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My SQL

The document discusses various aspects of database management systems (DBMS), focusing on MySQL and SQL commands. It covers topics such as data definition, manipulation, transaction control, and the structure of SQL statements, including commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables. Additionally, it explains the use of constraints, primary keys, foreign keys, and the differences between various SQL commands.

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Kajal Gautam
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2 views18 pages

My SQL

The document discusses various aspects of database management systems (DBMS), focusing on MySQL and SQL commands. It covers topics such as data definition, manipulation, transaction control, and the structure of SQL statements, including commands for creating, altering, and deleting tables. Additionally, it explains the use of constraints, primary keys, foreign keys, and the differences between various SQL commands.

Uploaded by

Kajal Gautam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1510) Tes aHigh Cost - DBMS requires vari rious software, har 1 operating and maintaining the database system, wh he ites is tehly. Intelligen pacg , which adds cost mle, b.Database Failure - If Database Se buena bia @ Is corrupted due to power failure or any other reason ¢.Data Quality - With increa: ised number of users dire essing data fro ti there are enormous opportunities for data rane oe MYSQL It is free a ete presccne source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that MySQL databa ry Language(SQL). In MySQL database , information 1s stored in Tables, 4 se can contain many tables at once and store thousands of individual records, SOL (Structured Query Language) SQL is a language that enables you to create and operate on relational databases, which ae se related information stored in tables. . CLASSIFICATION OF SOL STATEMENTS ‘SQL commands can be mainly divided into following categories: 1. Data Definition Language(DDL) Commands Commands that allow you to perform task, related to data definition e.g; - Creating, altering and dropping. - Granting and revoking privileges and roles. - Maintenance commands. 2. Data Manipulation Language(DML) Commands E Commands that allow you to perform data manipulation eg retrieval, Insertion, deletion and modification of data stored in a database. 3, Transaction Control Language(TCL) Commands Commands that allow you to manage and control the transactions €-8, « Making changes to database, permanent - Undoing changes to database, permanent + Creating savepoints - Setting properties for current transactions. MySOL ELEMENTS 1. Literals 2. Datatypes 3. Nulls 4. Comments LITERALS It refer to a fixed data value. This fixed data value may be of character type oF M' For example, ‘replay’, “Raj, 8" , ‘306 are all character literals. umerie 9P® Numbers not enclosed in quotation marks are numeric literals. Bg: 22, 18 199) te numeric literals, Numeric literals can either be integer literals ie, without any Geclae real veal literals Le. with a decimal point eg. 17 is an integer literal but 17.0 and 175 24/06/20 REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 08:23 REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 08:23 REDMI15C 24/06/2025 08:23 1002 z 10g ‘Akash Mi A [35007 : Neela F B2 38965 1005 Sunny M Az. | 30009 1006 Ruby. E AL 45000 1009 Neo F ‘AZ 52000 ~ A articular column from a table can be selected by specifying column-names With SEL command. Eg in above table, if we want to select ECODE and ENAME colin oT command is: — SELECT ECODE, ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE ; E.g.2 in order to select only ENAME, GRADE and GROSS column, the command is: SELECT ENAME , GRADE , GROSS FROM EMPLOYEE; We can select particular rows from a table by specifying a condition through WHERE ci with SELECT statement. E.g. In employee table if we want to select rows where Gendey then command is aus alo is fem, SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GENDER ="F'; E.g.2. in order to select rows where salary is greater than 48000, then command is: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS > 48000 ; ELIMINATING REDUNDANT DATA ae The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a SELECT statement fy example SELECT GENDER FROM EMPLOYEE ; Gender EM M F M M F SELECT DISTINCT(GENDER) FROM EMPLOYEE ; [ DISTINCT(GENDER) | sd i VIEWING STRUCTURE OF A TABLE : If we want to know the structure of a table, we can use DESCRIBE or DESC command, as per following syntax: DESCRIBE | DESC ; e.g. to view the structure of table EMPLOYEE, command is : DESCRIBE EMPLOYEE ; OR DESC EMPLOYEE ; name The columns that we select in a query can be given a different name, ie. column alias ™ output purpose. Syntax; RED eaeiter Sel 24/06/202 5 GELECT AS column a “noun splay ECODE column ar EMP SELECT ECODE AS" AS"EMPLOvEn CODE" FROM EMPLO oven; CONDITION BASED ON.A RANGE The BETWEEN operator define: the condition t range of value ; nclude both lower value and to display ECODE, ENAME and GRADE of those emplovenwya ‘and $0000, command is: ¢ employees whose SELECT ECODE, ENAME GRADE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS BETWEEN 40000 AND 50000 ; that the column vatue The rang ius tn ead salary is between 40000 Output will be: ECODE] ENAME | GRADE. 1001 [Ravi__|e4 1006 [Ruby [at ‘To specify a list of values, IN operator is used. The IN operator selects value that match. any value ina given list of values. E.g. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GRADE IN (A1’,‘A2'); ‘ Output will be: ECODE| ENAME | GENDE | GRADE | GROSS R 1002_| Akash_| M. AL 35000 1006 _| Ruby FE AL 45000, 1005 [Sunny _|M. AQ 30000 1009 _|Neema | F A2 52000 ‘The NOT IN operator finds rows that do not match in the list. Eg, SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GRADE NOT IN (1, ‘A2’}; Output will be: ECODE] ENAME | GENDE | GRADE | GROSS 50000 Too1 | Ravi__|M fins 1004 Be ‘bed using two special = LIKE operator is used for pattern matching in SQL. Patterns are descr ildcard characters: Tpercens() “= The % character matches any’ si 2 underscore(,)~ The._character matches any character: : | tarts with Rin EI . of employee whose names Ve cians "SELECT ENAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EN! 24/06/2025 Output will be: [ENAMET [Ravi | [Ruby 48: to display details of employee whose second character in SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘0%’; Output will be; ECODE] ENAME | GENDE | GRADE | GROSS R 1004 | Neela FE BZ 38965, 1009 [Neema | F AZ 52000 @g, to display details of employee whose name ends with ‘y’. SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘oy’; Output will be: ECODE] ENAME | GENDE | GRADE | GROSS R 7005_| Sunny | M AZ 30000 1006 [Ruby | F AL 45000 SEARCHING FOR NULL ~The NULL value in a column can be searched for ina table using IS NULL in the WHERE clause. Eg. to list employee details whose salary contain NULL, we use the command ‘SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE GROSS IS NULL; eg STUDENT Roll No| Name Marks| 1 ‘ARUN NULL 2 RAVI 56 4 SANJAY NULL | to display the names of those students whose marks is NULL, we use the command: SELECT Name FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE Marks IS NULL; Output will be; Name ‘ARUN SANJAY SORTING RESULTS Whenever the SELECT query is executed , the resulting rows appear in a predecided orée= The ORDER BY clause allow sorting of query result. The sorting can be done either ascending or ‘descending order, the default is ascending. REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 0 11>] ies 24/06/2025 08:23 141e) yes DELETE FROM ‘stablename> WHERE ; For example, to remove the deta DELETE FROM § LOVEE table whose p Se Brade, DELETE FROM S » Galoted RET ESPECIIY aly condition with WHERE clause, then all the rows M : i the table NS above line will delete all rows from employee table. ™y The DROP TABLE command lets Pie orang vase: aie 7 tRe ckiaanttey nand lets you drop a table fro DROP ty, DROP TABLE ; 8: to drop a table employee, we need to write: DROP TABLE employee; Once this command is Biven, the table name is no longer recognized and no more commands cn, given on that table. After this command is executed, all the data in the table along with table structure will be del leted, SNO. DELETE COMMAND. DROP TABLE COMMAND 1 Itis a DML command. Itis a DDL Command. 7 2 This command is used to delete only | This command is used to delete all he daa ay rows of data from a table table along with the structure of the table. The us isno longer recognized when this command gets xeows 3 | ‘Syntax of DELETE command is: ‘Syntax of DROP command is: DELETE FROM DROP TABLE ; WHERE ; ALTER TABLE COMMAND The ALTER TABLE command is used to change definitions of existing tables. (adding columns, deleting columns etc.). The ALTER TABLE command is used for: 4, adding columns to a table 2. Modifying column-definitions ofa table. 3. Deleting columns ofa table. 4. Adding constraints to table, 5. Enabling/Disabling constraints, tatype> ; the EMPLOYEE table, we can write command as: DDRESS VARCHAR(S0); Anew column by the name ADDRESS. will contain NULL value for the sabes ‘© to add a new column ADDRESS to ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD Al TPP r REDMI13C 24/06/2025 08:24 TO ADD PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT ALTER TABLE ADO PRIMARY KEY (Co\wrn sor #48 to add PRIMARY KEY constraint on column ECODE of table EMPLOYER com ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD PRIMARY KEY (BCOOP) ALTER TABLE
ADD FOREIGN KEY (Column name) (HP tH ee. — ‘Table (Primary key of Parent Tal , REMOVING CONSTRAINTS To remove primary key constraint from a table, we use ALTER TABLE commana ALTER TABLE
DROP PRIMARY KEY ; ‘To remove foreign key constraint from a table, we use ALTER TABLE command as ALTER TABLE
DROP FOREIGN KEY ; = Aconstraint is a condition or check applicable on a field (column) or set of flelds(coltumngy ~ Common types of constraints include: [ SN] Constraints a Ensures thata column cannot have NULL value DEFAULT Providesa default value for a column whersnone is sper Ensures that all values in a column are different Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain criter= PRIMARY KEY __| Used to uniquely identify a row in the table = FOREIGN KEY | Used to ensure referential integrity of the data j By default, a column can hold NULL. It you not want to allow NULL value im column, ther NOT NULL constraint must be applied on that column. E.g, (CREATE TABLE Customer ( SiDinteger NOT NULL, Last.Name varchar(30) | NOTNULL, First_Name varchar(30) i ‘Columns S1D and Last_Name cannot include NULL, while First Name can include NULL. ‘An attempt to execute the following SQL statement, INSERT INTO Customer VALUES (NULL, ‘Kumar’, ‘Ajay _ will result in an error because this will cos a NOT MULL constraint on that columns 5h joing BRL, pbk elere Pe , REDMI13C 24/06/2025 08:24 or CHHATHCTANE A Cuetanior (BID Titegen Linet Mane varchar( 10) Hivat, Name varehar(40), PRIMARY KEY (sip) ) 1 ve latter way fe owt yout want to gpiely # composite primary key, a CREATICTANLE Cctoner( — franel titeger NOT NULL SID Integer MOT Nit Anat, Nanve varehae(30), FirstName varchar(39) PHIMARY KEY (Hraniel, SID) ) PORKIGN KY. CONSTHAINE Foreign key lea non key column of # table (eid table) that draws its yay, Hrhiary hey of anther table( parent table) The table tn whieh a foreign key ts defined is called a referencing table or ching A table Lo whieh o furvign key points is called referenced table or parent table, eS from, table, Parent Table TABLE: STUDENT + ROLLING, WANE 4} Primary key T TARE 7 ‘TABLE: SCORE* Here column Roll_No is a foreign key in table SCORE(Child Table) and it is drawing its values from Primary key (ROLL.NO) of STUDENT table,(Parent Key). CREATE TABLE STUDENT ( ROLL.NO integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(30), CLASS VARCHAR(3) ); CREATE TABLE SCORE (_ ROLL_NO integer MARKS integer, FOREIGN KEY(ROLL,.NO) REFERNCES. STUDENT(ROLL_NO) ); * Foreign key 1s always defined in the child table. FOREIGN KEY(column name) REFERENCES Parent_Table(PK of Parent Table); Referencing action with ON DELETE clause determines what to do in case of a DELETE octus parent table occurs in the parent table, Ce REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 08: " Referencing action with ON UPDATE clause determines what to do in case of" 9008 pe This action states that P CASCADE rent table, then automa og ceet OF UPR ron arth ces automatically delete op oATE mec = cade the action tony cci® OF update the mone NU his action states that ee dana 7 “Aabesa hat if a DEL es Ment table, then set the foreign ETE or UP ICTION : Any attemp key column in the ema egerato OA Pern . pt for DELETE or urate child able to NULL a row from th & este action rejects the DELETE an in parent table is not allowed, xe two tables Customer(customer id, name) DATE operation for the parent tabl Customer_sales(transaction id, ed columns indicate amount, er i erin cous net inary kerala wakes shoul take place incase ofa DELETE or UPDATE ge 7 E or UPDATE in the Ein the parent table elsCREATE TABLE Customer ( customer_id int Not Null Primary Key name varchar(30) ) ; CREATE TABLE Customer_sales transaction_id Not Null Primary Key amount int, customer_id int, FOREIGN KEY(customer_id) REFERENCES Customer (customer_id) ON DELETE NO ‘acTION ON UPDATE NO ACTION ); {¢Distinguish between a Primary Key anda Unique key ina table, a sun Peary KEY = UNIQUE KEY i mn having Primary key can't [ Column having Uni contain NULL value Nui! eee Inique Key can contain Z| There can be only one primary key inj Many columns can be defined as Uniqu Table. key (Distinguish between ALTER Command and UPDATE command of SQL S.NO, “ALTER COMMAND UPDATE COMMAND 1_ | Itisa DDL Command Ttis a DML command 2, | Itis used to change the definition of Tris used to modify the data’ values present in the rows of the table. existing table, i deleting column, etc. Syntax for ‘adding col ‘ALTER TABLE ADD + Syntax for using UPDATE ~ommand: UPDATE SET =value WHERE s PLU YPLLS REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 08:24 gg s#UECT SUMISAL) FROM Mp 10758 | ggouPiNG RESULT = GROUP BY P BY clause combines all! es all those record ‘olumn) oF a group of fields(columns), ds(row) that have identical val FRouPING can be done by a column name, oF iia : produces a value for each group, with aggregate function jh , ons in which case the agree [SAL [DEPTNO. i593 aro — fn 8566 |AMIR_ ;ALESMAN [8760 = [g698___ [BINA [MANAGER [5643 [20 ‘g,calculate the number of employees in each grade. SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL GROUP BY JOB output JOB COUNT) CLERK 1 SALESMAN z MANAGER, e 2,Calculate the sum of salary for each department. ‘SELECT DEPTNO, SUM(SAL) FROM EMPL GROUP BY DEPTNO; Output DEPTNO SUM(SAL) 10 2985 20 15513 30 8760 ¢g3.find the average salary of each department. "a i Should include only f it «mind is that while grouping » Yous * One thing that you should keep in min sho ee have the same value for 2 BTOUP OF those values in the SELECT list that either h te group(aggregate) function. Like in e.g. 2 given snore a value fora group and the other expression SUM(SAL) C0 .d to specif¥ + Tocreate a group within a group it» nested ON? sousee eao ee the GROUP BY expression. ¢-T0 8FOUP reco Deptno to issue a query statement like: 24/06/2025 0. SELECT DEP; TNO, JOB, COUNT(EMPNO) FROM EMPL GROUP BY DEPTNO, JOB Output ’ DEPTNO []0B COUNTIEMPNO) 10 CLERK 1 20 ‘SALESMAN i 20 MANAGER 1 30 ‘SALESMAN i PLACING CONDITION oN GROUPS - HAVING CLAUSE ‘The HAVING clause places conditions on groups in contrast to WHERE clause that Places condition on individual rows. While WHERE conditions cannot include ‘Sggregate functions, HAVING conditions can do so. ©. To display the jobs where the number of employees is less than 2, > SELECT JOB, COUNT(*) FROM EMPL GROUP BY JOB HAVING COUNT(*) <2 Output JOB COUNT() CLERK a MANAGER a JOIN A Join is a Query that combine rows from two or more tables. In a join Query, more than one tables are listed in FROM Clause. The function of combining data from multiple tables is called joining. Joins are used when we have to select data from multiple tables is called joining, Join are used extract data from two tables, when we need a relationship between certain columns in thes tables. ‘There are different kind of SQL joins 1) Equi Join: Equi Join is a simple SQL join condition that uses equal sign as comparison operat ‘Syntax Select col1,col2,col3 from table1 and table2 Where table1.col1=table2.col1 2) Natural Join ‘The Natural Join is a type of equi join and it structured in such ‘a way that, columns with same name of associated tables will appear only once. Syntax Select * from table1 NATURAL JOIN table2. In this no need to give the joining condition. It will automati : Le common column in both the tables, itomatically make the condition based ‘The TCL of MySQL consists of following commands : 1. BEGIN or START TRANSACTION - marks the 2. COMMIT Ends the currenttransaction by przining of transaction, saving database changes and starts a new transat® | REDMI 13C 24/06/2025 0 pack ~ Brds the SINT- Define break vere sir prOCOMMIT ~ Enat en MIND Map GeckYour Progress : McQ NAME and attribute SUBJECT respectively? A. 11,10 B. 11,2 6123 D. 20,10 2 | Identify the MySQL C TL] ina table STUDENT in MySQL database, an attribute NAME of data type VARCHAR(20) has the value “ASEEMA SAHU’, Another attribute SUBJECT of data type CHAR(10) has value CS". How many characters are occupied by attribute sommands that belongs to DML category + 24/06/2025 08:24 pe

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