO p_location;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Location '||l_location); COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Status '||l_status); RETURN 1;
END; EXCEPTION
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
Location Initially DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
Location WA DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE);
Status 1 ROLLBACK;
RETURN 0;
END update_emp; Do Not Place Anything in
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 IN OUT Mode

Actual Parameter Read & Write Cannot be a Literal

Value Passed or a Constant

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 IN OUT Mode

CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
p_dept_id NUMBER,
DECLARE
p_location OUT VARCHAR2,
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50;
p_status IN OUT NUMBER) AS
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('p_status Initially '|| p_status);
l_status NUMBER := -1;
UPDATE employee
BEGIN
SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id
update_emp(l_emp_id,
WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id
l_dept_id,
RETURNING emp_loc INTO p_location;
l_location,
p_status := 1;
l_status);
COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_location);
EXCEPTION
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_status);
WHEN OTHERS THEN
END;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
p_status Initially -1 DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE);
Location WA ROLLBACK;
Status 1 p_status := 0;
END update_emp; Do Not Place Anything in
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 Exception Inside Stored Subprogram

▪ Passed by Reference
CREATE OR REPLACE
□ IN PROCEDURE update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
p_dept_id NUMBER,
p_location OUT VARCHAR2,
▪ Passed by Value p_status IN OUT NUMBER) AS
l_number NUMBER;
□ OUT & IN OUT BEGIN
UPDATE employee
DECLARE SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1; RETURNING emp_loc INTO p_location;
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA'; p_status := 1;
l_status NUMBER := -1; l_number := 'CHAR';
BEGIN COMMIT;
update_emp(l_emp_id, EXCEPTION
l_dept_id, WHEN OTHERS THEN
l_location, DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
l_status); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_location); DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_status); ROLLBACK;
END; p_status := 0; Do Not Place Anything in
! p_location := null; This Space
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END update_emp;
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 Exception Inside Stored Subprogram

CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
DECLARE p_dept_id NUMBER,
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; p_location OUT VARCHAR2,
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1; p_status IN OUT NUMBER) AS
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA'; l_number NUMBER;
l_status NUMBER := -1; BEGIN
BEGIN UPDATE employee
update_emp(l_emp_id, SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id
l_dept_id, WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id
l_location, RETURNING emp_loc INTO p_location;
l_status); p_status := 1;
EXCEPTION l_number := 'CHAR';
WHEN OTHERS THEN COMMIT;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); EXCEPTION
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_location); WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_status); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
END; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE);
ROLLBACK;
RAISE; Do Not Place Anything in
CA END update_emp; This Space
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 NOCOPY Hint

<parameter_name> <parameter_mode> NOCOPY <parameter_datatype>

CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
p_dept_id NUMBER,
p_location OUT NOCOPY VARCHAR2,
DECLARE p_status IN OUT NOCOPY NUMBER)
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; AS
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1; l_number NUMBER;
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA'; BEGIN
l_status NUMBER := -1; UPDATE employee
BEGIN SET emp_dept_id = p_dept_id
update_emp(l_emp_id, WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id
l_dept_id, RETURNING emp_loc INTO p_location;
l_location, p_status := 1;
l_status); l_number := 'CHAR';
EXCEPTION COMMIT;
WHEN OTHERS THEN EXCEPTION
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM); WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_location); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(l_status); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(
END; Do Not Place Anything in
DBMS_UTILITY.FORMAT_ERROR_BACKTRACE);
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ROLLBACK; (Add watermark during editing)
WA RAISE; Note: Warning will not appear
1 END update_emp; during Slide Show view.
 NoCopy Restrictions

Scalar Datatype with Scalar Numeric with

Implicit Conversions
NOT NULL Constraint Constraints

Records with Different Elements of a Remote Procedure

Field Constraints Collection Calls

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 Positional Notation

▪ Parameters Passed by Position

▪ Compact

▪ Not Affected by Renaming of Formal Parameters

▪ Affected by Repositioning of Formal Parameters

DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50;
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1;
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA';
l_status NUMBER := -1;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE BEGIN
update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER, update_emp(l_emp_id,
p_dept_id NUMBER, l_dept_id,
p_location OUT VARCHAR2, l_location,
p_status IN OUT NUMBER) l_status);
……. END;
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END update_emp;
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 Named Notation

▪ Parameters Passed by Names

▪ Verbose

▪ Not Affected by Repositioning of Formal Parameters

▪ Flexibility for Passing Default Values

▪ Affected by Renaming of Formal Parameters

DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50;
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE l_bonus
update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER, l_dept_id NUMBER := 1;
p_dept_id NUMBER, l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA';
p_location OUT VARCHAR2, l_status NUMBER := -1;
p_status IN OUT NUMBER) BEGIN
……. update_emp(p_location => l_location,
…….. p_emp_id => l_emp_id,
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END update_emp; p_status => l_status,
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p_dept_id => l_dept_id);
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END; Note: Warning will not appear
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 Mixed Notation

▪ Positional Parameters First

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER,
p_dept_id NUMBER,
p_location OUT VARCHAR2,
p_status IN OUT NUMBER)
…….
……..
END update_emp;

DECLARE DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50;
l_dept_id NUMBER := 1; l_dept_id NUMBER := 1;
l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA'; l_location VARCHAR2(10) :='CA';
l_status NUMBER := -1; l_status NUMBER := -1;
BEGIN BEGIN
update_emp(l_emp_id, update_emp(p_emp_id => l_emp_id,
l_dept_id, p_dept_id => l_dept_id,
p_status => l_status, l_status,
p_location => l_location); l_location);
END; END;
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PLS-00312: Note: association
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 Default Values

!
<param_name> <param_mode><param_datatype> {:= | DEFAULT} def_val
!
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE
▪ IN Mode update_info ( p_emp_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT 50,
p_dept_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT 1,
p_bonus IN NUMBER DEFAULT 10)
…….
……..
END update_info;

DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 30;
l_dept_id NUMBER := 2; DECLARE
BEGIN l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 30;
l_bonus NUMBER := 5;
update_info; BEGIN
BEGIN
END; update_info(l_emp_id);
update_info(l_emp_id,
l_dept_id, END;
l_bonus);
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END; This Space
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 Default Values

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE

update_emp( p_emp_id IN NUMBER ,
p_dept_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT 1,
p_bonus IN NUMBER DEFAULT 10)
…….
……..
END update_emp;

DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 30;
BEGIN
update_emp(l_emp_id);
END;

DECLARE DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 30; l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 30;
l_dept_id NUMBER := 2; l_dept_id NUMBER := 2;
l_bonus NUMBER := 5; l_bonus NUMBER := 5;
BEGIN BEGIN Do Not Place Anything in
update_emp(l_emp_id, update_emp(p_emp_id => l_emp_id,
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l_bonus); p_bonus => l_bonus);
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END; END; Note: Warning will not appear
during Slide Show view.
 Constraints on Formal Parameters

▪ Acquires from Actual Parameter

DECLARE
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50;
l_location VARCHAR2(6) NOT NULL :='INIT';
BEGIN
get_emp_loc(l_emp_id,
l_location);
END;

CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE get_emp_loc ( p_emp_id IN NUMBER ,
p_location OUT VARCHAR2) AS
CURSOR get_loc IS
SELECT emp_loc
FROM employee
WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id;
BEGIN
p_location := 'NONE';
OPEN get_loc;
FETCH get_loc INTO p_location;
CLOSE get_loc; Do Not Place Anything in
! This Space
! p_location := NULL; (Add watermark during editing)
Note: Warning will not appear
END get_emp_loc; during Slide Show view.
 Constraints on Formal Parameters

▪ Acquires from %TYPE

CREATE TABLE employee
DECLARE (emp_id NUMBER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
l_emp_id NUMBER(10) := 50; emp_name VARCHAR2(60),
l_location VARCHAR2(6) ; emp_dept_id NUMBER ,
BEGIN emp_loc VARCHAR2(2),
get_emp_loc(l_emp_id, emp_sal NUMBER,
l_location); CONSTRAINT emp_dept_fk FOREIGN KEY(emp_dept_id)
END; REFERENCES departments(dept_id));

CREATE OR REPLACE
PROCEDURE get_emp_loc ( p_emp_id IN employee.emp_id%TYPE ,
p_location OUT employee.emp_loc%TYPE) AS
CURSOR get_loc IS
SELECT emp_loc
FROM employee
WHERE emp_id = p_emp_id;
BEGIN
p_location := 'NONE';
OPEN get_loc; Do Not Place Anything in
FETCH get_loc INTO p_location; This Space
CLOSE get_loc; (Add watermark during editing)
END get_emp_loc; Note: Warning will not appear
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 Constraints on Formal Parameters

▪ Numeric Subtypes
□ NOT NULL Constraint Inherited

□ Only Range Inherited for Numeric Base Type

DECLARE
SUBTYPE numsubtype IS NUMBER(2) NOT NULL;
!
PROCEDURE testsubtype ( p_num IN numsubtype ) AS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(p_num);
END testsubtype;
!
BEGIN
testsubtype(1234);
testsubtype(NULL);
END;

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PLS-00567: cannot pass NULL to a NOT NULL constrained formal This Space
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 Constraints on Formal Parameters

▪ Character Subtypes
□ NOT NULL Constraint Inherited

□ Size Not Inherited

DECLARE
SUBTYPE charsubtype IS VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL;
!
PROCEDURE testsubtype ( p_char IN charsubtype ) AS
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(p_char);
END testsubtype;
!
BEGIN
testsubtype('TEST');
testsubtype(NULL);
END;

TEST
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 Need for Parameters
!
Parameter Modes
!
Summary Passing by Reference and Value
!
Positional & Named Notation
!
Default Values & Parameter Constraints

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