1. Implementation of Stop and Wait Protocol.

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Random;

public class StopAndWaitProtocol {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Random rand = new Random();

System.out.print("Enter number of frames to send: ");

int n = sc.nextInt();

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

System.out.println("Sending Frame " + i);

boolean ackReceived = rand.nextBoolean(); // randomly simulate ACK lost or received

if (ackReceived) {
System.out.println("ACK for Frame " + i + " received.\n");
} else {
System.out.println("ACK for Frame " + i + " lost. Resending Frame...\n");
i--; // resend same frame
}
}

System.out.println("All frames sent successfully!");

sc.close();
}
}
OUTPUT :-
2. Implementation of Sliding Window Protocol.
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Random;

public class SlidingWindowProtocol {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Random rand = new Random();

System.out.print("Enter number of frames to send: ");

int totalFrames = sc.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter window size: ");

int windowSize = sc.nextInt();

int sent = 0;

while (sent < totalFrames) {

int framesInWindow = Math.min(windowSize, totalFrames - sent);

System.out.println("\nSending frames from " + sent + " to " + (sent + framesInWindow - 1));

boolean allAcked = true;

for (int i = 0; i < framesInWindow; i++) {
boolean ackReceived = rand.nextBoolean();

if (!ackReceived) {
System.out.println("ACK for Frame " + (sent + i) + " lost. Resending window...");
allAcked = false;
break;
} else {
System.out.println("ACK for Frame " + (sent + i) + " received.");
 }
}

if (allAcked) {
sent += framesInWindow; // move window forward
}
// else: window remains at same place, resend
}

System.out.println("\nAll frames sent successfully!");

sc.close();
}
}

OUTPUT :-
3. Study of Socket Programming and Client – Server model

What is Socket Programming?

 A socket is like an endpoint between two machines talking over a network.
 Socket Programming is the way we connect, send, and receive data between computers
using sockets.

In short:
Socket = Door.
Socket Programming = Knocking, opening, sending, and receiving through that door.

What is Client–Server Model?

 In Client-Server, one side is called Server, and the other side is called Client.

SERVER CLIENT

Always running / listening Connects when needed

Waits for client connections Sends request to server

Responds with data or service Receives response

Example:

 Google servers wait for your Chrome browser (client) to connect.

 When you search, Chrome sends a request.
 Google's server replies with search results.
Example Code in Java

Server (listens for connections)

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class Server {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(5000); // Server listening on port 5000
System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client...");

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept(); // Accept client connection

System.out.println("Client connected!");

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

writer.println("Hello Client, I am Server!");

String clientMessage = reader.readLine();

System.out.println("Client says: " + clientMessage);

socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Client (connects to server)
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class Client {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 5000); // Connect to server at localhost on port 5000
System.out.println("Connected to server!");

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

System.out.println("Server says: " + reader.readLine());

writer.println("Hello Server, I am Client!");

socket.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

How to run?
1. First run the Server.java program:

2. Then run the Client.java program in another terminal

4. Write a code simulating ARP /RARP protocols

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class ARP_RARP_Simulation {

// Simulating a network table

private static final Map<String, String> ipToMac = new HashMap<>();
private static final Map<String, String> macToIp = new HashMap<>();

// Populating some static entries

static {
ipToMac.put("192.168.1.2", "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:01");
ipToMac.put("192.168.1.3", "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:02");
ipToMac.put("192.168.1.4", "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:03");

// Populate reverse mapping

for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : ipToMac.entrySet()) {
macToIp.put(entry.getValue(), entry.getKey());
}
}

private static void arp(String ipAddress) {

System.out.println("\n[ARP] Resolving IP Address: " + ipAddress);
String macAddress = ipToMac.get(ipAddress);
if (macAddress != null) {
System.out.println("MAC Address found: " + macAddress);
} else {
System.out.println("MAC Address not found for IP: " + ipAddress);
}
}

private static void rarp(String macAddress) {

System.out.println("\n[RARP] Resolving MAC Address: " + macAddress);
String ipAddress = macToIp.get(macAddress);
if (ipAddress != null) {
System.out.println("IP Address found: " + ipAddress);
} else {
System.out.println("IP Address not found for MAC: " + macAddress);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
int choice;

System.out.println("=== ARP / RARP Simulation ===");

do {
System.out.println("\nChoose an option:");
System.out.println("1. ARP (IP to MAC)");
System.out.println("2. RARP (MAC to IP)");
System.out.println("3. Exit");
System.out.print("Enter choice: ");
choice = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume newline character

switch (choice) {
case 1:
System.out.print("Enter IP Address: ");
String ip = scanner.nextLine();
arp(ip);
break;
 case 2:
System.out.print("Enter MAC Address: ");
String mac = scanner.nextLine();
rarp(mac);
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Exiting Simulation.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid choice. Try again.");
}
} while (choice != 3);

scanner.close();
}
}

OUTPUT :-
5. Write a code simulating PING commands

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class PingSimulation {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String host = "google.com"; // You can change this to any host

try {
// Ping the host
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName(host);

// Try to reach the host

System.out.println("Pinging " + host + "...");
boolean reachable = inet.isReachable(5000); // Timeout is 5 seconds

if (reachable) {
System.out.println(host + " is reachable.");
} else {
System.out.println(host + " is not reachable.");
}

} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
OUTPUT :-
6. Write a code simulating TRACEROUTE commands
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class TracerouteSimulation {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String host = "google.com";

try {
System.out.println("Tracing route to " + host + "...\n");

ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder("traceroute", host);

Process process = pb.start();

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream()));
String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
reader.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}

OUTPUT :-
7. Applications using TCP Sockets like – Chat App

a) Server Code (ChatServer.java)

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class ChatServer {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(1234);
System.out.println("Server started. Waiting for client...");

Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();

System.out.println("Client connected!");

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

BufferedReader userInput = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

String msgFromClient, msgToClient;

while (true) {
msgFromClient = in.readLine();
if (msgFromClient.equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
System.out.println("Client disconnected.");
break;
}
System.out.println("Client: " + msgFromClient);

System.out.print("You: ");
msgToClient = userInput.readLine();
out.println(msgToClient);
}
 socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}

b) Client Code (ChatClient.java)

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;

public class ChatClient {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", 1234);
System.out.println("Connected to server.");

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

BufferedReader userInput = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

String msgFromServer, msgToServer;

while (true) {
System.out.print("You: ");
msgToServer = userInput.readLine();
out.println(msgToServer);

if (msgToServer.equalsIgnoreCase("exit")) {
System.out.println("Disconnected from server.");
break;
}

msgFromServer = in.readLine();
System.out.println("Server: " + msgFromServer);
 }

socket.close();
}
}

OUTPUT :-

Server: Client:
8. Applications using TCP and UDP Sockets – DNS(Domain Name System)

import java.net.*;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

public class sdns {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
InetAddress dnsServer = InetAddress.getByName("8.8.8.8");
int dnsPort = 53;

String domain = "google.com";

// Build DNS query

byte[] query = buildDnsQuery(domain);

DatagramPacket request = new DatagramPacket(query, query.length, dnsServer, dnsPort);

socket.send(request);
System.out.println("Sent DNS query for: " + domain);

byte[] buffer = new byte[512];

DatagramPacket response = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);

socket.setSoTimeout(3000); // 3 seconds timeout

try {
socket.receive(response);
System.out.println("Received DNS response!");

// Optional: Print raw response

for (int i = 0; i < response.getLength(); i++) {
System.out.printf("%02X ", buffer[i]);
}
 System.out.println();

} catch (SocketTimeoutException e) {
System.out.println("DNS Server did not respond (Timeout)");
}

socket.close();
}

private static byte[] buildDnsQuery(String domain) {

ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(512);

// Transaction ID
buffer.putShort((short) 0x1234);

// Flags: standard query

buffer.putShort((short) 0x0100);

// Questions, Answer RRs, Authority RRs, Additional RRs

buffer.putShort((short) 1); // Questions = 1
buffer.putShort((short) 0); // Answer RRs = 0
buffer.putShort((short) 0); // Authority RRs = 0
buffer.putShort((short) 0); // Additional RRs = 0

// Write domain name in DNS format

String[] labels = domain.split("\\.");
for (String label : labels) {
buffer.put((byte) label.length());
buffer.put(label.getBytes());
}
buffer.put((byte) 0x00); // End of domain name
 // Query Type (A record)
buffer.putShort((short) 0x0001);

// Query Class (IN)

buffer.putShort((short) 0x0001);

byte[] query = new byte[buffer.position()];

buffer.flip();
buffer.get(query);
return query;
}
}

OUTPUT :-