Chap 5 – Algorithmic Thinking and Problem Solving

Q: Draw different flow chart symbols, identify their name with function.

Symbol Name Function

Start / End
An oval represents a start or end point

A line is a connector that shows relationships

Arrow
between the representative shapes

Input / Output
A parallelogram represents input or output

Process
A rectangle represents a process

A diamond indicates a decision

Decision

Q: Write an Algorithm and draw a flowchart for adding two numbers on a calculator.

Algorithm: Flowchart:

START

Begin
Press 2
Step 1 - Switch ON Calculator

Step 2 — Press 2 Press +

Step 3 - Press + Sign

Step 4 - Press 3 Press 3

Step 4 - Press = Sign

Step 4 - Output 5 Press =

End
Output 5

STOP
Q: Write an Algorithm and draw a flowchart to get any number and find out either the number is ODD
or EVEN.

Algorithm:

Begin

Step 1 - Input the number

Step 2 — Calculate number mod 2

Step 3 - Check if calculation returns 1 output 'Odd number'

Step 4 - If calculation does not return 1 then output 'Not odd'

End

Flowchart:

START

INPUT No
NoUT No

IFNo%2==0

PRINT EVEN PRINT ODD

NoUT No

STOP
 Choose the correct option. (Tick all that apply.)
a. Which of the following is NOT a computational thinking technique?
i. Coding ii. Decomposing
iii. Abstraction iv. Pattern matching

b. Which technique involves breaking a problem down into smaller parts?

i. Algorithm ii. Decomposing iii. Abstraction iv. Coding

c. What is pattern recognition?

i. Coding in colors
ii. Looking for similarities amongst and within problems
iii. Building models from pattern
iv. Looking for differences in patterns

d. Which of the following contains a pattern?

i. My friend has a computer
ii. My parrot can talk like a human
iii. All bicycles have wheels
iv. The sky is blue

e. What is an algorithm?
i. Step by step instructions to solve a problem
ii. Breaking down the problem into smaller parts
iii. Run time error
iv. None of the above

f. What is a flowchart?
i. Building models from pattern
ii. Graphical representation of a problem
iii. Representation of computer
iv. Chart with many colours

g. The symbols for Input and Output in flowcharts are:

i. Similar
ii. Different
iii. Circles
iv. Octagons
h. This process focuses on the important information only, ignoring irrelevant
details.
i. Abstraction
ii. Flowcharts
iii. Pseudocode
iv. Programming

i. Ignoring a car's colour when trying to find out why it doesn't start is an example of:
i. Algorithm
ii. Decomposition
iii. Abstraction
iv. Application

j. How are symbols connected together in flowcharts?

i. By numbers
ii. By colours
iii. By arrows
iv. None of above
Short Questions
S/Q. 1. What is the importance of algorithms in computational thinking?
Ans: Algorithms are important in computational thinking because they help break down problems
into smaller steps. They make problem-solving faster, smarter, and more organized.

S/Q. 2. Describe logical errors using examples.

Ans: Logical errors occur when the code runs but gives wrong results. For example, using 5 - 3 =
7 is a logical error because it's incorrect.

S/Q. 3. Define flowchart.

Ans: A flowchart is a diagram that shows the steps of a process using shapes and boxes. It helps
to visualize and understand how something works or how to solve a problem.

S/Q. 4. Briefly explain the use of conditional statement in programming.

Ans: A conditional statement helps the computer choose between different actions based on a
condition, like "if it's sunny, go outside; else, stay indoors."

S/Q. 5. What is a function?

Ans: A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can use it multiple times
without writing the same code again.

S/Q. 6. Describe syntax errors using examples.

Ans: Syntax errors happen when the code breaks rules, like missing punctuation. For example,
writing print("Hello without closing the quotation marks causes a syntax error.

Descriptive Questions
L/Q. 1: - List and describe types of errors in programming.
Ans: `
1. Syntax Errors: These happen when the rules of the programming language are not
followed, like missing a bracket or spelling a command wrong.
2. Logical Errors: These occur when the program runs but does not give the correct result
because the instructions are wrong.
3. Runtime Errors: These happen while the program is running, like dividing by zero or
using too much memory.

L/Q. 2: - Describe pattern matching using examples.

Ans: Pattern matching is finding things that look similar or follow the same rule. For example, if
we look for words that end with "ing," like jumping or singing, that’s pattern matching. Another
example is finding numbers like 222 or 333, where all the digits are the same.
 Chap 6- The Binary Computing

1. Choose the correct option. (Tick all that apply.)

a. An image is made up of
i. Dots ii. Pixels iii. Triangles iv. Hexagons
b. To represent red colour in an image which of the following binary value is used?
i. 0 ii. 1 iii. 11 iv. 00
c. In an image to represent whites and blacks, what binary values are used?
i. 00, 11 respectively ii. 11, 00 respectively
iii. 1, 0 respectively iv. 0, 1 respectively
d. What is decimal value of character 'A'?
i. 1 ii. 2 iii. 64 iv. 65
e. In 1's complement method for binary subtraction we change:
i. 0s only ii. 1’s only
iii. Change both 0s and Is iv. Change nothing
f. Data is derived from the Greek word 'datum' that means:
i. Something taken ii. Something given
iii. Something incomplete iv. None of the above
g. Computers are _____________ machine.
i. Digital ii. Analog iii. Hybrid iv. Amazing
h. The rocess of converting data into information is called:
i. Data processing cycle ii. Information structure cycle
iii. Input-Process-Output (IPO) cycle iv. Central processing cycle
i. The base for decimal number system is:
i. 1 ii.9 iii. 8 iv. 10
j. The base for binary number system is:
i. 6 ii.2 iii. 9 iv. 10
 Short Questions
S/Q. 1: What is a number system?
Ans: A number system is a way to write and use numbers. It helps us count and do math. Examples
include decimal (0-9) and binary (0,1).

S/Q. 2: Define the binary state of data.

Ans: The binary state of data means representing information in 0 and 1. In computers, 0 can mean
"off", and 1 can mean "on". All data in computers is stored and processed in this binary form.

S/Q. 3: Define number system conversion of binary to decimal number system.

Ans: Converting binary to decimal means changing a number written in 0s and 1s into a number we use
in daily life (0-9). To convert binary (0s and 1s) to decimal (0-9), multiply each digit by powers of 2 and add
them up.
Example: 1011₂ →
(1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11₁₀
So, 1011₂ = 11₁₀ in decimal.

S/Q. 4: Describe how to convert text to the binary number system.

Ans: To convert text to binary:
1. Each letter has a number (ASCII code).
2. That number is changed into binary (0s and 1s). For example, the letter 'A' is 65 in ASCII, which is
1000001 in binary.

S/Q. 5: List the types of number systems.

Ans: The main types of number systems are:
1. Binary (base 2, uses 0 and 1)
2. Decimal (base 10, uses 0 to 9)
3. Octal (base 8, uses 0 to 7)
4. Hexadecimal (base 16, uses 0 to 9 and A to F)

L/Q. 1: Explain why the computer only understands the binary number system.

Ans: A computer only understands the binary number system (0 and 1) because it works with electronic
circuits that have only two states: ON and OFF.
• 0 means OFF (No electricity).
• 1 means ON (Electricity flows).
Since computers are made of tiny switches (transistors) that can only be ON or OFF, they use binary to
store and process data.

L/Q. 2: Compare the ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode systems.

Ans:
ASCII: Uses 7 or 8 bits, supports 128 characters, mainly used for English.
EBCDIC: Uses 8 bits, supports 256 characters, used in old IBM computers.
Unicode: Uses 8, 16, or 32 bits, supports all languages & symbols, including emojis.
Problem: (110010)2 - (100101)2
Solution:
I. Finding 1's complement of second number. 011010 is the 1's complement of the second number
100101.
2. Adding this to first number.
1 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0
3. We have a carry leftover add this to obtained result in step 2.
0 1 1 0 1 0
1
( 0 0 1 1 0 1)2