B00GVFY0ZO
B00GVFY0ZO
Dutch
Gerdi Quist and Dennis Strik
Contents
Acknowledgements
Meet the authors
Only got a minute?
Only got ten minutes?
Introduction
Pronunciation
1 Hallo, kom binnen! Hello, come in!
Introducing yourself and others • Saying where you’re from • Asking people’s
names • Asking how people are • Asking what people want to drink
2 Wat doe je? What do you do?
Introducing someone • Talking about your family • Saying which languages you
speak • Saying what nationality you are
3 Waar woon je? Where do you live?
Asking and answering questions about accommodation • Talking about the
surrounding area • Talking about your living arrangements
4 De boodschappen Groceries
Buying food and groceries • Asking for things in shops/markets • Saying what
you want • Saying how much you want • Using money
5 Weet u de weg? Do you know the way?
Asking for and giving directions • Asking for information
6 Leuke schoenen! Nice shoes!
Describing things • Colours • Clothes • Saying whether you like something or
not
7 Mag ik een retourtje Wageningen? May I have a return to Wageningen?
Asking questions about public transport • Telling the time
8 Heeft u een leuke vakantie gehad? Did you have a nice holiday?
Talking about events in the past • Describing places • Talking about the weather
9 Ik heb bloemen voor je meegebracht I’ve brought flowers for you
Arranging to meet people • Inviting people for dinner • Talking about dinner •
Saying what you want • Saying what you prefer
10 Vroeger In the past
Times of the day, week, year • Describing events from the past • Talking about
things you used to do
11 Laten we naar Antwerpen gaan Let’s go to Antwerp
Expressing likes and dislikes • Saying something is or isn’t a good idea • Making
suggestions • Talking about food • Saying ‘no’
12 Ik stuur je wel een sms-je I’ll send you a text message
Talking to people on the phone • The different uses of the verb zouden • Using
prepositions
13 Ik weet echt niet wat ik wil I really don’t know what I want
Career advice and training • Skills • Using sub-clauses • Using interjections
14 Ik begrijp precies hoe je je voelt I know exactly how you feel
Talking about physical and emotional well-being
15 Ik zit zowat de hele dag te computeren I’m on the computer just about the
whole day
Internet services • Talking about (travel) insurance • Expressions related to
money • Comparing one thing with another
16 TV wordt steeds banaler TV is becoming more and more banal
The media in the Netherlands • Giving your own opinion • Structuring
information • Using adverbs
Key to the exercises
Appendix
Dutch–English glossary
English–Dutch glossary
Grammatical index
Credits
Front cover: © Photopat houses/Alamy
Back cover and pack: © Jakub Semeniuk/iStockphoto.com, © Royalty-Free/Corbis,
© agencyby/iStockphoto.com, © Andy Cook/iStockphoto.com, © Christopher
Ewing/iStockphoto.com, © zebicho – Fotolia.com, © Geoffrey
Holman/iStockphoto.com, © Photodisc/Getty Images, © James C.
Pruitt/iStockphoto.com, © Mohamed Saber – Fotolia.com
Pack: © Stockbyte/Getty Images
Acknowledgements
The authors and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to use
their material in this book:
Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging van VVV’s (anvv); W. Herrebrugh, Zuiderwoude;
Prometheus, Amsterdam; Stichting: Fiets!, Amsterdam; Vervoer Bewijzen Nederland
B.V.; Toon Hermans; Nederlandse Spoorwegen; Zorn Uitgeverij B.V.; Dienst
Omroepbijdragen; Vomar; RTL/de Holland Media Groep S.A. and Neofiet B.V.; Jitse
Groen, Director of Internet Thuis Bezorgd Faciliteiten; Egbert van de Coevering,
Director of GCT Infomediair B.V.; Libelle.
Meet the authors
Gerdi and Dennis are highly experienced language teachers and authors. Gerdi is
lecturer in Dutch at University College London, and conducts research into language
teaching in general, and Dutch in particular, focusing on intercultural communication.
Dennis worked as a lecturer in Dutch at UCL for ten years, before moving back to the
Netherlands, where he continues to write language books, teaches Dutch and works as
a professional translator.
Together Gerdi and Dennis have written a whole range of language course books for
learners at all levels, from beginners to advanced learners at an academic level, both
for self-study purposes and classroom environments. Among the titles Gerdi and
Dennis have produced are Get started in Dutch and Complete Dutch, published by
Hodder Education, aimed at beginners and students at intermediate level, and the
Routledge Intensive Dutch Course, which is intended for academic learners.
Only got a minute?
Dutch is the name of the official language spoken by more than 20 million people in
the Netherlands and in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium – together they are
sometimes called the Low Countries. Contrary to what many people would have you
believe, particularly the Dutch, it is a relatively easy language to learn, particularly for
speakers of English, because of the many similarities in vocabulary and the
regularities of the language.
This book is designed for beginners of Dutch who have little or no experience in
learning languages, and is structured progressively – each unit builds on the previous
units so that you gradually learn new language patterns and vocabulary. Each unit is
also built around a particular theme. They contain dialogues, reading texts and a
variety of exercises. Explanations are given for the main grammar points and word
patterns. Wherever possible, the texts and exercises have been taken from real-life
situations, to help you communicate more successfully. Additional cultural
information will familiarize you with life in the Low Countries and make you even
more confident when speaking Dutch. Veel succes!
10 Only got ten minutes?
Dutch is the official language of the Netherlands and one of the official languages
of Belgium, where it is spoken in the northern region of Flanders. Many people,
particularly the Dutch, tend to claim it is a difficult language to learn, but in fact
it is a lot more regular than, say, English, and it isn’t as complicated as German.
Spelling
There is only one major spelling rule to learn, which concerns the vowel sounds a, e,
o and u.
Short vowel sounds are always spelt with one letter and always occur in a closed
syllable (a syllable ending in a consonant).
man man lek leak bot bone kus kiss
Long vowel sounds can be spelt either with two letters (as in the examples) or one
letter (a, e, o, u), depending on whether they appear in a closed syllable (ending in a
consonant) or an open syllable (ending in a vowel).
maan moon leek layman boot boat vuur fire
The long vowel sounds are always spelt with two letters in closed syllables. When
they appear in an open syllable, they are spelt with a single letter. This happens, for
instance, when -en is added to make words plural:
maan moon leek layman boot boat vuur fire
manen moons leken laymen boten boats vuren fires
When you want to make man plural you clearly can’t just add -en because then you’d
get manen moons. There is a simple solution: double the end consonant, so the first
one goes with the first syllable, thereby keeping it closed.
man man lek leak bot bone kus kiss
mannen men lekken leaks botten bones kussen kisses
Introductions & talking to and about people
You can introduce someone by saying Dit is … and giving his/her name. When
referring to them again, you can say hij (he) if it’s a man and zij (she) if it’s a woman.
Here is a complete list of personal (subject) pronouns:
Most of the pronouns have a stressed and an unstressed form. Generally, the
unstressed forms are used, unless you want to emphasize who you’re talking about.
There are two ways of addressing someone directly in Dutch. You use je or jij when
you know someone well and you are on a first-name basis. You use u to be more
polite, or when you don’t know someone.
Many verbs change their form according to a rule. These are known as regular verbs.
Look at the following chart:
helpen to help
ik help I help
jij helpt you help (singular, informal)
u helpt you help (singular, formal)
hij/zij/het helpt he/she/it helps
wij helpen we help
jullie helpen you help (plural, informal)
u helpt you help (plural, formal)
zij helpen they help
However, a few verbs do not follow any logical pattern, including zijn (to be) and
hebben (to have).
The verb form for ik is called the stem of the verb. For the other persons in the
singular we use the stem + t: Ik woon, jij woont, hij woont, etc. In the plural, the
full form of the verb, the infinitive, is used: Wij wonen, jullie wonen, zij wonen.
The -t drops off the end of the verb when asking a question (or when je/jij comes
after the verb). This only happens with je and jij – in all other cases the verb form
does not change.
Hoe gaat het? is a common way of asking after someone’s well-being. Alles goed? is
more informal. To greet someone with goedemorgen/middag is quite formal. People
will frequently say simply dag, or even more informally (particularly young people)
hoi.
These are the object pronouns:
mij me ons us
jou/u you jullie/u you
hem/haar him/her hen/hun/ze them
Negative answers
When you want to respond to a question in the negative, you need to add niet (not) to
the sentence.
Werk je? Are you working?
Nee, ik werk niet. No, I’m not working.
Niet often comes at the end of the sentence, but before a preposition.
Nee, ik woon niet in Amsterdam. No, I don’t live in Amsterdam.
Niet also precedes descriptive words:
Nee, mijn schoenen zijn niet nieuw. No, my shoes are not new.
Geen means no/not any. In Dutch, you don’t say I do not have a book, you say I have
no book.
Ik heb een boek. Ik heb geen boek.
But:
Ik heb het boek. Ik heb het boek niet.
Goodbye
When saying goodbye to someone, you often refer to the time when you will see one
another again.
Tot dan. See you then (later).
Tot vanavond. See you this evening.
Tot morgen. See you tomorrow.
Tot volgende week. See you next week.
De, het, een
Names of things (nouns) are often preceded by the words de or het. For instance, de
appel, het beroep, het fruit. These are the Dutch words for the.
The word een means one, but it is also used in Dutch to mean a/an.
There are three ways of making words plural. To most words, you add -en or -s and to
words ending in -a, -i, -o, -u, -y you add ’s. All plural words are de words.
Possession
Here are all the possessive pronouns in Dutch:
The two forms for our, ons and onze, mean exactly the same thing, except that ons is
used in front of het words and onze is used in front of de words.
More than one verb
When you use two verbs in the same sentence, the first one, the main or finite verb,
comes either at the start of the sentence in a question or as the second item in other
sentences. The second verb comes right at the end. This verb at the end does not
change its form and is called the infinitive or full verb.
Ik moet morgen hard werken. I have to work hard tomorrow.
The most common verbs to be combined with an infinitive are the modal verbs:
zullen (shall), mogen (may), moeten (must), kunnen (can) and willen (want).
There is a group of verbs that can be used together with an infinitive (the full verb),
but in these cases te has to be inserted before the infinitive. Examples of these verbs
are:
hoeven have to
proberen try
vergeten forget
The construction om + te + infinitive is used to express a purpose. It could be
translated as in order to (although often you would simply translate it as to).
Ik ga naar de supermarkt om boodschappen te doen.
Word order
A statement can begin with a word other than the subject. Often expressions of time,
e.g. morgen or zaterdag, occupy this place in the sentence. When this happens, the
verb remains in second position and the subject comes straight after the verb.
Ik ga donderdag middag …
Donderdagmiddag ga ik …
Deze/die + dit/dat
Deze/die and dit/dat are the Dutch words for this/that. Deze (this) and die (that) are
used with de words. Dit (this) and dat (that) are used with het words:
de auto the car deze auto this car die auto that car
het huis the house dit huis this house dat huis that house
Adjectives
Adjectives such as oud, nieuw, kort, strak, etc. sometimes have an -e at the end and
sometimes they don’t.
de jas is oud de zwarte broek
het blauwe overhemd the blue shirt
een zwarte rugzak a black rucksack
No -e is added when the descriptive word comes after the thing it describes. Add -e if
the description comes before the thing it describes. There is a snag, though. The -e is
occasionally left out when the descriptive word refers to a het word (het T-shirt, het
pak) but is used with een, not het:
een dun T-shirt a thin T-shirt
Big, bigger, biggest
Comparatives (words like bigger) and superlatives (words like biggest) are used to
compare objects, people and ideas or to indicate that they surpass all others. You add -
er to adjectives to make comparatives, and -st to make superlatives. With superlatives
you always use het:
Adjective Comparative (add -er) Superlative (add -st)
mooi mooier het mooist
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Present and past
The present tense can be used to talk about things or events which started in the past
and continue in the present. You must use the present tense in combination with al (lit.
already) or pas (lit. only).
Ik woon al drie jaar in I’ve lived/been living in Amsterdam for three
Amsterdam. years.
Talking about the past
The perfect tense is used to talk about the past. It consists of a form of the verb
hebben or zijn and a past participle.
Ik heb gewandeld. I have walked.
Most verbs in Dutch are regular and form their past participle as follows:
The imperfect is used when you give extra information about events in the past, after
you have already introduced whatever topic you are talking about with the present
perfect:
Ik heb twee jaar in Den Bosch gewoond. Ik woonde daar in een groot huis.
I lived in Den Bosch for two years. I lived in a large house there.
The imperfect is also used to describe things or events that took place regularly in the
past.
Separable verbs
Verbs where the first part can be split from the main part are called separable verbs.
When you use these verbs as the finite verb in the sentence, the first part splits away
and appears at the end of the sentence. For example:
afzeggen to cancel
Hij zegt onze afspraak voor morgen He’s cancelling our appointment for
af. tomorrow.
When the separable verb is used with another verb, such as zullen or willen, then it
goes to the end of the sentence. The main part of the separable verb meets up with its
first part at the end of the sentence. For example:
aankomen to arrive
Ik zal om half zes aankomen. I’ll arrive at half past five.
Relative clauses
Relative clauses give extra information about a thing or a person.
De tuin die we hadden, was enorm. The garden we had was enormous.
Relative clauses start either with the relative pronoun die or dat, depending on the
word they refer to. If the relative clause gives information about a de word, then you
start with die; if the relative clause gives information about a het word, you start with
dat. The other important thing to remember is that the verb(s) in a relative clause
go(es) to the end of the clause.
If you refer to people in a relative clause and use a preposition, you refer to the person
you are talking about as wie:
De man met wie ik samenwerk. The man with whom I work.
If you refer to a thing or idea in a relative clause and use a preposition, you refer to
the thing you are talking about as waar:
De zaak waarover we hebben gesproken. The matter we talked about.
Diminutives
Words which end in -je often indicate something is small. This form (a diminutive) is
similar to the English -let as in piglet or booklet, but it is used much more frequently
in Dutch.
Zullen we op een terrasje een biertje gaan Shall we have a beer on a
drinken? terrace?
Zou
You can use zou/zouden to ask for something politely or nicely. Because the use of
the verb zou/zouden is polite in itself, you need not use alstublieft in the same
sentence:
Zou je dit voor me kunnen doen? Could you do this for me, please?
The second meaning of zou/zouden is to state or remind someone of what the plan
was:
Je zou nog bellen. You were going to phone.
Thirdly, zou/zouden has the meaning of giving advice:
Je zou wat vroeger naar bed moeten gaan. You should go to bed earlier.
The fourth function of zou/zouden is called the conditional – to show that you, or
someone else, would like to do something, if only the conditions were right:
Als ik de loterij zou winnen, zou ik stoppen Were I to win the lottery, I would
met werken. give up work.
Er + prepositions
You cannot use an object pronoun in combination with a preposition when you refer
to a thing. In that case you need to use er:
Heb je van het feest gehoord? Did you hear about the party?
Ja, ik heb ervan gehoord. Yes I have (heard about it).
You don’t use er when talking about people.
Sub-clauses
In sub-clauses:
Listen to the pronunciation guide on the recording and try to imitate the sounds and
words as often as you can. If you do not have the recording, then follow these
written instructions very carefully.
When you start work on the units, listen to the dialogues as often as possible and
repeat them aloud until your pronunciation comes as close as possible to that of the
speaker on the recording.
Record your own voice and then check that it sounds similar to the version on the
recording. If you know a native speaker, ask them to correct your pronunciation.
Listen to native Dutch speakers, the Dutch radio and television and even Dutch
songs to familiarize yourself with Dutch sounds.
Fortunately, you don’t have to worry too much about the stress in words since this
generally falls on the first syllable.
Keep going: with practice you will develop a reasonable accent so that you can be
easily understood.
Dutch sounds
CD1, TR 1, 00.30
Consonants
As a speaker of English, you won’t find Dutch consonants much of a problem. The
consonants are generally pronounced the same as in English. Here are the main
exceptions:
Vowels
Dutch vowel sounds are sometimes trickier than the consonants because they differ
considerably from those in English. There are short vowel sounds, long vowel sounds
and combinations of vowels.
Short vowel sounds
a man man As in hard but shorter.
e lek leak As in set but shorter.
i lip lip As in bit but shorter.
o bot bone As in hot but shorter.
u kus kiss Similar to dirt but shorter.
Long vowel sounds
aa maan As in cat but longer.
moon
ee leek As in lane.
layman
eu neus There is no equivalent in English. Try making a vowel sound as in dirt
nose while rounding/pouting your lips tightly.
ie niet As in cheat.
not
oe boek As in book but with your lips more rounded.
book
oo boot As in boat.
boat
uu vuur No equivalent in English. Try making a vowel sound as in leak while
fire pursing your lips. Before r, vowel sounds become much longer.
Combinations of vowels
au/ou blauw No equivalent in English. Try making a vowel sound as in shout but
blue start by rounding your lips more with your mouth wide open.
aai saai A combination of aa and ie.
boring
eeuw eeuw A combination of ee and oe.
century
ei/ij trein No equivalent in English. In between the English vowel sounds in
train night and late. NB When writing, ij is usually written as one letter,
like an English y with dots.
ieuw nieuw A combination of ie and oe.
new
oei doei bye A combination of oe and ie.
ooi mooi A combination of oo and ie.
beautiful
ui huis No equivalent in English. Try making the English vowel sound as in
house house while tightly pursing your lips and pressing your tongue down.
uw ruw A combination of uu and oe.
rough
There is one other Dutch vowel sound which is similar to the English vowel sound in
sister. This sound (easy to pronounce – just let air escape through your open mouth)
can be spelt in different ways:
e as in de the
ee as in een a/an
i as in aardig nice
ij as in lelijk ugly
Spelling
Dutch spelling is relatively straightforward and regularized. There is only one major
rule to learn, which concerns the vowel sounds a, e, o, u.
In the section on short vowel sounds we saw:
man man lek leak bot bone kus kiss
These short vowel sounds are always spelt with one letter and always occur in a
closed syllable (a syllable ending in a consonant).
In the section on long vowel sounds we saw:
maan moon leek layman boot boat vuur fire
These long vowel sounds can be spelt either with two letters (as in the examples) or
one letter (a, e, o, u), depending on whether they appear in a closed syllable (ending
in a consonant) or an open syllable (ending in a vowel).
The long vowel sounds are always spelt with two letters in closed syllables, as in the
examples just seen. However, when they appear in an open syllable, they are spelt
with a single letter. This happens, for instance, when -en is added to make words
plural:
maan moon leek layman boot boat vuur fire
manen moons leken laymen boten boats vuren fires
When -en is added, the first syllable becomes an open syllable (the n, k, t, r in the
middle of the examples becomes part of the second syllable), which means the long
vowel sound is spelt with one letter only.
This seems easy enough, although you may well wonder what to do if you want to
make man man plural (you clearly can’t just add -en because then you’d get manen
moons). There is a simple solution: double the consonant, so the first one goes with
the first syllable, thereby keeping it closed.
man man lek leak bot bone kus kiss
mannen men lekken leaks botten bones kussen kisses
Trema
Two dots can be placed above an e or an i to indicate that a new syllable starts. These
two dots are called trema.
België Belgium, for instance, is pronounced Bel-gi-e. Without the trema, it would be
pronounced Bel-gie.
1
Hallo, kom binnen!
Hello, come in!
In this unit you will learn
How to introduce yourself and others
How to say where you’re from
How to ask people’s names
How to ask how people are
How to ask what people want to drink
Dialogues 1 and 2
Listen to the following short conversations and try to find out what information
people are giving about themselves. Just try to get the gist at first. Jotting down words
and names as you listen will help.
At a language school, the teacher welcomes a new student:
CD1, TR 1
Teacher Hallo, kom binnen. Hoe heet je?
Phoebe Ik heet Phoebe.
Teacher Welkom, Phoebe. Waar kom je vandaan?
Phoebe Ik kom uit Amerika.
Teacher Hoelang blijf je in Nederland?
Phoebe Ik blijf vier weken.
QUICK VOCAB
Kom binnen. Come in.
Waar kom je vandaan? Where are you from?
Hoelang blijf je? How long are you staying?
Nederland the Netherlands
ik heet my name is
ik kom uit I’m from
ik blijf I’m staying (for)
In the canteen:
Sarah Hoi. Ben jij William?
William Ja, wie ben jij?
Sarah Ik ben Sarah. Ga zitten.
William Dank je.
Sarah Wil je ook koffie?
William Ja, graag.
QV
ben jij …? are you …? ga zitten sit down
ja yes dank je thanks
wie ben jij? who are you? wil je ook …? would you like …?
ik ben I am ja, graag yes, please
Exercise 1
Go through the dialogues carefully, making sure you understand everything. Then act
them out, preferably with a partner. You may want to listen to the recordings several
times, copying the pronunciation exactly, to sound as Dutch as possible.
Grammar
Sentences
As you can see from these two short dialogues, Dutch isn’t as radically different from
English as you might have expected. A lot of words sound the same (hallo, welkom,
koffie) and the sentences you make with them are also remarkably like sentences in
English, with many words put in the same order:
Kom binnen. Come in.
Ik kom uit Amerika. I come from America.
Ben jij William? Are you William?
Wie ben jij? Who are you?
Ik ben Sarah. I am Sarah.
Question words
Question words are used in much the same way as in English. You’ve already come
across several in the first two dialogues. Here they are:
Hoe heet je? What’s your name?
Waar kom je vandaan? Where are you from?
Hoelang blijf je? How long are you staying?
a zitten
b willen
c kennen
d zijn
e komen
f gaan
g bellen
Exercise 7
Make the following sentences negative, following the example.
example: Ik kom morgen. I will be coming
tomorrow.
answer: Ik kom morgen niet. I will not be coming
tomorrow.
a Ik bel morgen. I will call tomorrow.
b Ik ken Marc. I know Marc.
c Ik ben Mariska. I am Mariska.
d Ik kan nu. I can make it (right) now.
e Dit is Monique. This is Monique.
Ten things to remember
1 Je and jij both mean you (singular). You normally use je. If you want to stress the
word, you use jij.
2 Ik is the Dutch word for I.
3 You ask how people are with Hoe gaat het?
4 The Dutch word for not is niet.
5 The full form of the verb is called the infinitive and usually ends in -en in Dutch.
6 The stem of the verb is usually the infinitive without -en.
7 The stem of the verb is used when talking about ik I.
8 The stem of the verb is also used in questions before je and jij.
9 There are quite a few irregular verbs, with irregular stems. The stem of gaan to
go, for instance, is ga.
10 Spelling rules apply when forming the stem of a verb. The stem of the verb
heten to be called, for instance, is not het but heet.
2
Wat doe je?
What do you do?
In this unit you will learn
How to introduce someone
How to talk about your family
How to say which languages you speak
How to say what nationality you are
Dialogue
David works for a design company. He meets his boss, Hans, at the office and is
introduced to a new colleague:
CD1, TR 3
David Hallo Hans, hoe gaat het?
Hans Prima David. Zeg, dit is Ingrid den Bosch, onze nieuwe
projectmanager.
David Goedemorgen, mevrouw Den Bosch.
Ingrid Goedemorgen, meneer Thompson.
David Hoe gaat het met u?
Ingrid Prima, dank u. Bent u soms Engelsman met een naam als
Thompson?
David Ja, dat klopt. Bent u Nederlandse?
Ingrid Nee, ik kom uit Duitsland. Maar mijn man is Nederlander.
David Heeft u kinderen?
Ingrid Nee, ik heb geen kinderen. U wel?
David Ja, mijn vrouw en ik hebben twee kinderen, een dochter van 16
en een zoon van 13. Uw Nederlands is erg goed.
Ingrid Dank u.
Hans Ingrid spreekt vloeiend Nederlands, Engels, Frans en Spaans.
Ingrid Nou, ik spreek vloeiend Nederlands en Engels. En ik ben vrij
goed in Frans en Spaans.
David En Duits natuurlijk.
Ingrid Ja, natuurlijk. En spreekt u nog andere talen?
David O, ik spreek geen vreemde talen. Nou ja, behalve Nederlands
dan. Zeg trouwens maar ‘je’.
Ingrid Prima, doe jij dat dan ook.
QUICK VOCAB
zeg, … ( lit. ) say, … / listen, …
onze nieuwe projectmanager our new project manager
mevrouw Mrs
meneer Mr
Hoe gaat het met u? How are you?
dank u thank you
bent u soms Are you by any chance/perhaps?
Engelsman Englishman
met een naam als … with a name like …
dat klopt that’s right
Nederlandse Dutch woman
Duitsland Germany
maar but
mijn man my husband
Nederlander Dutchman
Heeft u kinderen? Do you have children?
Ik heb geen kinderen. I have no children.
u wel? do you?
mijn vrouw my wife
twee two
een dochter van 16 a daughter of 16
en and
een zoon van 13 a son of 13
uw Nederlands your Dutch
… is erg goed … is very good
Ingrid spreekt vloeiend … Ingrid speaks … fluently
Engels English
Frans French
Spaans Spanish
vrij goed quite good
Duits German
Spreekt u nog andere talen? Do you speak any other languages?
natuurlijk of course
Ik spreek geen vreemde talen. I don’t speak any foreign languages.
nou ja, … well, …
behalve Nederlands dan except Dutch then
Zeg trouwens maar ‘je’. ( lit. ) Say ‘je’ by the way (please address me informally).
Doe jij dat dan ook. You do so as well then.
Exercise 1
Study the dialogue carefully, making sure you understand all the different words and
phrases. Then act out the situation with a partner.
Insight
Note that Dutch speakers tend to refer to British people as English, wherever they
come from in the United Kingdom.
Greetings
In addition to the greetings from Unit 1 you can also use goedemorgen,
goedemiddag and goedenavond good morning/afternoon/evening in most situations.
They are slightly more formal than some other greetings, like hallo and hoi (this last
is extremely informal).
Formal and informal
When David and Ingrid are introduced to one another, they address each other as
mevrouw Madam/Mrs and meneer Sir. They are clearly not on a first name basis. In
such cases, you cannot use je or jij to talk to people: you have to use u. Like je and
jij, u also means you but is used only in formal situations. Note that Hoe gaat het
met je? How are you?, which is informal, becomes Hoe gaat het met u? How are
you?, which is formal. And dank je thank you becomes dank u.
Insight
When meeting someone, it is usually safest to start by addressing them with u. From
the dialogue you can see that the other person will usually indicate if you can address
him or her informally: Zeg trouwens maar ‘je’ Please say ‘je’.
Dat klopt
Dat klopt that’s right can be used to answer questions positively. You can also use
inderdaad, which literally means indeed, but doesn’t sound as incredulous. You will
hear it a lot.
Vrij goed
Ik ben vrij goed in Frans translates as I am quite (rather) good at French. In contrast
to some other nationalities, the Dutch tend not to understate their abilities and are
quite direct about them.
The word vrij is used frequently. Other words that can be used in the same context
are: tamelijk and redelijk: Ik ben tamelijk goed in Frans I am reasonably good at
French. Both words are slightly weaker than vrij.
How to …
Greet people
goedemorgen good morning
goedemiddag good afternoon
goedenavond good evening
Ask someone’s nationality
Bent u … ? Are you … ?
Bent u Nederlander? Are you a Dutchman/Dutch?
Ja, ik ben Nederlander. Yes, I’m a Dutchman/Dutch.
Nee, ik ben Engelsman. No, I’m an Englishman.
Ask whether someone has children
Hebt/heeft u kinderen? Do you have children?
Ja, ik heb twee kinderen. Yes, I have two children.
Nee, ik heb geen kinderen. No, I have no children.
Say that something is right
Dat klopt.
Inderdaad.
Ask what languages someone speaks
Spreekt u vreemde talen? Do you speak foreign languages?
Spreekt u nog andere talen? Do you speak any foreign languages?
Ja, ik spreek Duits. Yes, I speak German.
Ik spreek vloeiend Spaans. I speak Spanish fluently.
Ik spreek vrij goed Engels. I speak English quite well.
Ik spreek geen Nederlands. I don’t speak Dutch.
Ik spreek alleen Nederlands. I speak only Dutch.
Grammar
Nationalities and languages
In Dutch, unlike in English, most nouns referring to nationality have a masculine and
feminine form:
Jan is Nederlander. Jan is a Dutchman.
Ingrid is Duitse. Ingrid is a German woman.
Vlaams is the name often used to refer to Dutch when it is spoken in the Dutch-
speaking region of Belgium. Vlaams is not different from Dutch and the official name
of the language in Belgium is Dutch. Note that the feminine nouns end in -e.
People nowadays say Ik ben Engels I am English, i.e. using the adjective.
Geen
In Unit 1 you saw that niet is used to make sentences negative:
Ik kom morgen niet. I am not coming tomorrow.
However, if you mean to say no or not any, you have to use geen:
Ik heb geen kinderen. I have no children.
Ik spreek geen Duits. I do not speak (any) German.
The opposite of niet and geen is wel. Wel cannot be translated into English. In
English there is no separate word, so you give emphasis with your voice. Try saying
the following examples out loud and you’ll see:
Ik spreek geen Frans. I don’t speak French.
Maar ik spreek wel Nederlands. But I do speak Dutch.
Insight
Children having an argument are a good example of how wel and niet are used as
opposites. The Dutch equivalent of English yes, I did – no, you didn’t is wel – niet, or
even more childishly: welles – nietes.
Spreek/spreekt
In Unit 1 we talked about ourselves and others using only the stem of the verbs:
Ik kom uit Nederland.
Wil je koffie?
In this unit you find that you cannot always use only the stem of the verb. You have to
add a -t to the end of the stem when:
Reading
Look at the form and check the meaning of words you do not know in the vocabulary
at the back of the book.
Ten things to remember
1 Words made up of more than one word are written as one word in Dutch, e.g.
projectmanager.
2 Je and jij are used to address someone informally. To address someone formally u
is used.
3 A formal way of saying thank you is Dank u. An informal way of thanking
someone is Dank je.
4 You greet people according to the time of day with goedemorgen good morning,
goedemiddag good afternoon and goedenavond good evening.
5 Vlaams is the name often used to refer to Dutch when it is spoken in the Dutch-
speaking region of Belgium. However, Vlaams is not different from Dutch and the
official name of the language in Belgium is Dutch.
6 The Dutch for no/not any is geen.
7 The opposite of geen and niet is wel.
8 When talking about a third person or addressing someone formally with u, you
use the stem of the verb with an extra -t at the end. Ingrid spreekt Nederlands.
Ingrid speaks Dutch. Spreekt u vreemde talen? Do you speak foreign languages?
9 The verb form for je/jij is stem + t. However, when je/jij follow the verb, the -t is
dropped.
10 The verbs zijn to be and hebben to have are irregular.
3
Waar woon je?
Where do you live?
In this unit you will learn
How to ask and answer questions about accommodation
How to talk about the surrounding area
How to talk about your living arrangements
Dialogues 1, 2 and 3
Bert talks to a new colleague, Anja, during their coffee break (de koffiepauze):
CD1, TR 4
Anja Waar woon je?
Bert In Amsterdam, in de Vijlmerstraat.
Anja Waar is dat?
Bert De Vijlmerstraat ligt in Amsterdam Oost.
Anja Wat voor woning heb je?
Bert Ik woon in een flat.
Anja Hoeveel kamers heb je?
Bert Ik heb een tweekamerflat, dus ik heb een woonkamer en een
slaapkamer.
Anja En een badkamer en een keuken natuurlijk.
Bert Ja. Mijn keuken is vrij groot, maar de badkamer is klein.
Anja Woon je alleen?
Bert Nee, ik woon samen met mijn vriendin.
QUICK VOCAB
Waar woon je? Where do you live?
Waar is dat? Where is that?
… ligt in Amsterdam Oost … is in East Amsterdam
Wat voor woning heb je? What type of house is it?
Ik woon in … I live in …
Hoeveel kamers heb je? How many rooms do you have?
een tweekamerflat (lit.) a two-room flat
dus so
een woonkamer a living room
een slaapkamer a bedroom
een badkamer a bathroom
een keuken a kitchen
mijn my
vrij groot quite large
klein small
Woon je alleen? Do you live on your own?
Ik woon samen met … I live (together) with …
mijn vriendin my girlfriend
Renate and Jan-Peter are sitting opposite one another in the train. They strike up a
conversation.
Jan-Peter Groen Woont u hier in Haarlem?
Renate van de Hulst Ja, maar ik woon niet in het centrum van de stad. Ik woon in
een buitenwijk.
Jan-Peter Groen In een huis?
Renate van de Hulst Ja, ik woon in een huis, samen met mijn man en twee kinderen.
Jan-Peter Groen Is het een groot huis?
Renate van de Hulst Ja, redelijk groot. Het is een eengezinswoning met vier kamers.
Er is een woonkamer met open keuken beneden en er zijn drie
slaapkamers boven.
Jan-Peter Groen Dat is niet gek.
Renate van de Hulst Nee, inderdaad. En we hebben een mooie badkamer boven en
een extra toilet beneden.
Jan-Peter Groen Is het een leuke buurt?
Renate van de Hulst Ja, het is lekker rustig. Ons huis ligt aan het water. En we zitten
ook vlakbij het strand.
Jan-Peter Groen Het klinkt ideaal!
QUICK VOCAB
hier here
het centrum van de stad the centre of (the) town
een buitenwijk a suburb
samen met (together) with
een groot huis a large house
redelijk groot reasonably large
een eengezinswoning a house for one family
er is … there is …
open keuken open kitchen
beneden downstairs
er zijn … there are …
boven upstairs
Dat is niet gek. That’s quite something.
een mooie badkamer a beautiful bathroom
een leuke buurt a nice neighbourhood
lekker rustig nice ‘n’quiet
Ons huis ligt aan het water. Our house is on the water.
We zitten ook dicht bij het strand. We are also close to the beach.
Het klinkt ideaal. It sounds ideal.
Henriëtte has invited Willem, a fellow student, to a party. She’s making sure he is
coming:
Henriëtte Dus je komt vanavond, hè?
Willem Ja, natuurlijk. Waar is het ook alweer?
Henriëtte Bij mij, in de Schoenmakerstraat.
Willem Op welk nummer woon je?
Henriëtte Op nummer 17. Schoenmakerstraat 17.
Willem Ok. Hoe laat?
Henriëtte Om acht uur. Is dat ok?
Willem Prima! Tot dan.
Henriëtte Tot vanavond!
QUICK VOCAB
Dus je komt vanavond, hè? You are coming tonight, aren’t you?
Waar is het ook alweer? Where is it again?
bij mij at my place
Op welk nummer woon je? What number do you live at?
hoe laat? what time?
om acht uur at eight o’clock
Tot dan. See you then.
Tot vanavond. See you this evening.
Exercise 1
Study the dialogues and check whether you understand all the language in them. Act
out the situations with a partner.
Woning
The word woning means the same as huis, but it is generally used when talking about
accommodation. It comes from the verb wonen, which means to live, e.g. Ik woon in
Amsterdam I live in Amsterdam. The word huis refers more to the building itself.
When the Dutch mention the size of their accommodation, they do not state the
number of bedrooms, but they count all the rooms in the house (except bathroom,
kitchen, etc.). They talk in terms of a driekamerwoning or a vierkamerwoning
(three- or four-room house).
Een leuke buurt
In the context of the dialogue, buurt means neighbourhood, so een leuke buurt
means a nice neighbourhood. Instead of buurt you can also use the word wijk for
neighbourhood. Buurt itself is also used in other contexts. In de buurt means the
same as vlakbij nearby.
Insight
Addresses work in much the same way as in English, except for one big difference:
the house number follows the street name. So you will first say or write the name of
the street and then the number:
Mijn adres is Klevertlaan 8. My address is Klevertlaan 8.
Op welk nummer woon je? What number do you live at?
Op nummer 17. At number 17.
Hè
This is a small word which you will hear a lot in Dutch. It can mean many things,
usually depending on the intonation used (note that the accent, which you won’t see a
lot in Dutch, changes the sound of the e). In the last dialogue it is used to reinforce the
question which is being asked, much as you do in English by using a tag question.
Luckily, hè is easier to use than the English tags since it never changes. Note that hè
is quite informal:
Dus je komt vanavond, hè? You are coming tonight, aren’t you?
Mooi weer, hè? Beautiful weather, isn’t it?
Jij wilt koffie, hè? You want coffee, don’t you?
Insight
In Dutch hè? often simply means what?, and is used as a reply when people don’t
understand what is being said. Of course it’s not very polite to say hè? , but you will
hear it used frequently, although much less so in Flanders than in the Netherlands.
Goodbyes
When saying goodbye to someone, you often refer to the time when you will see one
another again. In Dutch you can do this by using tot plus a time reference. In the third
dialogue there are two examples:
Tot dan. See you then (later).
Tot vanavond. See you this evening.
But, of course, you can use any time reference you like. For instance:
Tot morgen. See you tomorrow.
Tot volgende week. See you next week.
At home
To talk about being in or going to your own home, the Dutch use the expression bij
mij. It translates roughly as at my place:
Kom je bij mij? Are you coming to my place?
Talking about a party, two people might say:
Waar is het? Where is it?
Bij mij. At my place.
Exercise 2
CD1, tr 4, 02.19
Bekijk de plattegronden goed. Have a good look at the plans.
Beantwoord de vragen. Answer the questions.
example:
Wat voor woning heb je?
Woon je in een huis?
Hoeveel slaapkamers heb je?
answer: Ik heb een tweekamerwoning.
Nee, ik woon in een flat.
Ik heb een slaapkamer.
Wat voor woning heb je?
Heb je een groot huis?
add -s when a noun has got at least two syllables and finishes with -el, -en, -em, -er,
-je
add ’s when the word finishes with -a, -i, -o, -u, -y
add -en to all other nouns.
Here are some examples for you to start off with:
The Dutch word for the, with all plural words, is de:
de stoelen the chairs
de boeken the books
Liggen, zitten, staan
Even though these verbs have their specific meanings (to lie down, to sit, to stand)
they often have an idiomatic use where English would only use a form of to be. Even
so, the original meaning of the verbs is maintained in some way.
Liggen is used when you can visualize something lying down:
Het boek ligt op de tafel. The book is on the table.
De krant ligt op de grond. The newspaper is on the floor.
But liggen is also used to indicate a geographical location:
De Vijlmerstraat ligt in Amsterdam Vijlmer Street is in East Amsterdam.
Oost.
Waar ligt Voorschoten? Where is Voorschoten?
Liggen
Staan
Staan is used for objects which you can imagine as standing upright:
De koffie staat klaar. The coffee is ready.
De fiets staat in de tuin. The bike is in the garden.
Zitten is used very frequently in many different contexts, but it often refers to living
and being somewhere in a more or less settled situation. You can imagine someone
sitting him/herself down and getting settled:
Zitten
Mijn dochter zit in Amsterdam. My daughter is (lives) in Amsterdam.
Hij zit in de gevangenis. He is in prison.
Zij zit altijd thuis. She is always at home.
Ik zit hier heel leuk. I am quite comfortable here (refers to
accommodation).
Insight
To some degree you need to acquire a feeling for when to use staan or zitten, but you
would sound quite authentic when using these verbs correctly, so it’s worth the effort.
It might help you if you think about the literal meaning of these verbs as standing and
sitting.
More numbers
20 twintig 24 vierentwintig
21 eenentwintig 25 vijfentwintig
22 tweeëntwintig 26 zesentwintig
23 drieëntwintig 27 zevenentwintig
28 achtentwintig 100 honderd
29 negenentwintig 128 honderd achtentwintig
30 dertig 200 tweehonderd
40 veertig 282 tweehonderd tweeëntachtig
50 vijftig 300 driehonderd
60 zestig 465 vierhonderdvijfenzestig
70 zeventig 746 zevenhonderdzesenveertig
80 tachtig 1,000 duizend
90 negentig
Note that in the mixed numbers from 20 the last number is mentioned first as in
vierentwintig (lit. four and twenty) and that the number is written as one word.
Note also that a trema (two little dots above the letter) is used in the numbers
tweeëntwintig, drieënzestig, and so on. Check in the spelling rules why this is so.
Possessives: my, your, his/her
We’ve come across several words expressing possession in the dialogues:
mijn keuken my kitchen
mijn vriendin my girlfriend
ons huis our house
These words are called possessive pronouns. You will recognize them easily since
they all have equivalents in English. Here are all the possessive pronouns in Dutch:
You can see that, for some of the pronouns, there are stressed and unstressed forms.
The difference between these is basically the same as the difference between je and jij
explained in Unit 1. With the possessives, the stressed forms are generally used when
writing. When speaking, the unstressed forms are more commonly used – if there is
one, of course! – unless you want to emphasize who it is you are speaking about:
M’n hond en m’n kat slapen in één My dog and my cat sleep in one basket.
mand.
Het is niet jouw pc maar mijn pc! It isn’t your pc but my pc!
The forms in parentheses are not generally used in writing. They’re considered too
informal.
The two forms for our, ons and onze, mean exactly the same thing, except that ons is
used in front of het words (see earlier) and onze is used in front of de words.
het huis, so: ons huis our house
de auto, so: onze auto our car
Because all plural words take de (see earlier), they also always take onze:
onze huizen our houses
onze auto’s our cars
Insight
It is good to remember that there are twice as many de-words as het-words. So you
will use onze more often than ons, particularly since all plural words are de-words.
Exercise 5
Fill in the correct possessive pronoun.
Er is/zijn …
To describe things, the phrases er is and er zijn can be used. Er is … means there is
… and is used for singular things, i.e. when there is only one of something:
Er is een mooie badkamer. There’s a beautiful bathroom.
And er zijn …, which means there are …, is used for plurals, i.e. when there is more
than one of whatever you’re describing:
Er zijn boven vier slaapkamers. There are four bedrooms upstairs.
Exercise 6
Welk antwoord past bij de vraag? Match the questions and answers.
Exercise 7
CD1, tr 4, 05.24
Lees de volgende tekst. Read the following text.
Ik woon in Amsterdam. Ik heb een driekamerwoning. Er is een keuken, douche en
balkon. Het huis ligt vlakbij het strand.
Use the following information to construct sentences on the same pattern as those you
have just read.
QUICK VOCAB
de woonplaats the place of residence
de speciale kenmerken the special features
de dierentuin the zoo
het centrum the centre of town
comfortabel(e) comfortable
de Veluwe an area of natural beauty near Apeldoorn
Exercise 8
Look at the advertisement below and answer the questions in English:
QUICK VOCAB
de woningbouw house-building (construction)
minstens at least
de helft half
de koopwoningen the houses (that are owner-occupied)
bestemd intended for
huren to rent
geeft gives
sommige gevallen certain situations
kopen to buy
zogenaamde so-called
de paalwoning the cube-shaped house on concrete pillars
bijzonder unusual, special
Answer these questions in English:
Insight
The most common way of starting the day in the Netherlands is with een boterham a
slice of bread, plus boter butter and kaas cheese. Cheese can be jong young, belegen
mature or oud extra mature. Another popular thing to put on your boterham in the
Low Countries is hagelslag, chocolate sprinkles, which is usually made of high-
quality chocolate (dark, milk or white), but which also comes in various other
flavours.
Grammar
Pronouns
The words for I, you, she, they, etc. are called personal (subject) pronouns. We’ve
already seen most of them, but here is a complete list:
As we’ve already seen with jij and je (in Unit 1), most of the pronouns have a
stressed and an unstressed form. Generally, the unstressed forms are used, unless you
want to emphasize who you’re talking about (for instance when this isn’t entirely
clear):
Ze betaalt belasting. She pays tax.
Ik betaal belasting, maar zij niet! I pay tax but she doesn’t!
When writing you cannot use the unstressed forms in parentheses. They are
considered too informal.
Exercise 3
Complete the following sentences by providing the correct stressed pronoun.
example: (I) woon in Nijmegen.
answer: Ik woon in Nijmegen.
a (you, plural/informal) drinken te veel wijn.
b (they) willen graag naar de markt in Haarlem.
c (she) koopt sinaasappels en kersen.
d (you, singular, formal) bent aan de beurt. (it’s your turn)
e (he) zit de hele dag voor de televisie. (sit in front of the television all day)
f (you, singular, informal) hebt veel boeken. (many books)
g (I) wil graag een kopje koffie.
h (we) gaan morgen naar het strand. (beach)
It
When referring to things in Dutch – always it in English – both het and hij are used.
You use het when you’re referring to a het word:
Heb jij het boek? Do you have the book?
Ja, ik heb het. Yes, I have it.
When referring to a de word you have to use hij:
Is de bibliotheek open? Is the library open?
Ja, hij is open. Yes, it’s open.
Exercise 4
Fill in the correct pronoun. Use the stressed form only when needed.
example: Wilt ______ koffie? (you, singular, formal)
answer: Wilt u koffie?
a Ben ______ erg moe? (very tired) (you, singular, informal)
b Heeft ______ een nieuwe vriendin? (new girlfriend) (he)
c ______ gaat vaak joggen. (often goes jogging) (she)
d ______ hou van je. Hou ______ ook van mij? (I, you, singular, informal) (I love
you. Do you love me?)
e Waar komen ______ vandaan? (you, plural, informal)
f ______ kosten €5 per kilo. (they)
g ______ eruit of ______ eruit! (she’s going or I’m going) (she, I)
h Heb ______ de krant van vandaag? (today’s paper) (you, singular, informal)
Grammar
Hoeveel? How much?
When you go shopping, you’ll need to be able to say how much you want of
something. We’ve seen various ways of expressing quantities. Some are very specific,
like weights:
een gram gram
een ons = 100 gram
een pond = 500 gram
een kilo = 1,000 gram
Note the difference between a/an and one in Dutch. Both are usually written as een,
but to make absolutely clear you mean one instead of a/an, you can add two accents
to the double e:
één one
een a/an
Halves are easily expressed by adding -eneenhalf to a number (lit. and a half):
tweeëneenhalf two and a half
viereneenhalf ons 450 grams
Only one and a half doesn’t work this way:
anderhalf one and a half
A specific quantity preceded by zo’n means about or roughly that amount. You can
also use ongeveer about/roughly:
zo’n 300 gram about 300 grams
ongeveer een kilo about a kilo
You can be even more vague by using wat … some …:
Besides weights there are lots of other quantities, of course. Here are some of the
most common:
de fles bottle
de doos box
het pak carton
de zak bag
de krat crate
Exercise 5
CD1, TR 5, 02.42
Say how much you need. Look at the following shopping list and use the information
in parentheses to make up mini-dialogues, asking how much you need of everything
and also providing the answer.
example: aardbeien (een pond)
answer: Hoeveel aardbeien hebben we nodig?
We hebben een pond aardbeien nodig.
a tomaten (1,5 pond)
b citroenen (3)
c jonge kaas (4 ons)
d koffie (2 pakken)
e wijn (4 flessen)
f bier (een krat)
g chips (2 zakken)
h halfvolle melk (1 pak)
Grammar
Formal and informal
The difference between formal and informal is indicated not only by pronouns and
verb forms. There are many other ways of using language formally or informally. For
instance, by choosing formal or informal words and expressions. In the dialogues in
this unit you saw the formal alstublieft a lot because in all the situations we had
strangers talking to one another (customers and sales assistants) who would address
each other formally. However, in informal situations you would use alsjeblieft. The
same difference exists between dank u (wel) and dank je (wel).
Insight
Greetings can also differ between formal and informal situations. Goedemorgen, as
we saw in the dialogues, is more formal, whereas hoi, for instance, is informal. When
saying goodbye, tot ziens would be more formal than doei!
Modal verbs
Have a look at the following two short sentences from the dialogues:
Wie mag ik helpen? Who may/can I help?
Hoe kan ik u helpen? How can I help you?
You can see that there are two verbs in each of these sentences. Mag / helpen in the
first sentence and kan / helpen in the second. The two first verbs, mag from mogen
and kan from kunnen belong to a group of verbs called modal verbs, which are
usually combined with another verb. This second verb is put at the very end of the
sentence and is always the infinitive form of the verb, helpen in the examples. In
other words, it’s only the form of the modal verb which changes. Just look at these
examples.
Kunt u me helpen? Can you help me?
Mogen we hier zwemmen? May we (are we allowed to) swim here?
Ik kan niet zwemmen. I can’t swim.
You can imagine how useful it is to be able to use these verbs because in combination
with the other verbs you already know, you’ll be able to say a lot more. Here are the
most often used modal verbs with all their forms:
(* Wilt and kunt are more formal than wil and kan.)
Insight
If the infinitive used in combination with the modal verb is hebben or gaan, it is
usually left out:
Wij willen een biertje (hebben). We want (to have) a beer.
Ik moet naar het station (gaan). I have to go to the railway station.
Exercise 6
CD1, TR 5, 04.29
Fill in the correct form of the modal verb.
example: Maria ______ morgen werken. (moeten)
answer: Maria moet morgen werken.
a Ik ______ in het weekend in het bos wandelen. (walk in the forest) (willen)
b ______ je hier roken? (Are you allowed to smoke here?) (mogen)
c Hij ______ erg goed zingen. (sing really well) (kunnen)
d ______ jullie dat formulier ook invullen? (fill in that form)(moeten)
e Ik ______ morgen niet komen. (kunnen)
f ______ je iets meer of iets minder? (willen)
g We ______ nu de afwas doen. Of later. (kunnen) (We can do the dishes now. Or
later.)
h Jij ______ eerst je werk afmaken. (finish your work) (moeten)
Exercise 7
CD1, TR 5, 05.31
Give a positive answer to the following questions.
example: Kun je zwemmen? Can you swim?
answer: Ja, ik kan zwemmen.
a Mag je van je baas thuis werken? Does your boss allow you to work at home?
b Moet je vaak de afwas doen? Do you have to do the dishes a lot?
c Kan ik vanmiddag op visite komen? Can I come and visit (drop by) this afternoon?
d Willen jullie melk in je koffie? Would you like milk in your coffee?
e Mogen we hier roken? Are we allowed to smoke here?
f Wil je het huis ook echt kopen? Do you really want to buy the house?
g Kan je de computer zelf repareren? Can you repair the computer yourself?
h Moet ik het programma voor je opnemen? Do I have to record the programme for
you?
Ten things to remember
1 Boodschappen doen refers only to doing the grocery shopping, not shopping for
luxury goods, which is called winkelen.
2 The easiest way of asking for something is by using alstublieft or graag. Een kilo
appels, graag. A kilo of apples, please. Een pond kaas, alstublieft. A pound of
cheese, please.
3 Most pronouns have an unstressed form (like ’k for ik). Generally the unstressed
forms are used, unless you want to emphasize who you’re talking about.
4 When referring to things in Dutch, using it in English, both het and hij are used.
Het refers to het words, hij refers to de words.
5 A/an and one are both usually written as een. To make clear that you mean one
instead of a/an, you can add accents to the double e: één.
6 To give a rough estimate of a quantity, you can use wat …. Ik wil wat garnalen. I
want some shrimps.
7 There are formal and informal greetings. Goedemorgen is more formal, for
instance, whereas hoi is informal. Tot ziens is a more formal way of saying
goodbye, and doei is informal.
8 Modal verbs are usually combined with another verb, which is put at the very end
of the sentence in its infinitive form.
9 The modal verbs in Dutch are willen want, kunnen can/be able to, mogen may/be
allowed, moeten must/have to.
10 The verbs hebben and gaan are usually left out when combined with a modal
verb. Wij willen een biertje (hebben). We want (to have) a beer.
5
Weet u de weg?
Do you know the way?
In this unit you will learn
How to ask for and give directions
How to ask for information
Dialogues 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Op het plein In the square
Michiel is on his lunch break from work. He’s sitting reading a newspaper on a bench
in a busy square. A woman passer-by approaches him:
CD1, TR 6
Passer-by 1 Pardon, meneer. Ik zoek het NS-station.
Michiel U moet hier links. Dan loopt u rechtdoor. Het station ziet u aan
de linkerkant.
Passer-by 1 Dank u wel.
QUICK VOCAB
NS-station railway station
Ik zoek … I’m looking for …
U moet hier links. Go left here.
dan loopt u rechtdoor then walk straight ahead
aan de linkerkant on the left (side)
Michiel continues reading his newspaper, but then a man walks up to him.
Passer-by 2 Pardon, mag ik u iets vragen?
Michiel Ja, natuurlijk.
Passer-by 2 Weet u de weg naar het ziekenhuis?
Michiel Ja, hoor. U gaat hier rechtsaf en u loopt tot de stoplichten. Bij
de stoplichten moet u linksaf. Het ziekenhuis is dan de derde
straat rechts.
Passer-by 2 Vriendelijk bedankt.
QUICK VOCAB
Mag ik u iets vragen? May I ask you something?
Weet u de weg naar Do you know the way to
het ziekenhuis? the hospital?
u gaat hier linksaf turn left here
tot de stoplichten up to the traffic lights
bij de stoplichten at the traffic lights
de derde straat rechts the third street on the right
Vriendelijk bedankt. Thank you very much.
A few moments later, a car stops in front of Michiel and a young woman leans out of
the window.
Passer-by 3 Hoi, ben je hier bekend?
Michiel Jawel.
Passer-by 3 O, gelukkig. Ik wil parkeren maar ik kan geen plek vinden. Is er
hier een parkeergarage?
Michiel Ja, ik geloof het wel.
Passer-by 3 Weet je waar?
Michiel Nou, zie je die kerk daar voorbij de stoplichten?
Passer-by 3 Ja.
Michiel Je moet voorbij die kerk en dan is het ergens aan de linkerkant.
Het is de derde of de vierde straat, geloof ik. Ik weet niet
precies waar.
Passer-by 3 Dat geeft niet. Ik weet genoeg. Dank je!
Michiel Geen dank.
Passer-by 3 Hoi!
QUICK VOCAB
Ben je hier bekend? Do you know the area?
jawel yes, I do
o, gelukkig oh, good
Ik wil parkeren. I want to park (my car).
Ik kan geen plek vinden. I can’t find a space.
Is er hier een parkeergarage? Is there a car park here?
Ja, ik geloof het wel. Yes, I think so.
Weet je waar? Do you know where?
Zie je die kerk daar? Can you see that church there?
voorbij de stoplichten past the traffic lights
dan is het ergens aan de then it’s somewhere on
de derde of de vierde straat the third or fourth street
ik weet niet precies waar I don’t know where exactly
Dat geeft niet. That doesn’t matter.
Ik weet genoeg. I know enough (have enough information).
Just as Michiel is about to have a sandwich, two women – clearly in a hurry – come
up to him:
Passer-by 4 Meneer?
Michiel Ja, mevrouw?
Passer-by 5 Waar is de Kastanjelaan?
Passer-by 4 Ja, we kunnen de Kastanjelaan niet vinden. Weet u waar die is?
Michiel Eh, ja. Maar het is best ver. U kunt hier beter op de bus stappen.
Passer-by 5 Op de bus?
Michiel Ja, lijn 23.
Passer-by 4 Is het zo ver dan?
Michiel Nog wel zo’n half uur lopen.
Passer-by 5 Dat is te ver, Sjaan, dan maar met de bus.
Passer-by 4 Goed dan. Bedankt hoor.
Michiel Graag gedaan.
QV
We kunnen … niet vinden. We can’t find …
Weet u waar die is? Do you know where it is?
Het is best ver. It’s quite a long way.
op de bus stappen get on a bus
lijn 23 bus 23 (lit. line 23)
Is het zo ver dan? Is it far then?
Nog wel zo’n half uur lopen. It’s about a half hour walk.
Dat is te ver. That’s too far.
Dan maar met de bus. Then we’ll go by bus.
goed dan ok then
Michiel is starting his sandwich again. Once more someone approaches.
Passer-by 6 Pardon, meneer. Bent u hier bekend?
Michiel Nee, het spijt me. Ik ben hier helemaal niet bekend.
Passer-by 6 O, nou, bedankt.
QV
Ik ben hier helemaal niet bekend. I don’t know the area at all.
O, nou, bedankt. Oh, well, thanks.
Exercise 1
Before you go any further, read through the different situations again and make sure
you know what’s being said. Act the situations out, preferably with a partner.
How to …
Ask for directions
Asking for directions (and understanding the directions you’re given!) is a
surprisingly difficult task. It takes a lot of practice before you’ll feel confident. It’s
usually best to start with the simplest and most straightforward language:
Ik zoek … I’m looking for …
Waar is …? Where is …?
These two simple phrases will get you a long way. Don’t forget to try and be as polite
as possible, of course. But even that’s not difficult, simply say pardon, meneer or
pardon, mevrouw excuse me sir/madam.
If you want to use a little more language, you could first ask permission to ask a
question:
Pardon, mag ik u iets vragen? Excuse me, may I ask you something?
Or you can ask first whether someone knows the area:
Bent u hier bekend? Do you know the area?
To ask for actual directions you could use more elaborate language:
Weet u de weg naar het ziekenhuis? Do you know the way to the hospital?
Weet u waar het ziekenhuis is? Do you know where the hospital is?
voor in front of
achter behind
ergens somewhere
het zebrapad zebra crossing
het stoplicht traffic light
de rotonde roundabout
de afslag turning/exit (on motorways)
Note that even though most of the directions are given in a more formal way (because
it’s usually strangers speaking), you can, of course, be more informal as well, like the
woman who drives up to Michiel in a car in the third dialogue. She is probably being
informal because both she and Michiel are of the same generation and relatively
young, so being informal would be accepted.
So, for instance, she greets him with the informal hoi and instead of Bent u hier
bekend? she asks him Ben je hier bekend?
Insight
When asking for directions, you will often get a very complicated answer. Don’t be
frustrated if you don’t understand everything that is being said. Simply concentrate on
the most important directions, which will normally be the words and phrases listed
above.
Exercise 2
CD1, TR 6, 02.30
Use the information given to ask for directions in an appropriate manner.
example: You approach an elderly lady in the street. You’re looking for the post
office. (het postkantoor)
answer: Pardon, mevrouw. Ik zoek het postkantoor.
NB Of course this answer and the answers in the key are just examples. Try out as
many different ways as possible.
a You’re in a railway station looking for a toilet. You approach a (male) member of
staff.
b You’re asking a lady where the post office is.
c Ask a teenager whether there’s a car park in the area.
d You ask a man whether he knows the way to De Langestraat.
e Ask a lady whether she knows the area. Say that you’re looking for a bank (een
bank).
f Ask a traffic warden where the hospital is.
Insight
We have already seen hoi! as a way of greeting people, but in the dialogues in this
unit you can see that hoi! can also be used to say goodbye. This is a relatively new
thing, and is used mostly by young people in very informal situations.
Hoor
Hoor is used in different contexts and can be difficult to translate (and for that reason
is often not translated at all!), but often it is used simply to reassure the listener, as in:
ja, hoor yes (certainly)
bedankt, hoor thanks (very much)
Grammar
Moeten
In the previous unit we looked at modal verbs: verbs which are used in combination
with other verbs. It was briefly mentioned there that, when the verb in combination
with the modal verb is either hebben or gaan, this verb is usually left out. You come
across this quite a bit when asking for or giving directions. Moeten is used a lot when
giving directions and frequently you will see moeten on its own because the second
verb gaan is left out:
U moet hier rechtdoor (gaan). (You have to) go straight on here.
Je moet voorbij die kerk (gaan). (You have to) go past that church.
The same happens with the other modal verbs when used in combination with gaan
and hebben.
Ik wil een auto (hebben). I want (to have) a car.
We kunnen naar Brussel (gaan). We can go to Brussels.
Jullie mogen niet uit (gaan). You aren’t allowed (to go) out.
Exercise 3
Translate the following sentences into Dutch.
example: You have to go to London tomorrow. (singular/informal)
answer: Je moet morgen naar Londen.
a Go left at the traffic lights.
b We want to have a dvd-player. (dvd-speler)
c She can’t go to the party. (het feest)
d Do you want (to have) a dog?
e The report (het rapport) has to go to head office (het hoofdkantoor) tomorrow.
f May I have another biscuit? (nog een koekje)
g They want to go home early. (vroeg naar huis)
h Remco and I have to go to Antwerp. (Antwerpen)
Grammar
Linking sentences: en and maar
You have probably noticed that the sentences being used in the dialogues are getting
longer. What’s happening is that we have started linking sentences together to make
longer ones. This is done very easily in Dutch. You simply take two sentences, for
instance:
U gaat hier rechtsaf. Turn right here.
U loopt tot de stoplichten. Walk up to the traffic lights.
and link them with the word en and: U gaat hier rechtsaf en u loopt tot de
stoplichten.
The same can be done using maar but:
Ik wil parkeren. I want to park (my car).
Ik kan geen plek vinden. I can’t find a space.
Ik wil parkeren maar ik kan geen plek vinden.
Words like en and maar are called co-ordinating conjunctions. Here’s a list of the
most common co-ordinating conjunctions in Dutch and the way in which they are
used:
1 het postkantoor
2 de bank
3 het museum
4 het park
5 het hotel
6 de kerk church
7 de markt market
8 het restaurant
9 het politiebureau police station
10 het ziekenhuis
11 de supermarkt
12 de bioscoop
13 het station
14 het café
15 het VVV Dutch tourist office
16 de dokter
17 de school
18 het zwembad swimming pool
19 de schoenwinkel shoe shop
20 het stadhuis town hall
a U moet rechtdoor voorbij het zebrapad tot de stoplichten. Bij de stoplichten gaat u
rechtsaf. Het is rechtdoor aan het einde van de straat. (at the end of the street)
b Je moet hier rechtdoor en dan linksaf. Dan weer rechtdoor, en het is voorbij de
stoplichten aan de rechterkant.
c U moet hier rechtsaf en dan direct linksaf. Het is aan de linkerkant.
d Je gaat hier direct linksaf en dan rechtdoor. Bij de stoplichten moet je rechtsaf tot
de rotonde. Bij de rotonde neem je de tweede straat rechts. Het is aan de rechterkant.
Exercise 10
Now use the map and the various places indicated to practise giving directions. Try
and make up various dialogues, so start by asking for directions in different situations
(formal and informal) and in different ways and then provide the answers yourself.
Ten things to remember
1 You can simply ask for directions with the structures Ik zoek … I’m looking for ….
and Waar is … ? Where is … ?
2 Hoi is normally a way of greeting people, but it can also be used to say goodbye.
This is usually done by young people and is relatively new.
3 Hoor is difficult to translate, but often it is used simply to reassure the listener. Ja,
hoor. Yes, certainly. Bedankt, hoor. Thanks very much.
4 Moeten is used a lot when giving directions. Often moeten is used on its own,
because the second verb gaan to go is left out: U moet hier rechtdoor (gaan). You
have to go straight on here.
5 Co-ordinating conjunctions link main clauses. Those used most often are en and,
maar but, of or, want because, dus so/thus.
6 The most important rule as far as placement of the verb goes (if there is only one
verb in a sentence), is that the verb takes up the second position in the sentence.
7 The first item in the sentence, preceding the verb, can consist of one word or a
group of words.
8 Often you start a sentence with the subject. If you start with another word or phrase
the verb still has to come second, so the subject moves further back, after the verb.
9 If there is more than one verb in a sentence, the main or finite verb takes the second
position, and the other verb(s) are moved to the end of the sentence.
10 If a question doesn’t start with a question word, the finite verb becomes the first
item in the sentence.
6
Leuke schoenen!
Nice shoes!
In this unit you will learn
How to describe things
How to talk about colours
How to talk about clothes
How to say whether you like something or not
Dialogues 1, 2 and 3
Petra and Alex are on holiday in the Netherlands. As they get ready to head off into
town, Petra decides what she wants to do that day:
CD1, TR 7
Petra Alex, ik heb een paar nieuwe schoenen nodig.
Alex Alweer? Je hebt toch schoenen?
Petra Jij snapt dat niet. Die passen toch niet bij deze broek.
Alex Waarom niet?
Petra Dat zie je toch zo? Trouwens, ik wil ook een paar comfortabele
schoenen. We lopen zoveel. Ik wil een paar leuke
sportschoenen. Kom op, we gaan winkelen.
Alex O, nou. Oké dan.
QV
een paar nieuwe schoenen a pair of new shoes
alweer? again?
Je hebt toch schoenen? You have shoes, don’t you?
Jij snapt dat niet. You don’t understand.
Die passen toch niet bij deze broek. They don’t go with these trousers.
Dat zie je toch zo? Can’t you see? ( lit. you can see that easily, can’t you?)
trouwens anyway
We lopen zoveel. We walk such a lot.
leuke nice
kom op come along
We gaan winkelen. We’re going shopping.
In de winkelstraat:
Petra Kijk, daar in die etalage. Daar hebben ze leuke schoenen.
Alex Hmm. Wel duur.
Petra Ik ga naar binnen.
Winkelbediende Dag. Kan ik u helpen?
Petra Ja, er staat een paar witte sportschoenen in de etalage. Kan ik
die even passen?
Winkelbediende Natuurlijk. Welke bedoelt u?
Petra Die witte met rode strepen. Daar vooraan.
Winkelbediende Ik zie ze. Welke maat heeft u?
Petra Maat 36.
Winkelbediende Ik ga ze even halen. Een ogenblik.
QUICK VOCAB
kijk look
daar in die etalage there in the shop window
wel duur expensive though
Ik ga naar binnen. I’m going in.
Kan ik die even passen? Can I try those on?
Welke bedoelt u? Which ones do you mean?
die witte those white ones
met rode strepen with red stripes
daar vooraan there at the front
Welke maat? What size?
Ik ga ze even halen. I’m going to get them.
een ogenblik one moment
Even later A little later:
Petra Hoe vind je deze schoenen?
Alex Nou, ik vind ze eigenlijk niet zo mooi. Ik hou niet van die rode
strepen.
Petra Ze zitten wel goed. Misschien zijn die donkerblauwe toch
leuker. Die hebben witte strepen.
Winkelbediende Ze zijn er ook nog in het grijs met zwarte strepen.
Petra O nee, ik hou helemaal niet van zwart en grijs. Dat is veel te
somber. Nee, ik neem deze blauwe, denk ik. Vind je deze wel
mooi, Alex?
Alex Ja, die blauwe zijn mooier.
Petra En ze staan net zo goed bij deze broek. Goed, ik neem ze.
Winkelbediende Prima, ik zal ze voor u in een tas doen. Loopt u even mee naar
de kassa?
QUICK VOCAB
Hoe vind je …? What do you think of …?
Ik vind ze eigenlijk niet zo mooi. I don’t like them that much really.
Ik hou niet van … I don’t like …
Ze zitten wel goed. They do fit well.
… toch leuker … nicer after all
ook nog also
grijs grey
zwart black
veel te somber much too sombre
Ik neem … I’ll have …
Ze staan net zo goed bij deze broek. They go just as well with these trousers.
Ik zal ze voor u in een tas doen. I’ll put them in a bag for you.
Loopt u even mee? Will you follow me? (lit. will you walk with me?)
naar de kassa to the till
Exercise 1
As usual, go through the dialogues making sure you understand them thoroughly. Try
to act them out with a partner.
Winkelen
In Unit 4 we had a look at boodschappen doen grocery shopping. In this unit we are
dealing with a different kind of shopping: winkelen. Winkelen includes everything
that isn’t included in the groceries, so everything from clothes to things for the home
and books. A shop is a winkel in Dutch, although sometimes, usually in combination
with other words, zaak or handel are used as well. Here are some different types of
shop:
de boekwinkel/boekhandel bookshop
de kledingzaak clothes shop
het warenhuis department store
de drogisterij chemist’s
de schoenwinkel shoe shop
de sportwinkel sports shop
Kleren Clothes
You will generally look for clothes in a kledingzaak although boutique and other
names are used as well. Here is a list of items you can wear (with both singular and
plural forms), including things like glasses and earrings. For all these you use the verb
dragen in Dutch:
Insight
Note that some words, for example broek and bril, are singular in Dutch, where they
are plural in English. They can, therefore, be used with singular verb forms in Dutch:
Mijn broek is te lang. My trousers are too long.
Je nieuwe bril is mooi. Your new glasses are beautiful.
De maten Sizes
Measurements are different from those used in Britain and because Dutch people are
on average a little larger than British people, small sizes are not easy to obtain.
Vrouwen
Mannen
Herenconfectie maten (men’s fashion sizes)
Toch
Toch is another one of those little words that can be used in different situations and
which is difficult to translate. In the dialogues we saw it in two different contexts. In
the first it is used like an English tag question, to check that certain information is
correct. Often this also conveys some irritation on the part of the speaker (particularly
in the second example).
Je hebt toch schoenen? You have shoes, don’t you?
Die passen toch niet bij deze broek. Those don’t go with these trousers, do they?
In the second context, toch means after all:
Misschien zijn die blauwe toch leuker. Perhaps those blue ones are nicer after all.
Grammar
Houden van
The Dutch often use the expression houden van to like/love to convey their likes and
dislikes.
Ik hou van rood. I like red.
Hij houdt niet van rood. He doesnt like red.
The verb houden is regular, except that the stem of the verb, which should be houd,
is usually written (and certainly pronounced) as hou:
Ik hou van jou. I love you.
The same goes when je/jij appear behind the verb and the -t is dropped: instead of
houd, you’d usually write hou.
Another verb which can be used to express likes and dislikes is vinden which literally
means to find, but is often better translated as think:
Wat vind jij? What do you think?
Vindt hij het huis mooi? Does he like the house?
houden van to like / love vinden to find (think)
ik hou van vind
jij houdt van (but: hou jij van …?) vindt (but: vind jij?)
u houdt van vindt
hij/zij/het houdt van vindt
wij houden van vinden
jullie houden van vinden
u houdt van vindt
zij houden van vinden
Exercise 2
CD1, TR 7, 02.09
Using the information given, use the correct form of houden van to ask whether the
following people like various things.
example: Robert / moderne kunst (modern art)
answer: Houdt Robert van moderne kunst?
a Milva / politiek (politics)
b Esther en Fred / klassieke muziek (classical music)
c Marius / kranten lezen (reading newspapers)
d Bill en Nancy / zwemmen (swimming)
e Frédérique en haar kinderen / schoonmaken (cleaning)
f jij / literatuur (literature)
Exercise 3
CD1, TR 7, 02.57
Now give a positive and a negative answer to the questions you’ve come up with in
Exercise 2.
example: Houdt Robert van moderne kunst?
answer: positive: Ja, Robert houdt van moderne kunst.
negative: Nee, Robert houdt niet van moderne kunst.
Exercise 4
CD1, TR 7, 04.00
Use the information given to ask what people think. Use the correct form of vinden.
example: Monique / Italiaans eten (Italian food) / lekker (nice)
answer: Vindt Monique Italiaans eten lekker?
a Johan / Indonesisch eten / lekker
b Julie en Micha / fietsen (cycling) / leuk (fun)
c jullie / soaps op de TV / saai (boring)
d Michaels zus (Michael’s sister) / fotografie (photography) / interessant (interesting)
e jij / sporten (playing sports) / leuk
f je ouders (your parents) / de schilderijen van Rembrandt (Rembrandt’s paintings) /
mooi
Grammar
Deze/die + dit/dat
You will have noticed the use of these four words in the dialogues at the beginning of
this unit. Deze/die and dit/dat are the Dutch words for this/that. Deze this and die
that are used with de words. Dit this and dat that are used with het words:
de auto the car deze auto this car die auto that car
het huis the house dit huis this house dat huis that house
Because all plurals are de words, you always use deze these and die those with them:
de auto’s the cars deze auto’s these cars die auto’s those cars
de huizen the houses deze huizen these houses die huizen those houses
You usually use deze/die/dit/dat, or demonstratives as they’re called, directly in front
of nouns:
Is dit boek van jou of dat boek? Is this book yours or that book?
But when it is clear what you are talking about you can also leave the noun out and
use the demonstratives on their own. In English, you’d often add one:
Is dit boek van jou of dat? Is this book yours or that one?
Wil je deze film zien of die? Do you want to see this film or that one?
Exercise 5
Fill in deze, die, dit or dat. There are usually two possibilities.
a Hoe heet ______ hond? (dog)
b Waar komt ______ geld vandaan?
c Hoe heet ______ James Bond film?
d Zijn ______ sleutels van jou? (Are these/those keys yours?)
e Ik vind ______ koffie niet om te drinken! (really horrible)
f ______ horloge (watch) is heel oud.
g ______ boek kost €6 en ______ boek kost €12.
h Mijn broer vindt ______ kamer niet groot genoeg. (My brother thinks this/that
room isn’t big enough.)
Grammar
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe characteristics of objects, people and ideas. There
are various examples in the dialogues: nieuw new, leuk nice/fun, wit white, somber
sombre, mooi beautiful, etc.
Normally, the standard form of adjectives is used, as in the few examples you’ve just
seen and as they’re listed in the dictionary. However, when used in front of nouns –
and this happens a lot – an -e needs to be added to the adjective:
Het boek is mooi. The book is beautiful.
(no -e because the adjective comes after the noun)
But: Het mooie boek. The beautiful book.
(an -e is added because the adjective is in front of the noun)
There is one exception to this rule: no -e is added to the adjective in front of an
indefinite het word. This means that if the noun you’re talking about is a het word
and is used with een or no article at all, then the adjective does not get an -e.
Het interessante boek. The interesting book.
Een interessant boek. An interesting book.
Insight
When adding an -e to adjectives, you may have to alter the spelling, following the
spelling rules explained at the beginning of this book. Wit white becomes witte for
instance and leeg empty becomes lege:
een wit overhemd a white shirt
het witte overhemd the white shirt
een leeg glas an empty glass
het lege glas the empty glass
Here are some useful pairs of adjectives:
groot large klein small
dik fat dun thin
mooi beautiful lelijk ugly
duur expensive goedkoop cheap
interessant interesting saai boring
snel fast langzaam slow
hoog high laag low
warm warm koud cold
goed good slecht bad
oud old nieuw new
licht light donker dark
And here are some colours, which can also function as adjectives:
zwart black wit white
rood red blauw blue
groen green geel yellow
bruin brown grijs grey (becomes grijze)
roze pink oranje orange
Materials when used as adjectives usually get an -en ending which never changes:
goud gold becomes gouden een gouden ring a gold ring
zilver silver becomes zilveren een zilveren oorbel a silver earring
hout wood becomes houten een houten tafel a wooden table
However, plastic keeps its English spelling: een plastic tasje a plastic bag.
Note that welk which also functions as an adjective.
Welk boek? Which book?
Welke film? Which film?
Exercise 6
CD1, TR 7, 04.50
Describe what the following people are wearing. Make sure you add an -e to the
adjectives when needed.
example: Jenny: blue blouse, grey trousers, black shoes
answer: Jenny draagt een blauwe blouse, een grijze broek en zwarte schoenen.
a Felipe: blue trousers, white shirt, green tie
b Marja: red dress, gold earrings, black glasses
c Chris: dark suit, light tie, gold watch
d Jurgen: black t-shirt, yellow shorts, white socks
e Jennifer: green skirt, pink blouse, yellow glasses
f Karin: brown trousers, black shoes, silver ring
g Joop: grey trousers, blue shirt, orange tie
h Miranda: white dress, pink shoes, plastic earrings
Exercise 7
Now describe in as much detail as possible what you are wearing. You may want to
look up new words in a dictionary.
Grammar
Big, bigger, biggest
Comparatives (words like bigger) and superlatives (words like biggest) are used to
compare objects, people and ideas or to indicate that they surpass all others:
Ik ben groter dan jij! I’m bigger than you!
Mijn auto is sneller dan jouw auto. My car’s faster than your car.
Maar zijn auto is het snelst. But his car is the fastest.
In Dutch these forms are easily made. You add -er to adjectives to make
comparatives, and -st to make superlatives. With superlatives you always use het:
adjective comparative (add -er) superlative (add -st)
mooi beautiful mooier more beautiful het mooist most beautiful
vreemd strange vreemder stranger het vreemdst strangest
When the adjective ends in an -r, then you add -der instead of -er for comparatives:
duur expensive duurder more expensive het duurst most expensive
The rules for adding an -e to adjectives also apply to comparatives and superlatives.
Ik wil een groter huis. I want a bigger house.
Ik wil een grotere auto. I want a bigger car.
de mooiste hond ter wereld the most beautiful dog in the world
As usual, there are also some irregular forms. Here are the most common ones.
Insight
With comparisons, strictly speaking, the word dan should be used. However, more
and more Dutch speakers are using als instead. However, particularly in more formal
situations, this can be seen as a very bad grammatical mistake. Mijn hond is liever
als jouw hond (my dog is nicer than your dog).
Quick and quickly
In English, you can make an adjective into an adverb by adding -ly to an adjective. In
Dutch, this is not necessary because adverbs have the same form as adjectives:
Het is slecht weer. It’s bad weather.
slecht = adjective
Het team speelt slecht. The team play badly.
slecht = adverb
An adverb which is used a lot in Dutch, but which is difficult to translate into English,
is graag. Graag expresses the fact that you like doing something:
Ik zwem graag. I like (to go) swimming.
Ik loop graag op het strand. I like (to go) walking on the beach.
Graag has irregular forms for the comparative and superlative: liever (when you
prefer something) and het liefst (when you most like doing something):
Ik drink graag koffie. I like (drinking) coffee.
Hij drinkt liever thee. He prefers (drinking) tea.
Zij drinkt het liefst wijn. Most of all, she likes (to drink) wine.
Exercise 8
CD1, TR 7, 06.22
Pretend you are shopping with a Dutch-speaking friend. Ask him or her which of the
following items/things s/he wants to buy. Use dit/dat, deze/die in your questions.
example: de auto: blauw/zwart
answer: Wil je deze blauwe auto kopen of die zwarte (auto)?
a het boek: dun/dik
b de poster: goedkoop/duur
c de bank (sofa): groot/klein
d het horloge: goud/zilver
e de tafel: hoog/laag
f de computer: snel/langzaam
g de gordijnen (curtains): groen/blauw
h het schilderij (painting): modern/klassiek
Grammar
Talking about the future
Talking about the future in Dutch is very easy: you usually just use a form of the
present tense. However, you can also use gaan to go, which operates like a modal
verb in these cases, i.e. you combine it with an infinitive at the end of the sentence.
This structure looks a lot like English:
Ik ga een CD kopen. I’m going to buy a CD.
We gaan het huis roze schilderen. We’re going to paint the house pink.
Zullen shall/will is used in combination with an infinitive to make the proper future
tense, but this is used much less often than the present tense or gaan + infinitive to
talk about the future. Zullen is only used when making a promise or giving a
guarantee.
Ik zal het niet vergeten. I won’t forget.
Hij zal het voor u doen. He will do it for you.
Here are the forms of the verb zullen:
ik zal wij zullen
jij zal jullie zullen
u zal u zal
hij/zij zal zij zullen
Exercise 9
Look at Jasper’s diary and write down what he’s going to do next week. Use gaan +
infinitive.
example: maandag
answer: Ik ga maandag zwemmen.
The bottom half of the Dutch clock is more tricky. In English, we express the half
hour by saying it is half past the hour, e.g. it is half past seven. In Dutch you look
forward to the next hour: so 7.30 is half acht.
6.20 tien voor half zeven
lit. ten to half before seven
6.25 vijf voor half zeven
lit. five to half before seven
Plural
wij willen we want
jullie willen you want (informal)
u wilt (wil) you want (formal)
zij willen they want
Ik wil bellen. I want to phone.
Wil jij een appel? Do you want an apple?
Zij willen wat drinken. They want to drink something.
As you saw in Unit 4 modal verbs are used very frequently and are often used in
conjunction with another verb, which then appears in its full form (the infinitive) at
the end of the sentence:
Ik wil bloemen kopen. I want to buy flowers.
Ik ga bellen. I’m going to phone.
Wij willen wat drinken. We want something to drink.
Zij gaan boodschappen doen. They are going to do the shopping.
There is also a group of verbs that can be used together with an infinitive (the full
verb), but in these cases te will have to be inserted before the infinitive. Some of these
verbs are:
hoeven have to
proberen try
vergeten forget
staan (often translated as) to be
zitten (often translated as) to be
beginnen start
beloven promise
U hoeft niet lang te wachten. You don’t have to wait long.
Ik probeer te komen. I am trying to come.
Wij vergeten boodschappen te doen. We forget to do the shopping.
Hij staat te wachten. He is (stands) waiting.
Ik zit te lezen. I am reading.
De trein begint te rijden. The train starts to move.
Ik beloof te komen. I promise to come.
Ik durf niet te kijken. I don’t dare to look.
Ik weiger dat te geloven. I refuse to believe that.
Look at the ‘wheel’ diagram. On the left-hand side of the wheel are the key verbs that
can be used in conjunction with an infinitive. On the right are several end parts of
sentences always ending in the infinitive. But only the shadowed segments of the left
wheel tally with the shadowed segments of the right. Similarly, the sections with a
white background on the left side of the wheel can be linked to the white right-hand
sections. Within these similarly coloured parts of the wheel, you can make up several
sentences.
Insight
Hoeven is normally used when you do not have to do something:
U hoeft niet lang te wachten. You don’t have to wait long.
U hoeft niet te komen. You don’t have to come.
Moeten is normally used when you do have to do something.
U moet lang wachten. You have to wait a long time.
U moet komen. You have to come.
Exercise 5
Fill the gaps with te or leave blank, as appropriate.
Exercise 7
CD1, TR 8, 05.45
Here are some of the most common pictograms used as signs in the Netherlands, with
their meanings in Dutch:
Note that different prepositions are used for different words (aan, op, bij, in, and so
on):
Bij een krantenkiosk kun je kranten en At a newspaper stall you can buy
tijdschriften kopen. newspapers and magazines.
In een fietsenstalling kun je fietsen At a bicycle shed you can ‘park’ your
stallen. bike.
In een telefooncel kun je bellen. In a telephone box you can phone.
Bij een bushalte kun je de bus nemen. At the bus stop you can take a bus.
In de restauratie kun je iets eten en In the buffet you can have something to
drinken. eat and drink.
Op het wisselkantoor kun je geld At the bureau de change you can change
wisselen. money.
Insight
Restauratie is the word used for a buffet at a railway station. In any other situation,
the word restaurant would be used.
Now look at the pictograms again and ask where each of them is. Phrase each of the
questions in two ways following the example:
Waar is de fietsenstalling?
Waar kan ik mijn fiets stallen?
de uitgang
de ingang
Exercise 8
CD1, TR 8, 06.56
If you have the recording, listen to the announcements (or read the following bullet
list) made about departures of trains. For each of the three announcements write
down:
The following is a transcript of what you will hear on the recording; make sure you
listen to it first without reading the transcript:
De sneltrein richting Den Haag vertrekt om 19.45 van spoor 7A; herhaling: de
sneltrein richting Den Haag vertrekt om 19.45 van spoor 7A.
De stoptrein richting Eindhoven vertrekt om 12.15 van spoor 2B; herhaling: de
stoptrein richting Eindhoven vertrekt om 12.15 van spoor 2B.
De intercity richting Arnhem vertrekt om 13.52 van spoor 5; herhaling: de intercity
richting Arnhem vertrekt om 13.52 van spoor 5.
Ten things to remember
1 A train arrives at a spoor, but the platform where the passengers wait for the train is
called perron.
2 Even can have several meanings. Often it means just.
3 The Dutch clock is divided into a top half, which centres around the full hour, and a
bottom half, which centres around the half hour.
4 The top part of the clock works the same as in English: Het is drie uur – It’s three
o’clock. Het is vijf over een – It’s five past one. Het is tien over vijf – It’s ten past
five. Het is kwart voor twee – It’s a quarter to two.
5 The bottom part of the clock refers to the half hour: Het is half acht – It’s half past
seven. Het is tien voor half acht – It’s twenty past seven. Het is vijf over half
negen – It’s twenty-five to nine.
6 Usually the 12-hour clock is used. It may be necessary to indicate what time of day
you are talking about: ’s nachts at night, ’s morgens/’s ochtends in the morning, ’s
middags in the afternoon, ’s avonds in the evening.
7 Modal verbs are used with an infinitive at the end of the sentence.
8 Another group of verbs is also used with an infinitive at the end of the sentence, but
in this case te is placed before the infinitive: U hoeft niet lang te wachten. You don’t
have to wait long.
9 Examples of these verbs are: hoeven to have to, proberen to try, vergeten to
forget, staan to stand/to be, zitten to sit/to be, beginnen to start.
10 Hoeven is normally only used when you do not have to do something.
8
Heeft u een leuke vakantie gehad?
Did you have a nice holiday?
In this unit you will learn
How to talk about events in the past
How to describe places
How to talk about the weather
Dialogue
Helen and Anne, two good friends, are visiting Amsterdam for the weekend.
In het hotel:
CD1, TR 9
Anne We willen graag een tweepersoonskamer reserveren.
Hotelmanager Hoe lang wilt u blijven?
Anne Twee nachten.
Hotelmanager Dat kan. Een tweepersoonskamer met douche en inclusief
ontbijt kost €60.
Anne Ja, dat is goed.
Hotelmanager Dat is voor u geboekt. Hier heeft u de sleutel.
Anne Heeft u wat informatie over de uitgaansmogelijkheden in de
stad?
Hotelmanager Ja, ik heb een heleboel informatie. Hier is de Uitkrant, daar
staan de films, concerten en toneelstukken in vermeld. Waar
bent u in geïnteresseerd?
Helen We zijn vooral geïnteresseerd in kunst en cultuur. Zijn er
speciale tentoonstellingen op het moment?
Hotelmanager Er is net een grote tentoonstelling in het Stedelijk Museum
geweest, maar die is nu afgelopen. Het Amsterdams Historisch
Museum is tijdelijk gesloten, maar de andere musea zijn
allemaal geopend.
QUICK VOCAB
tweepersoonskamer double room
Hoe lang wilt u blijven? How long do you want to stay?
de nacht the night
het ontbijt the breakfast
geboekt booked
de sleutel
uitgaansmogelijkheden opportunities for going out
heleboel lots
de Uitkrant free events paper for Amsterdam
het toneelstuk the play
vermeld mentioned
Waar bent u in geïnteresseerd? What are your interests?
de tentoonstelling the exhibition
We zijn geïnteresseerd in … We are interested in …
vooral especially
kunst en cultuur the arts and culture
het Stedelijk Museum the City Museum
geweest been
afgelopen finished
tijdelijk temporarily
gesloten closed
allemaal geopend all open
At the end of their weekend Helen and Anne check out at the hotel desk:
Hotelmanager Heeft u een leuke vakantie gehad?
Helen Ja, heel leuk. We hebben erg veel gedaan en het was erg
gezellig.
Hotelmanager Wat heeft u allemaal gezien?
Helen We zijn gisteren naar het Nationale Ballet geweest in het
Muziektheater en we hebben vandaag het Anne Frankhuis
bezocht.
Hotelmanager U heeft zeker ook een rondvaart door de grachten gemaakt?
Anne Nee, maar we hebben wel langs de grachten gewandeld. En we
hebben op een terrasje lekker wat gedronken en zo.
Helen Amsterdam is heel erg mooi.
Hotelmanager Vooral in dit mooie weer! U heeft het dus naar uw zin gehad.
Prima.
Anne Ja, het is ons prima bevallen. We komen gauw weer terug.
QUICK VOCAB
gehad had
gedaan done
erg gezellig very nice (atmosphere )
gezien s een
bezocht visited
zeker certainly
door de grachten on ( lit. through) the canals
langs along
gewandeld walked
een terrasje a terrace
hebben lekker wat gedronken had a nice drink
en zo and such (things)
heel erg mooi very beautiful
dit mooie weer this beautiful weather
U heeft het dus naar uw zin gehad. So you enjoyed yourselves .
Het is ons prima bevallen. We really enjoyed it.
We komen gauw weer terug. We will come back again soon.
Exercise 1
Having made sure you understand the vocabulary and phrases in the dialogue, and
having listened carefully to the recording, act out the situation with a partner.
Musea
There are many interesting museums in Amsterdam. The three most renowned are the
Rijksmuseum (National Museum), the Van Gogh Museum and the Stedelijk
Museum (City Museum). The Rijksmuseum contains the Netherlands’ most
important collection of paintings and other art objects up to the nineteenth century.
The collection of Dutch seventeenth-century masters is particularly famous and
includes major paintings by Rembrandt, such as the Nachtwacht (Night Watch). The
Van Gogh Museum contains the Van Gogh collection. The Stedelijk Museum is the
Amsterdam City Museum and contains an impressive collection of modern art. The
Amsterdam Historisch Museum mentioned in the dialogue is an extensive
exhibition on the history of the city.
Insight
For more detailed tourist information you can go to the many tourist information
offices, het VVV. You can book accommodation through them or just pick up
information. Many larger cities publish a special monthly bulletin, such as the
Uitkrant in Amsterdam, with information about films, theatres, exhibitions and so on.
For more general information you can go to the ANWB; they sell maps, booklets, etc.
of tourist places in the Netherlands and abroad. They also sell travel insurance and
offer advice on travelling arrangements. (They are comparable to the British AA and
RAC.)
Stopera
Het Muziektheater is the official name of the building where concerts, operas and
ballets are performed. It is sometimes also known as Stopera, which stems from the
time that the Muziektheater was built. There was a lot of public resistance because
the building meant the destruction of the old flea market, het Waterlooplein. The
action was called Stop Opera, hence the name Stopera. The flea market was re-
established a bit further away and is still referred to as het Waterlooplein, even
though it is actually situated at Rapenburgh.
How to …
Book a room
Ik wil graag een tweepersoonskamer I should like to book a double room.
reserveren.
Heeft u een eenpersoonskamer vrij? Have you got a single room available?
Kunnen we een kamer voor twee Can we book a room for two nights?
nachten boeken?
Wilt u een kamer met bad of met een Do you want a room with a bath or with a
douche? shower?
1 Find the stem of the verb (normally just chop off the -en ending of the infinitive).
2 Add ge- at the beginning of the stem.
3 Add a -t or a -d at the end of the stem (a -t if the last letter of the stem is a letter in
the words soft ketchup, otherwise a -d).
Let’s have a look at the verbs wandelen and werken.
Take away the -en ending of both verbs to find the stem: wandel, werk. Now add ge-:
gewandel, gewerk. Now add a -t or a -d.
The k of werk appears in soft ketchup, so you have to add a -t, but the l of wandel
doesn’t, so you have to add a -d. This means the two past participles are: gewandeld
and gewerkt.
Here are some more examples. We’ve listed the infinitive, the stem of the verb and
their past participle:
Note that verbs whose stem ends in -d or -t do not take an extra -d or -t in the past
participle.
Note also the verbs reizen and leven. The stem of these verbs ends in -s and -f,
because words in Dutch cannot end in -z or -v. However, the soft ketchup rule does
not apply because the last letter of the verbs before -en are z and v respectively. If you
are not quite clear about the spelling rules, refer back to the Pronunciation section.
Insight
Instead of ‘‘soft ketchup’’ Dutch children are taught another way to see if a past
participle should end in a -t or a -d. They are given the Dutch word ’t kofschip (a
traditional Dutch boat). The principle stays the same, because the same letters are
involved (t , k , f , s , p). If the last letter of the stem is one of these letters, the past
participle should end in a -t, otherwise it ends in a -d.
No ge-
There is a group of verbs that do not have ge- in the past participle. These are the
verbs that have one of the following prefixes:
Not so regular
Even though the majority of verbs follow the rules as set out earlier, a small group of
verbs that are used very frequently is irregular, which means these rules do not apply.
The main difference is that they do not use the stem of the verb to form their past
participle. The simplest thing to do is to learn these irregular forms off by heart. You
will find a table at the end of the book, but to help you on your way, some of the most
frequent ones follow.
The most important irregular verbs to learn are hebben and zijn:
zijn ik ben geweest I have been
hebben ik heb gehad I have had
Here are some more irregular verbs:
kopen ik heb gekocht I have bought
brengen ik heb gebracht I have brought
beginnen ik ben begonnen I have started
komen ik ben thuis gekomen I have come home
doen ik heb veel gedaan I have done a lot
blijven ik ben thuis gebleven I have stayed at home
Hebben or zijn
Most regular verbs use hebben in the perfect tense. Even many irregular verbs use
hebben:
Jij hebt een mooie tekening gemaakt. You have drawn a nice picture.
Wij hebben een tijdje gepraat. We have talked for a while.
We hebben veel gedaan. We have done a lot.
A small number of irregular verbs use zijn in the perfect tense and those verbs
normally indicate a change of place or state:
Ik ben met mijn werk begonnen. I have started my work. (change of state)
Hij is met de trein gekomen. He has come by train. (change of place)
Wij zijn verhuisd. We have moved house.
However:
Ik ben thuis gebleven. I have stayed at home.
Ik ben de hele dag op mijn werk I have been at work all day.
geweest.
Neither verb indicates a change, yet they form their perfect tense with zijn.
Here follows a list of the most common verbs that use zijn in the perfect tense:
zijn (geweest) to be
blijven (gebleven) to stay
komen (gekomen) to come
gaan (gegaan) to go
beginnen (begonnen) to begin
stoppen (gestopt) to stop
vertrekken (vertrokken) to leave
verhuizen (verhuisd) to move house
vallen (gevallen) to fall
worden (geworden) to become
trouwen (getrouwd) to marry
scheiden (gescheiden) to divorce
geboren worden (geboren geworden) to be born
sterven (gestorven) to die
Verbs of motion
There is also a group of verbs that sometimes uses hebben and sometimes zijn in the
perfect tense. These verbs indicate motion of some sort.
Zijn is used when there is an indication of direction or destination. Hebben is used
when there is no direction and the emphasis is more on the movement:
Rijden
Wij zijn naar Amsterdam gereden. We drove to Amsterdam.
We hebben daar wat rondgereden. We drove around there (a bit).
Wandelen
Ik ben naar het park gewandeld. I walked to the park.
Ik heb daar een uur gewandeld. I have been walking there for an hour.
Lopen
De oude man is tot het bankje gelopen. The old man walked to the bench.
Daarna heeft hij in het park gelopen. After that he walked in the park.
Vliegen
We zijn naar Athene gevlogen. We flew to Athens.
Ik heb nog nooit gevlogen. I have never flown.
Ik ben naar Amsterdam gefietst.
Ik heb gefietst.
Rennen
Ik ben naar huis gerend. I ran home.
Ik heb veel gerend vandaag. I have run a lot today.
Fietsen
Ik ben de stad in gefietst. I cycled into town.
Ik heb langzaam gefietst. I cycled slowly.
Insight
This may seem like an awful lot to remember about the present perfect but don’t
worry, take your time. There are only three main points to remember:
1 There is a large group of regular verbs, which make their past participle as follows:
ge + stem + t/d. Add a -t when the last letter of the stem appears in soft ketchup,
otherwise, a -d.
2 There is a much smaller group of irregular verbs most of which you will learn
quickly. They are used frequently.
3 Most verbs use hebben to form the perfect tense, but a smaller group uses zijn.
These verbs tell you about changing where you are or what you are doing.
Exercise 2
You are back at work after a short holiday. Your colleague asks you about it. Use the
recording for the dialogue with your colleague.
This is the information you should use in your answers:
You’ve been in Amsterdam, you have enjoyed yourself. You have been to the
Rijksmuseum and you have seen a play. You confirm again that you have enjoyed
yourself.
(Remember that there are several ways of saying that you have enjoyed yourself.)
CD1, TR 9, 02.00
Colleague Hallo, heb je een leuke vakantie gehad?
You ________
Colleague Waar ben je geweest?
You ________
Colleague Wat heb je allemaal gedaan?
You ________
Colleague Dus je hebt het wel naar je zin gehad?
You ________
Exercise 3
Fill in the gaps and make the perfect tense by using the appropriate form of hebben or
zijn and the past participle of the verb given between brackets. Refer to the verb list at
the back of the book if you get stuck.
Grammar
Om + te + infinitive
You have seen the combination of certain verbs with te plus an infinitive in Unit 7:
Ik probeer te komen.
U hoeft niet te wachten.
The construction om + te + infinitive is something different and is used to express a
purpose. It could be translated as in order to (although often you would simply
translate it as to).
Ik ga naar de supermarkt om boodschappen te doen.
I’m going to the supermarket (in order) to do the shopping.
Zoveel werk om alles klaar te maken.
So much work to prepare everything.
The phrase zin hebben om + te + infinitiv e expresses an action, to feel like doing
something:
Ik heb zin om naar huis te gaan. I feel like going home.
Hebben jullie zin om zaterdag te komen? Do you feel like coming (over) on
Saturday?
You will also come across the phrase zin hebben in, which means to feel like having
something (to eat/drink):
Ik heb zin in koffie. I feel like a coffee.
Exercise 3
CD1, TR 10, 02.24
Make the two sentences into one, using om + te + infinitive.
voorbeeld: Ik ga naar de winkel. Ik koop bloemen.
Ik ga naar de winkel om bloemen te
kopen.
NB The unstressed forms in brackets are not usually used when writing.
voorbeelden:
Kun je me/mij de rijst aangeven? Can you hand me the rice?
Ik heb jou/je eerder gezien. I have seen you before somewhere.
Ik versta u niet. I can’t hear you.
Ik geef ’m/hem het boek. I give the book to him.
Ik kan d’r/haar zien. I can see her.
Kom je bij ons eten? Would you like to come over for dinner?
Ik heb dit voor jullie klaargemaakt. I prepared this for you.
Ik heb hen/hun/ze ook uitgenodigd. I have invited them as well.
Note that the place of the object pronoun in the sentence is normally as close as
possible to the main verb.
One important thing to remember is that object pronouns in Dutch are also used to
refer to things. In Unit 4 you saw that hij and het are used to refer to objects. The
object pronouns hem, het and ze are used in the same way:
Hem is used for de words: Heb je de krant gelezen?
Nee, ik heb hem niet gelezen.
Het is used for het words: Heb je het boek gelezen?
Nee, ik heb het niet gelezen.
Ze is used for objects in the plural: Heb je mijn boeken gezien?
Nee, ik heb ze niet gezien.
Hem and ze can also be used to refer to people, whereas het is used only to refer to
objects.
Insight
Hen and hun are nowadays interchangeable; most Dutch speakers themselves don’t
know the difference and use ze as often as possible. This is probably the easiest thing
to do for you as well.
Exercise 4
Fill in the object pronoun for the person in brackets.
’s nachts at night
Insight
The ’s is written separate from the main word. This is because it used to be a complete
word (des, meaning of the or in the) in itself.
Some examples:
Ik ga ’s ochtens altijd zwemmen. I always go swimming in the morning.
Vanmiddag ga ik naar mijn ouders. This afternoon, I’m going to my parents.
’s Avonds werk ik nooit! I never work in the evenings!
Note that ’s is never a capital. At the start of sentences it’s the letter immediately
following it which is capitalized.
Monday morning
If you want to refer to a specific day, you simply combine the time of day with the
word for the day itself:
maandagochtend Monday morning
woensdagmiddag Wednesday afternoon
vrijdagavond Friday evening
Today, tomorrow, yesterday
Some other specific days:
vandaag today
morgen tomorrow
overmorgen the day after tomorrow
gister(en) yesterday
eergister(en) the day before yesterday
aanstaande … next…
The (en) at the end of gister and eergister is optional:
Heb jij gisteren niet gewerkt? Didn’t you (go to) work yesterday?
Aanstaande woensdag ga ik uit eten. I’m going out for dinner next Wednesday.
Next week or last week?
Referring to next week or last week is easy, too:
volgende week next week
vorige week last week
verleden week last week
Hij is vorige week op vakantie gegaan. He went on holiday last week.
Ze komen volgende week dinsdag terug. They’re coming back Tuesday of next
week.
De maanden van het jaar months of the year
januari mei september
februari juni oktober
maart juli november
april augustus december
Insight
On the whole, Dutch doesn’t use as many capital letters as English. One example are
the months of the year, which are not written with a capital letter in Dutch. Similarly,
the days of the week and the seasons are not written with a capital letter either.
De seizoenen the seasons
de winter winter
de lente spring
het voorjaar spring
de zomer summer
de herfst autumn
het najaar autumn
Note that ’s and s can be added to winter and zomer to talk about in winter and in
summer in general:
’s Winters schaatst iedereen in In winter everyone in the Netherlands
Nederland. goes ice-skating.
’s Zomers is fietsen heel populair. In summer, cycling is very popular.
Exercise 2
CD1, TR 11, 02.08
Times of day. Use the information provided to answer the questions. Start with the
time of day.
example: Wanneer heb je dat gedaan? (gisteren)
answer: Gisteren heb ik dat gedaan.
a Wanneer kom je thuis? (vanavond)
b Wanneer ga je naar Brussel? (overmorgen)
c Wanneer verhuis je? (in het najaar)
d Wanneer wil je op de koffie komen? (vanmiddag)
e Wanneer zwem je? (’s ochtends)
f Wanneer moet je examen doen? (in mei)
Grammar
Present and past
Talking about the present, as we’ve seen, is done with verbs in the present tense.
However, the present tense can also be used to talk about things or events which
started in the past and continue in the present. English uses the present perfect tense
for such situations (e.g. I have lived in Amsterdam for 3 years, i.e. you’re still living
there). In Dutch you must use the present tense in combination with al (lit. already) or
pas (lit. only).
Ik woon al drie jaar in Amsterdam. I’ve lived/been living in Amsterdam for
three years.
Hij woont pas twee maanden in He’s only lived/been (living) in
Amsterdam. Amsterdam for two months.
Al indicates that you think a particular time span is long and pas indicates that you
think it isn’t.
In questions about events which started in the past but continue in the present you will
come across al too:
Hoelang woon je al in Maastricht? How long have you been (living) in
Maastricht?
In addition, there are a few other words which can be used with the present tense in
these cases too, like nog maar only, sinds since and nu now:
Ik woon nog maar een maand in I’ve only been (living) in the Netherlands
Nederland. for a month.
Dus u woont hier sinds vorig jaar? So you’ve lived/been (living) here since
last year?
Zij wonen nu een maand hier. They’ve now been (living) here for a
month.
Exercise 3
CD1, TR 11, 03.21
Answer the following questions.
example: Hoelang woon je al in Den Haag? (2 jaar; you think it’s a long time)
answer: Ik woon al twee jaar in Den Haag.
a Hoelang leer je al Nederlands? (4 months; you don’t think it’s a long time)
b Hoelang werk je al bij dat bedrijf? (5 years; you think that’s a long time)
c Hoelang heb je al vrij? (a week; you think that’s a long time)
d Hoelang zijn jullie al getrouwd? (married) (3 years; you don’t think that’s a long
time)
e Hoelang schrijf je al poëzie? (poetry) (20 years; you think that’s a long time)
f Hoelang heb je je zus al niet gezien? (8 months; you think that’s a long time)
g Hoelang zijn jullie kinderen al op vakantie? (1½ weeks; you don’t think that’s a
long time)
h Hoelang sta je hier al te wachten? (10 minutes; you don’t think that’s a long time)
Grammar
Perfect/imperfect
In Unit 8 we saw that you generally talk about the past using the present perfect tense:
Ik heb twee jaar in Den Bosch gewoond. I lived in Den Bosch for two years.
Unlike the structure with present tense + al/pas, the present perfect is used for events
which started in the past and have already finished; they no longer continue into the
present. In other words, in the example you’ve moved out of Den Bosch.
There is, however, another tense which is used to talk about the past, known as the
imperfect. The imperfect consists of only one verb form: the stem of the verb + -de(n)
or -te(n). You add -te or -ten if the last letter of the stem appears in the words soft
ketchup. Otherwise you add -de or -den. The -n is added for plural forms.
For example:
infinitive stem imperfect imperfect
(singular) (plural)
werken work werk werkte werkten
wonen live woon woonde woonden
You will find double -t- and double -d- with verbs whose stem ends in a -t or a -d:
praten talk praat praatte praatten
redden save red redde redden
And if the stem ends in an -s or -f but the infinitives have a -z- or -v- then the
imperfect takes -de(n) even though the -s or -f of the stem appears in soft ketchup:
reizen travel reis reisde reisden
leven live leef leefde leefden
Separable verbs act the same in the imperfect as they do in the present, the prefix
simply moves to the end:
uitgaan to go out Ik ging vroeger erg vaak uit. I used to go out a lot.
Of course, there are also irregular forms. Here are the most important ones (with the
ending for the plural given in brackets, or the two forms separated by a comma):
infinitive imperfect
hebben have had(den)
zijn be was, waren
gaan go ging(en)
doen do deed, deden
brengen bring bracht(en)
kopen buy kocht(en)
geven give gaf, gaven
komen come kwam(en)
zitten sit zat(en)
vinden find vond(en)
moeten must/have to moest(en)
kunnen can/be able to kon(den)
willen want wilde(en)
mogen may/be allowed mocht(en)
When to use the imperfect
The imperfect is used when you give extra information about events in the past, after
you have already introduced whatever topic you are talking about with the present
perfect:
Ik heb twee jaar in Den Bosch I lived in Den Bosch for two years. I lived
gewoond. Ik woonde daar in een groot in a large house there.
huis.
This is exactly what Else and Imran do in the dialogue at the beginning of this unit.
First, Else starts talking about the past – her time in England – in the present perfect:
Ik heb hiervoor twee jaar in Engeland Before this, I lived in England for two
gewoond. years.
Ik vond het heerlijk. Ik woonde in een I loved it. I lived in a big house in the
groot huis op het platteland. De tuin die country. The garden we had was
we hadden, was enorm. Ik vond mijn enormous. I also thought my job was
baan ook heel interessant. Ik moest wel really interesting. I did have to travel to
elke dag anderhalf uur naar Londen London for an hour and a half each day,
reizen, maar dat vond ik niet erg. but I didn’t mind.
Even after Imran asks why she moved to the Netherlands, she continues in the
imperfect, since she is still talking about the same situation:
Dat moest vanwege mijn werk. De baan I had to because of my work. The job I
die ik in Engeland had, was maar voor had in England was only for two years. I
twee jaar. Dat wist ik. En het bedrijf knew that. And the company offered me
bood me mijn huidige baan in my present job in the Netherlands.
Nederland aan.
If you look at what Imran says about his past, you’ll see that he uses the present
perfect and imperfect in exactly the same way. The imperfect gives you a sense of
drama, of actually experiencing what is being said, seeing it for yourself, as if it’s
being brought alive. This is not the case with the present perfect, which creates a
sense of distance, as if you’re looking at the past from a long way off.
Insight
It can be difficult to decide when to use the present perfect and when to use the
imperfect. Start off by observing how native Dutch speakers use these tenses, by
having a good look at the use of tenses in Dutch texts that you might be reading, and
by listening carefully to native speakers when they speak. As a rule of thumb, the
present perfect is used if you are simply giving a list of more or less unrelated facts (I
went here and there, I did this and then that, etc.) and the imperfect is used to give
more details about any of these facts (it was really busy, I was tired, I became angry
…).
Ik ben bij m’n ouders geweest. Ik heb I dropped by my parents’. I had lunch
met m’n zus geluncht. Ik heb schoenen with my sister. I bought shoes. I did the
gekocht. Ik heb boodschappen gedaan. groceries/shopping,
In de supermarkt was het druk. Er It was busy in the supermarket. There was
stond een lange rij. Ik was moe, ik werd a long queue. I was tired. I became angry
boos … ….
There is a second use of the imperfect, besides giving extra information about a
situation. The imperfect is also used to describe things or events that took place
regularly in the past. So, for instance, if you’re talking about your school days a long
time ago – an activity that was typically a regularity – you would have to do so in the
imperfect:
Ik zat op een leuke school. I went to a nice school.
We hadden woensdagmiddag vrij. We had Wednesday afternoon off.
Some other examples of this use of the imperfect:
Ik speelde vroeger veel buiten. I used to play outside a lot (in the past).
Mijn broertje huilde vaak. My little brother cried a lot.
Exercise 4
CD1, TR 11, 04.56
You’re describing what the following people did in 1980. Fill in the correct form of
the verb. Use the imperfect throughout.
example: Joan (werken) op een bank.
answer: Joan werkte op een bank.
a Jolanda (doen) een cursus caligrafie.
b Geert en Hanifa (wonen) nog samen in dat appartementje in Rotterdam.
c Masima (geven) les op een middelbare school. (Masima taught in a secondary
school)
d Ik (gaan) vaak naar concerten en het theater.
e Hanneke (zitten) een jaar lang voor haar studie in het buitenland. (abroad)
f Eelkert (werken) meestal niet.
Exercise 5
CD1, TR 11, 05.30
Ik heb vijf jaar in Frankrijk gewoond. Nick lived in France for five years. Use the
information given to describe his life there.
example: in een groot huis wonen
answer: Hij woonde in een groot huis.
a een grote tuin hebben
b als ontwerper werken (work as a designer)
c vaak uitgaan
d veel vrienden maken
e veel geld verdienen (earn a lot of money)
f weinig vakantie krijgen
g in restaurants eten
h veel Frans spreken
Grammar
Dit is/dat is
Dit is … this is … and dat is … that is … are useful phrases to describe people,
objects or ideas. They work pretty much the same as in English, except that it’s
important to remember that – for once – you don’t have to worry about de words or
het words. Whatever you’re talking about, you can always use dit is/dat is:
Dit is de CD die ik gister gekocht heb. This is the CD that I bought yesterday.
Dat is het overhemd dat ik zoek. That is the shirt I’m looking for.
Dat is een goede film. That’s a good film.
Insight
You can even use dit/dat to talk about plural things simply by changing zijn to is:
Dit zijn Martijns boeken. These are Martijn’s books.
Dat zijn mooie foto’s. Those are beautiful photos.
Relative clauses
Relative clauses give extra information about a thing or a person. Look at the
following sentences:
De tuin was enorm. The garden was enormous.
Het appartement was erg klein. The apartment was very small.
De oefeningen waren moeilijk. The exercises were difficult.
We can give more information about de tuin, het appartement, de oefeningen by
adding relative clauses:
De tuin die we hadden, was enorm. The garden we had was enormous.
Het appartement dat ik had, was erg The apartment I had was very small.
klein.
De oefeningen die we moesten maken, The exercises we had to do were difficult.
waren moeilijk.
Relative clauses start either with the relative pronoun die or dat, depending on the
word they refer to. If the relative clause gives information about a de word then you
start with die; if the relative clause gives information about a het word, you start with
dat. The other important thing to remember is that the verb(s) in a relative clause
go(es) to the end of the clause.
We can, for instance, lengthen the relative clause with de tuin from the examples, but
the verb still goes to the very end:
De tuin die we twee jaar lang in The garden which we had for two years in
Engeland hadden, was enorm. England was enormous.
Note that the comma after the relative clause makes it easier to spot where it ends and
the rest of the sentence continues.
Exercise 6
Fill in die or dat.
You ?
Your friend ?
You ?
Your friend ?
You
Grammar
Reflexive verbs
Some verbs need to have an object pronoun which refers back to the subject of the
verb. Examples in English are I washed myself, I cut myself. These are called reflexive
verbs.
In Dutch, these reflexive constructions also exist and a couple of examples were used
in the conversation. Here is an example of a reflexive verb (notice all the forms of the
reflexive pronoun):
ik interesseer me I am interested
jij interesseert je you are interested
u interesseert zich/u you are interested
hij/zij interesseert zich he/she is interested
wij interesseren ons we are interested
jullie interesseren je you are interested
zij interesseren zich they are interested
ik interesseer me eigenlijk meer voor I’m really more interested in private study.
zelfstudie.
There are verbs that always need to be accompanied by a reflexive pronoun. It does
not always seem logical to use this type of construction, so the best thing is to learn
these verbs by heart. Here is a list of the most common.
(Advertentie)
QUICK VOCAB
zich hasten to hurry
zich vergissen to be mistaken
zich amuseren to amuse oneself
zich vermaken to amuse oneself
zich gedragen to behave oneself
zich herinneren to remember
zich verbazen to be amazed
zich voelen to feel
zich vervelen to be bored
zich schamen to be ashamed/embarrassed
zich verslapen to oversleep
For emphasis zelf can be added after the pronoun:
Ik interesseer mezelf niet voor antiek. I am not interested in antiques, myself.
Hij voelt zichzelf prima. He is feeling fine.
The reflexive pronoun comes:
QV
aangenaam pleasant
soepel smooth
Grammar
Laten
Laten we naar de vogelmarkt gaan. Let’s go to the bird market.
De gids zal ons de stad laten zien. The guide will show us the town.
In these two sentences the verb laten is not used in the same manner. In fact, in the
second sentence laten cannot be translated separately. Laten zien translates as to
show.
Laten is often used as the equivalent of let, as in ‘Let’s …’ or ‘Let me …’:
Laten we naar huis gaan. Let’s go home.
Laat me gaan. Let me go.
The word laten has several other meanings. Often it means to leave something:
Ik heb mijn tas laten liggen. I’ve left my bag.
Laat me niet alleen. Don’t leave me alone.
Sometimes it means to have something done:
Ik moet mijn haar laten knippen. I should get my hair cut.
Ik laat de auto repareren. I’m having the car repaired.
How to say ‘no’
We kunnen de kinderen maar beter We had better not give the children any
geen soep geven, anders eten ze de rest soup, or they won’t eat the rest of the
van de maaltijd niet meer. meal.
We have already seen that, in Dutch, two words are frequently used to deny or negate
something: geen (no) and niet (not).
In Unit 2 you learned that geen means no/not any. To understand this, the first thing to
remember is that you can only use geen when you are negating a noun (i.e. no table,
no cars, no children). And geen is used only when you are negating a noun that is
preceded by een or no article at all. In all other cases, you will use the word niet.
Wil je een appel? – Nee, ik wil geen Would you like an apple? – No, I don’t
appel. want an apple.
Ga je appels kopen? – Nee, ik ga geen Are you going to buy some apples? – No,
appels kopen. I’m not going to buy any apples.
In these examples, when the word apple appeared in the question, it was preceded by
een and then no article at all.
This means that you are talking about apples in general. If you are talking about some
specific apples, you use the word niet:
Wil je die rode appel? – Nee, ik wil die Do you want that red apple? – No, I don’t
rode appel niet. want that red apple.
Ga je de appels die ik zo lekker vind, Are you going to buy the apples I like so
kopen? – Nee, die ga ik niet kopen. much? – No, I’m not going to buy them.
Lees je het boek? – Nee, ik lees het boek Are you reading the book? – No, I’m not
niet. reading the book.
Geen
geen always comes directly before the noun or directly before the word that gives
extra information about that noun (adjective):
Ik wil geen rode appels. I don’t want red apples.
Ik eet geen zoete wafels. I don’t eat sweet waffles.
Niet
Throughout these units you have been using the word niet, probably without worrying
too much about it. However, it is a word that merits some special attention, because of
the place it occupies in the sentence.
In the main statement or question niet usually comes right at the end of the sentence:
Ik luister niet. I’m not listening.
Ik ga volgende week niet. I’m not going next week.
Ik ken haar niet. I don’t know her.
Ik lees die boeken niet. I don’t read those books.
However, niet is placed before:
Grammar
Zou
Zou ik meneer De Ligt even kunnen spreken? May I speak to Mr De Ligt?
Je zou nog bellen met die man. You were going to phone that man.
Dat zou ik niet doen. I wouldn’t do that.
Als ik een robot zou hebben, zou ik nooit Were I to own a robot, I’d never
meer hoeven op te ruimen. have to tidy up again.
In terms of grammatical form, zou is the past tense of the verb zullen.
As with all verbs in the simple past there are two forms, the singular (zou) and the
plural (zouden).
In terms of meaning, the opening example sentences show four different uses of the
word zou.
As you saw in the ‘How to …’ section, you can use zou/zouden to ask for something
politely or nicely. This phrase is especially used when asking for a favour. Because
the use of the verb zou/zouden is polite in itself, you need not use alstublieft in the
same sentence:
Zou je dit voor me kunnen doen? Could you do this for me, please?
Note that zou has to be combined with kunnen or willen:
Zou je dit voor me willen faxen? Would you mind faxing this for me,
please?
Zou je dit voor me kunnen faxen? Could you fax this for me please?
Zou ik je pen kunnen lenen? Could I borrow your pen, please?
The second meaning of zou/zouden is to state or remind someone of what the plan
was:
Je zou nog bellen. You were going to phone.
We zouden het verslag nog afmaken. We were going to finish the report.
We zouden geen ruzie meer maken, We weren’t going to argue any more,
weet je nog? remember?
In the third example, zou/zouden has the meaning of giving advice:
Je zou wat vroeger naar bed moeten You should go to bed earlier.
gaan.
Je zou je geld moeten investeren. You should invest your money.
The fourth function of zou/zouden is to show that you, or someone else, would like to
do something, if only the conditions were right. The grammatical term for this is the
conditional:
Als ik de loterij zou winnen, zou ik Were I to win the lottery, I would give up
stoppen met werken. work.
Als Marcel de loterij zou winnen, zou If Marcel were to win the lottery he would
hij gewoon door blijven werken, maar just keep working, but he would perhaps
hij zou misschien een peperdure buy a very expensive computer.
computer kopen.
Exercise 3
CD2, TR 2, 04.03
You are asking for some favours. Form the questions in a polite manner. Note whether
to address people formally or informally.
example: Je vraagt je secretaresse of zij meneer Jansen voor je wil opbellen.
(informal)
answer: Zou je meneer Jansen voor me willen opbellen?
a Je collega staat op om koffie te halen. Je hebt ook zin in koffie en vraagt of de
collega ook een koffie voor jou wil meenemen. (informal)
b Je bent druk bezig. De telefoon gaat. Je vraagt aan je huisgenoot of hij de telefoon
wil opnemen. (informal)
c Je betaalt met je creditcard in een restaurant, maar je bent je pen vergeten. Je vraagt
aan de ober of je zijn pen kan lenen. (formal)
d Jij hebt het eten klaargemaakt dus je vraagt je partner of hij/zij de afwas wil doen.
e Jij hebt de keuken schoongemaakt, dus je vraagt je partner of hij/zij de wc wil
schoonmaken.
f Jij hebt de auto gewassen, dus je vraagt je partner of hij/zij het gras wil maaien.
g Je bent gewoon moe, dus je vraagt je partner of hij/zij je een glaasje wijn wil
inschenken?
h Je gaat vandaag eerder naar huis, dus je vraagt je collega of hij jouw telefoon wil
aannemen. (informal)
i Jij hebt het hotel geboekt, dus je vraagt je vriend of hij de vlucht wil boeken.
NB In answering a and g note that je will change into the object pronoun me.
QUICK VOCAB
druk bezig zijn to be busy
de huisgenoot the partner
lenen to borrow/lend
het eten klaarmaken to prepare the meal
de afwas doen to wash the dishes
de keuken schoonmaken to clean the kitchen
het gras maaien to mow the lawn
moe tired
inschenken to pour
eerder earlier
naar huis gaan to go home
de telefoon aannemen to answer the telephone
de vlucht flight
Exercise 4
CD2, TR 2, 06.27
The following people haven’t done things as planned. At least that’s what you think.
Check with them whether your idea was correct. Use informal address, except where
indicated.
example: Carel maakt het huis schoon.
answer: Ik dacht dat jij het huis zou schoonmaken? I thought you were going to
clean the house?
a Je collega zoekt de gegevens op.
Ik dacht dat jij ______?
b Jan en Hester gaan naar Griekenland.
Ik dacht dat jullie ______?
c Je vriendin gaat naar de bioscoop.
Ik dacht dat je ______?
d Arlette heeft een afspraakje met haar nieuwe vriendje.
e Gemma stuurt een email naar Nienke.
f De secretaresse verbindt me door met de manager. (formal)
Exercise 5
CD2, TR 2, 07.54
You have built up a reputation of being good to talk to and to ask for advice. Now
your friends and colleagues are coming to you with all their problems. Use the
suggestions in parentheses to advise them.
example: Ik kom altijd te laat op mijn werk. (je moet eerder uit je bed komen)
answer: Je zou eerder uit je bed moeten komen.
a Ik ben bang dat ik niet voor mijn examen zal slagen. (je moet harder werken)
b Ik kan geen auto rijden. (je moet je rijbewijs halen)
c Mijn moeder zegt dat ze zo eenzaam is. (je moet haar wat vaker bellen)
d Mijn partner en ik zien elkaar bijna nooit. (jullie moeten afspraakjes met elkaar
maken)
e Mijn kinderen worden te dik. (ze moeten wat minder snoepen)
f Sjoerd begint al kaal te worden. (hij moet een pruik kopen)
g Ik ben buiten adem als ik de trap oploop. (je moet naar de gym gaan)
h De studenten zijn soms zo gestresst. (ze moeten yoga gaan doen)
QUICK VOCAB
bang zijn to be afraid
voor mijn examen slagen to pass my exam
het rijbewijs driving licence
eenzaam lonely
We zien elkaar bijna nooit. We hardly see one another.
een afspraakje maken to make a date
snoepen to eat sweets
begint kaal te worden is beginning to go bald
de pruik wig
buiten adem zijn to be out of breath
de trap oplopen climb the stairs
zijn gestresst are stressed
Exercise 6
If you have a partner or fellow student with whom you can practise your Dutch, create
an ‘agony aunt’ role play. One of you has a problem, the other gives advice. If you are
studying on your own, you can create agony aunt dialogues yourself and write these
out. Use examples from the previous exercise or make up your own problems and
answers.
Exercise 7
CD2, TR 2, 09.34
What would you do if …? Answer these questions using the information given.
example: Wat zou je doen als je Minister President was? (het onderwijs verbeteren)
answer: Als ik Minister President was, zou ik het onderwijs verbeteren. Als ik
Minister President zou zijn, zou ik …
Insight
Prepositions are notoriously difficult to learn in foreign languages. One of the reasons
is that in other languages you rarely use the literal translation of the preposition which
you use in your mother tongue. Often it seems that there is no logic in choosing the
correct preposition. However, if you persist and learn which preposition is to be used
in a particular context, you will soon find it starts to pay off, and the learning process
will become easier and easier.
Exercise 11
Add the correct prepositions to the sentences below.
a Eén stoel staat ______ het raam.
b Diezelfde stoel staat ______ het bed en de tafel.
c Een andere stoel staat ______ de deur.
d Het bed staat ______ de muur.
e ______ de muur hangen een aantal schilderijen.
f ______ de hoek hangt een spiegel ______ de muur.
g ______ de spiegel staat een tafel.
h ______ de tafel staan flesjes en een waskom en nog wat meer dingen.
i De waterkan staat ______ de waskom.
j Er is een kapstok ______ de muur waar een paar kleren ______ hangen.
k Die kleren hangen ______ elkaar.
QUICK VOCAB
het raam window
onder beneath
de stoel chair
tussen in between
de deur door
de muur wall
de tafel table
de hoek corner
de spiegel mirror
de waterkan water jug
de waskom washing bowl
de kapstok coat hook
The use of prepositions can be slightly more complex than just using the correct ones.
It can have various grammatical consequences when you are referring to things.
Grammar
Prepositions in relative clauses
In Unit 10 you learned how to add extra information about people or things in mini-
sentences called relative clauses starting with die or dat:
De bank die ik zo graag wilde hebben, is The sofa I really wanted is now sold
nu uitverkocht. out.
Het meisje dat daar loopt is de dochter van The girl walking there is our
onze buren. neighbours’ daughter.
But when you use a preposition in the relative clause, you cannot use either die or
dat. The word you use instead depends on whether you are talking about a person or a
thing.
Referring to people
If you refer to people in a relative clause and use a preposition, you refer to the person
you are talking about as wie:
de man met wie ik samenwerk the man with whom I work
de mensen met wie ik praat the people to whom I talk
Note that the preposition comes before wie.
Referring to things
If you refer to a thing or idea in a relative clause and use a preposition, you refer to
the thing you are talking about as waar:
de zaak waarover we hebben gepraat that matter we talked about
het project waaraan we hebben gewerkt the project on which we worked
Note that when you refer to things (in contrast to referring to people) the preposition
comes after waar.
To be perfectly correct grammatically, you need to join up waar and the preposition,
particularly in writing. However, most people, especially in spoken language, split the
two. The preposition then goes to the end of the clause, just before the verb(s):
de zaak waar we aan hebben gewerkt the project on which we worked
dat boek waar we gisteren zo lang over that book we talked about for such a long
hebben gepraat time yesterday
Exercise 12
Complete the sentences with one of the two options given in parentheses.
CD2, TR 3
Read this fragment of a website from a career advice agency aimed at encouraging
employers to send their staff to training and support sessions:
Personeelsadvies
Ieder mens is uniek qua talent, persoonlijkheid en capaciteiten. Dat betekent dat ook
ieder mens anders op veranderingen reageert. De één vindt een nieuwe situatie een
uitdaging, terwijl de ander het een bedreiging vindt. Bij ‘Personeelsadvies op maat’
kijken we daarom eerst naar de wensen, talenten en motivatie van uw medewerkers.
Zo krijgt ieder medewerker precies het advies en de training die hij of zij nodig heeft.
Onze trainers zijn zeer ervaren professionals die snel tot de essentie doordringen.
QUICK VOCAB
ieder every
mens human being
qua as far as … goes, in terms of
de persoonlijkheid personality
betekenen to mean
anders different
reageren op to react to
de verandering change
de uitdaging challenge
de één … de ander one person … another …
de bedreiging threat
personeelsadvies career advice
op maat made to measure
daarom because of that
de wens wish
de motivatie motivation
de medewerker employee, member of staff
krijgen to get
nodig hebben need
zeer ervaren very experienced
tot de essentie doordringen to get to the heart of something
Exercise 1
Answer the following questions in Dutch. The aim of this exercise is for you to use
the Dutch language, so you can use the text as much as possible to phrase your
answers.
the main verb moves to the end of the sub-clause: reageert and vindt in our
examples.
the sub-clause always starts with a linking word called a conjunction: dat and
terwijl in our examples.
You should already be familiar with the notion of the verb moving to the end, because
this also happens in a relative clause (see Unit 10). Relative clauses are a kind of sub-
clause.
Exercise 3
The text Personeelsadvies contains two relative clauses. Can you identify them?
Exercise 4
CD2, TR 3, 01.03
The following text comes from an interview with the head of a bilingual secondary
school in Amsterdam which has recently started teaching some subjects in English.
Identify the main and the sub-clauses in this text:
Wij hebben op onze school al wel veel ervaring hiermee, omdat we al 25 jaar
lesgeven in alle vakken aan kinderen voor wie het Nederlands geen moedertaal is.
We hebben hier kinderen die uit Turkije, Suriname, Indonesië en andere landen
komen. Kinderen en ouders kiezen deze school omdat het praktisch nut heeft. Het is
handig om Nederlands en Engels te spreken. Voordat we de kinderen op deze school
toelaten, vragen we altijd naar hun motivatie. Ze moeten niet alleen naar deze school
komen, omdat hun ouders dat graag willen. Veel kinderen komen hier omdat ze later
een internationaal beroep willen hebben. Ze willen acteur of computerprogrammeur
worden. Het is dan een voordeel als je goed Engels spreekt.
NB The first sentence is tricky because there is a sub-clause within a sub-clause.
Don’t worry if you can’t identify this. Some sentences consist of only one main
clause.
QUICK VOCAB
de ervaring experience
het lesgeven teaching
het vak subject, discipline
de moedertaal mother tongue
uit andere landen from other countries
kiezen to choose
praktisch nut practical benefit
het is handig it is useful (handy)
voordat before
toelaten to admit
altijd always
de motivatie motivation
de ouders parents
het beroep profession
de acteur actor
het voordeel advantage
als if
Exercise 5
Answer the following questions in Dutch, using the text as much as possible. Note
when you need to change the subject.
a Why does the school feel it has the right experience to provide bilingual education?
b Why do children and parents choose this school?
c Why does the school ask the children about their motivation?
d What is the advantage of going to this school when you want to become a computer
programmer or take up any other international profession?
Grammar
Conjunctions
The words which link a sub-clause to a main clause are called subordinating
conjunctions, as opposed to ‘ordinary’ conjunctions (en, of, maar, etc.), which link
two main clauses. Subordinating conjunctions link the main and sub-clauses by
indicating the relationship between the two. This could be a relationship of:
time
voordat before that
nadat after that
terwijl while
sinds since
zodra as soon as
als when (at that time)
toen when (in the past)
contrast
hoewel although
ondanks despite
terwijl while, even though
cause and reason
omdat because
doordat because
zodat so that
condition
als if (in case of)
tenzij unless
comparison
alsof (as) … if
zoals such as
net zo … als just as
Exercise 6
Where does the verb go? Put the verb in brackets at the correct place in the sentence.
a Harry ging met zijn zoon op vakantie, … Meta thuisbleef met hun dochter.
b Kim gaat alleen met zijn vrienden op vakantie, … hij pas 15 is.
c Adrie maakt zich geen zorgen over haar tieners, … sommige van hun vrienden
drugs gebruiken.
d Voor mijn achttiende verjaardag krijg ik een auto van mijn ouders, … ik dan nog
steeds niet rook.
e Ik ontmoette mijn grote liefde, … ik 21 was.
f Wij hebben een hele goede relatie, … we elkaar respecteren.
g Ik wil eerst een carrière hebben, … ik zwanger raak.
QUICK VOCAB
thuisblijven to stay at home
zich zorgen maken over to worry about
drugs gebruiken to take drugs
de verjaardag birthday
de ouders parents
nog steeds niet roken still haven’t taken up smoking
zwanger raken to get pregnant
Grammar
A sub-clause does not have to be the second part of a sentence; it can also be the first
part:
Omdat ik eerst een carrière wil hebben, wacht ik nog even met kinderen krijgen.
Because I first want a career, I’ll wait a while before having children.
If the sub-clause comes first in the sentence, the main clause following it will start
with the main verb. The whole sub-clause functions as the first item in the sentence,
so there is inversion in the main clause.
Exercise 8
CD2, TR 3, 02.10
Use the sentences in Exercise 7 to practise this inversion. Start the sentence with the
sub-clause.
example: Terwijl Meta thuisbleef met hun dochter, ging Harry met zijn zoon op
vakantie.
Insight
The most important thing to learn about sub-clauses is that the verbs are moved into
final position. The most frequently used sub-ordinating conjunctions, such as dat that,
omdat because, als if, hoewel although should also be learned.
Beware that, although the verbs in a sub-clause move into final position, they don’t
necessarily move to the end of the whole sentence. Often the sub-clause is only part of
a longer sentence. When a sentence starts with a sub-clause, the verbs at the end of the
sub-clause actually end up in the middle of the sentence as a whole. In this example
the verbs of the sub-clause are underlined: Omdat Gerda haar werk gisteren niet
had afgemaakt, moest ze vandaag vroeg beginnen. Because Gerda hadn’t finished
her work yesterday, she had to start early today.
Dialogue 1
Karina heeft een intake-gesprek met een loopbaanbegeleider:
CD2, TR 3, 03.05
Begeleider We kijken eerst naar wat je tot nu toe hebt bereikt en wat je
capaciteiten zijn. Dan kijken we naar waar je de komende paar
jaar naartoe wilt.
Karina Dat is nu juist zo moeilijk want ik weet echt niet wat ik wil of
waar ik goed in ben.
Begeleider Goed, we beginnen gewoon met een lijstje invullen. Je moet
aangeven wat je sterkste kanten zijn en welke vaardigheden je
hebt.
QUICK VOCAB
de loopbaan career
de begeleider counsellor, adviser
tot nu toe up until now
hebt bereikt have achieved
de komende paar jaar the coming few years
naartoe willen the direction (you) want to take
moeilijk difficult
ik weet echt niet I really don’t know
gewoon usually
een lijstje invullen to fill in a list
aangeven to indicate
je sterkste kanten your strengths
de vaardigheden skills
(singular: de vaardigheid)
Karina heeft het volgende lijstje ingevuld:
Exercise 9
CD2, TR 3, 03.42
Read through the list of skills Karina completed. Then use the list to act out a role
play (or write out a dialogue) between the career guidance counsellor and Karina in
which the counsellor asks her about her skills level and Karina answers using the list
she filled in.
example: Kun je effectief communiceren?
Ik kan dat heel erg goed.
Ik ben daar erg goed in.
Exercise 10
Now write out a list of your assessment of your own skills.
Use the phrases: Ik ben (redelijk) goed in/helemaal niet goed in … or Ik kan
(redelijk) goed/helemaal niet goed …
example: Ik ben redelijk goed in effectief communiceren.
Ik kan redelijk effectief communiceren.
Ik kan helemaal niet goed in op een vriendelijke manier nee zeggen.
Note that with the verb zich aanpassen the pronoun je changes into me.
Grammar
Indirect question/indirect statement
Not all sub-clauses start with a subordinating conjunction which indicates a
relationship of time, contrast or anything else. Some sub-clauses are indirect
statements or reported speech, whereas others indicate an indirect question:
Indirect questions start with a question word: waar, wanneer, welke, hoe, wat,
waarom. Indirect statements start with dat.
NB There is another form of an indirect question, although paradoxically it is more
explicit about being a question:
Ik weet niet of ik goed kan communiceren.
Ik vraag me af of ik naar die cursus zal gaan.
Weet jij of hij effectief kan communiceren?
of in this context means if or whether:
Ik vraag me af of … I wonder whether/I wonder if …
Exercise 11
Look at the assessment you wrote about your own skills. Rewrite this now in a more
cautious fashion, using indirect statements and questions.
example: Ik weet niet of ik op een vriendelijke manier nee kan zeggen.
Ik denk dat ik goed in het openbaar spreken kan.
Ik hoop dat ik effectief kan communiceren.
Ik vraag me af of …
Dialogue 2
Gesprek tussen twee vriendinnen:
CD2, TR 3, 05.41
Annemie Ik doe een personal management training.
Kitty Goh, wat is dat precies?
Annemie Nou, je kijkt naar je eigen capaciteiten en problemen. Je leert
hoe je je tijd beter kan indelen, hoe je je eigen doelen kan
kiezen, hoe je een probleem kan analyseren en aanpakken en
hoe je assertief kunt zijn.
Kitty Waarom doe je dat?
Annemie Nou eigenlijk omdat mijn baas het wil en betaalt. Maar ook
omdat ik vind dat het mijzelf helpt. Je leert jezelf wel kennen in
zo’n cursus.
Kitty Maar is het nadeel niet dat je alleen maar met jezelf bezig bent
en niet met je werk?
Annemie Nee hoor, het is juist goed om over jezelf na te denken. En dat
helpt je juist in je werk.
QUICK VOCAB
eigen own
leren to learn
je tijd beter indelen to manage your time better
kiezen to choose
aanpakken to tackle
eigenlijk actually
de baas boss
Je leert jezelf wel kennen. You do get to know yourself.
de cursus course, training
het nadeel disadvantage
alleen maar met jezelf thinking about/working on
bezig zijn yourself (all the time)
Exercise 12
Read and act out the dialogue a few times.
Exercise 13
Answer the following questions in Dutch. Note that you need to change the pronoun
mijzelf to haar in b.
a How did Mariëlle change her work arrangements after her first child was born?
b What does Mariëlle enjoy about her job?
c Why is she considering applying for the job as headteacher?
d And what is the reason she isn’t sure whether to apply for the job?
e What are the issues Mariëlle is facing at the moment?
f What are the three options the career counsellor presents to Mariëlle?
g What is his main piece of advice?
Exercise 17
The career counsellor provided Mariëlle with three alternative solutions to her
dilemma.
Write a slightly more formal and explicit piece of advice to her. For each of the
suggestions list what the advantages and disadvantages are and give a final piece of
advice.
QV
de mogelijkheid possibility
aanraden to give advice
NB You can also add your own assessment of the advantages or disadvantages of the
suggestions made. You can phrase the letter in various ways. The key only gives an
example.
Exercise 18
CD2, TR 3, 10.51
If you have a study partner act out a counselling session between Mariëlle and her
career adviser. If you are working on your own write out a dialogue between them.
Exercise 19
What advice would you give Mariëlle? Write her a letter in which you give her your
advice. Choose whether you want the letter to be formal or informal.
Exercise 20
If you have a study partner act out a counselling session between an adviser and a
client. Choose a fictional career dilemma. If you are studying on your own, you can
either write out a dialogue about a career problem or you can write an evaluation
about your own career aspirations.
Interjections
You may have noticed the frequent use of little words in many of the conversations
and texts in this book. These can be difficult to explain or translate. These words are
called interjections. They tend to be informal and not used in writing, unless the
writing is intended to copy speech. Some you have already come across include hoor
and toch. The correct use of these words makes you sound more natural and
authentic. These words do not always have just one clear meaning; often they can
mean something quite different depending on the context. In general, they do add an
extra meaning to the statement, question or sentence and they can have various
functions, whether that is to indicate a link with what was previously said (e.g. a
contrast) or to soften an order, to emphasize something or to draw someone’s attention
to what you are going to say.
Insight
It is difficult to learn the use of interjections by studying them as a grammatical topic
only. It is better to be aware of them and the different contexts in which they are used
in real-life communications. Here are a few interjections by way of example:
gewoon
We gaan gewoon naar de kroeg.
Gewoon indicates that the speaker thinks this is a very ordinary event; nothing
special about it.
(alleen) maar
Je bent alleen maar met jezelf bezig.
Maar indicates a contrast or an antagonism towards the topic (thinking about
yourself). In combination with alleen, it emphasizes the speaker thinks the topic is
rather limiting and blinkered. It doesn’t necessarily have to assume the speaker feels
antagonistic, it could also be the person who is addressed:
juist
Dat helpt je juist in je werk.
Juist emphasizes the contrast with a previously mentioned idea. It is stronger than
using wel in the same context, although the two can be combined for an ultra
convincing message:
Ja, dat helpt je juist wel.
goh
Goh, wat is dat precies?
An expression of surprise, often at the start of a sentence.
nou
Nou, je kijkt naar je eigen problemen.
Nou is used here to indicate that the speaker is going to explain something. It also
gives the speaker time to formulate his/her thoughts. It is used in a similar way to the
English well.
even
Ik zal even voor u kijken.
Even indicates here that it is no problem at all, it will only take a short time.
NB In the following units you will come across more interjections and different uses
of these.
Exercise 21
CD2, TR 3, 13.15
Fill in the correct interjection.
a ______ sinds wanneer heb jij je haar geverfd?
b – Heeft u administratieve vaardigheden?
– ______ ik kan redelijk goed met de computer overweg en ik ben goed in bestanden
organiseren.
c Geen probleem. Ik zal dat vanmiddag ______ doen.
d Ik heb het ______ op de markt gekocht.
e Maar begrijp je dan niet, dat het voor mij ______ een probleem is?
f Jij creëert altijd ______ conflicten.
QV
je haar verven to dye your hair
overweg kunnen met to be able to deal with
het bestand file, dossier
Ten things to remember
1 Main clauses can normally exist as a sentence on their own, whereas sub-clauses
normally need a main clause to make up a full sentence.
2 In sub-clauses the main verb moves to the end of the clause, and sub-clauses
always start with a subordinating conjunction.
3 Subordinating conjunctions link main and sub-clauses. Examples are: als when (at
that time), toen when (in the past), hoewel although, omdat because, als if (in case
of).
4 A sub-clause can form the first part of a sentence (i.e. can precede a main clause).
In this case the main clause must start with the main verb (the sub-clause takes up
the first position, so the verb must be second): Omdat ik eerst een carrière wil,
wacht ik nog even met kinderen krijgen. Because I want a career first, I am
waiting before I have children.
5 Sub-clauses can also be indirect statements or reported speech, or they can indicate
an indirect question: Ik weet niet waar ik goed in ben. I don’t know what I’m good
at.
6 Clauses starting with of (if/whether) also function as sub-clauses: Weet jij of hij
goed kan communiceren? Do you know if he can communicate well?
7 The interjection gewoon indicates that the speaker thinks something is a very
ordinary event and nothing special: We gaan gewoon naar de kroeg. We’re just
going to the pub.
8 Maar modifies the speaker’s opinion of something and usually shows a degree of
criticism, especially in combination with alleen (only): Ik wilde het alleen maar
makkelijker voor je maken. I only wanted to make it easier for you.
9 Nou can indicate that the speaker is going to explain something, and also gives the
speaker time to formulate his/her thoughts: Nou, ik zie dat anders. Well, I see it
differently.
10 Even can indicate that there is no problem, and that something will only take a
short time: Ik zal even voor u kijken. I will have a (quick) look for you.
14
Ik begrijp precies hoe je je voelt
I know exactly how you feel
In this unit you will learn
How to talk about physical and emotional well-being
Dialogue
Sjoerd takes his two children to the GP.
In de spreekkamer bij de huisarts:
CD2, TR 4
Sjoerd Dag, dokter.
De huisarts Dag. Wat kan ik voor u doen?
Sjoerd Nou het gaat eigenlijk om de kinderen.
De huisarts Wat is er met ze aan de hand?
Sjoerd Sieme is gisteren van zijn fiets gevallen. Ik dacht eerst dat het
niet zoveel voorstelde. Maar vanochtend had hij hoofdpijn en ik
begon me zorgen te maken.
De huisarts Hoe heb je dat voor elkaar gekregen, jongeman?
Sieme Ik was aan het fietsen en ik keek niet uit en toen viel ik op de
grond.
De huisarts Had je geen helm op?
Sieme Neeee.
Sjoerd Dat wil hij niet. ’t Is niet stoer hè?
De huisarts Mmmmm, dat was niet zo slim van je, hè?
Maar laat me eens kijken. Doet dit zeer?
Sieme Au, ja dat doet pijn.
De huisarts Heb je last van duizeligheid?
Sieme Nee.
De huisarts Ik denk dat het wel meevalt. U moet het wel in de gaten
houden. Als hij last krijgt van duizeligheid of als de hoofdpijn
erger wordt, dan moet u terugkomen met hem. Dan kunnen we
een röntgenfoto laten maken.
Sjoerd Goed. Zou u ook nog even naar Ines kunnen kijken?
De huisarts Ja natuurlijk. Wat is het probleem?
Sjoerd Ze heeft zo’n rare uitslag.
De huisarts Heeft ze koorts?
Sjoerd Nee, alleen een beetje verhoging. Maar ze voelt zich niet zo
lekker.
De huisarts Jeukt het?
Ines Een beetje.
De huisarts Zo te zien heb je waterpokken.
Dat is erg besmettelijk, dus deze week kan je niet naar school.
Sjoerd Kunt u iets aan de jeuk doen?
De huisarts Ik zal u een receptje voor een zalfje geven.
QUICK VOCAB
de spreekkamer surgery/consulting room
de huisarts the general practitioner
het gaat om … it is about …
wat is er (met ze) aan de hand? what’s wrong (with them)?
het stelt niet zoveel voor it doesn’t seem very serious/important
de hoofdpijn the headache
zich zorgen maken to be worried
Hoe heb je dat voor elkaar gekregen, jongeman? How did you manage that, young
man?
Ik was aan het fietsen. I was cycling.
ik keek niet uit (infinitive: uitkijken) I didn’t look where I was going
de helm helmet
Dat is niet zo slim. That’s not very clever.
stoer cool
doet dit zeer/pijn? does this hurt? ( het zeer = sore, ache)
Heb je last van duizeligheid? Do you get dizzy spells? ( lit. Are you troubled by …)
het valt (wel) mee it’s not that bad
in de gaten houden to keep an eye on
erger worden to become worse
de röntgenfoto X-ray
de rare uitslag odd/funny rash
de koorts fever
de verhoging slight temperature
zich niet lekker voelen to feel unwell
jeuken to itch
de waterpokken chicken pox
besmettelijk infectious
de jeuk itch(ing)
het recept prescription
het zalfje cream
This dialogue contains a lot of phrases and idiomatic expressions, which are useful to
know and can be used in all sorts of different contexts, such as Wat is er aan de
hand?, Het gaat om …, Het valt wel mee, etc.
It may be a good idea to learn these phrases.
You probably noticed that this dialogue contained the reflexive verbs zich voelen and
zich zorgen maken. If you have forgotten which pronouns to use with these verbs
then check the section on reflexive verbs again in Unit 11.
Exercise 1
Read the dialogue until you are familiar with the new words and expressions and then
act it out.
Grammar
There are several ways to talk about aches, pains and problems. Look at the
illustration to identify the different parts of the body.
For most parts of the body you can use these following two patterns:
Ik heb pijn in mijn … (lit. I have pain in my
…)
Ik heb pijn in mijn buik/maag. I’ve got a pain in my stomach.
Ik heb pijn in mijn keel. I’ve got a sore throat.
Ik heb pijn in mijn oor/ I’ve got
rug/hoofd. earache/backache/headache.
These phrases are used regularly, but only with the parts of the body listed here; ik
heb voetpijn, for instance, sounds very odd:
Ik heb last van mijn … (lit. I have trouble with my …)
Ik heb last van mijn buik. My stomach is giving me trouble.
Ik heb last van mijn longen. My lungs are giving me trouble.
Ik heb last van duizeligheid. I’m having dizzy spells.
Ik heb last van mijn been. My leg is playing up.
Ik heb last van mijn rug. I’ve got back problems.
Insight
Ik heb last van mijn … is not really used to indicate acute pain, but to convey the
fact that you are suffering either regularly or intermittently from any of these
conditions. Note that you cannot say Ik heb last van mijn hoofd, but you can say: Ik
heb vaak last van hoofdpijn.
More expressions on health:
Ik ben gezond. I’m healthy.
Ik ben ziek. I’m ill.
Ik ben misselijk. I feel sick.
Ik voel me niet zo lekker. I’m not feeling very well.
Ik ben verkouden. I have a cold.
Ik heb griep. I’ve got the flu.
Ik moet veel hoesten. I’m coughing a lot.
Ik heb een oorontsteking. I’ve got an ear infection.
Hij heeft een longontsteking. He has got pneumonia.
Ik heb een keelontsteking. I’ve got a throat infection.
but Mijn oog is ontstoken. I’ve got an eye infection.
Ik ben depressief. I am depressed.
Ik ben totaal gestresst. I am totally stressed out.
Ik ben allergisch voor … I am allergic to …
Ik heb hooikoorts. I’ve got hayfever.
Exercise 2
Which answer is most appropriate?
a You are at the doctor’s because you have hurt your knee playing football. She
touches it and asks if it hurts. What do you say?
Ik heb last van mijn been.
ii Dat doet pijn.
iii Ik was voetbal aan het spelen.
b The doctor tells you, to your surprise, that you have an extensive injury and that
you have to go to hospital (het ziekenhuis) for an X-ray.
Ik dacht dat het niet zoveel voorstelde.
ii Hoe heeft u dat voor elkaar gekregen?
iii Ik wil een röntgenfoto laten maken.
c You go to see the doctor because you think you have pneumonia. She listens to
your chest and says that your lungs are clear. What is your reaction?
Ik dacht dat het vanzelf over ging.
ii Dat valt mee.
iii Ik heb zeker longontsteking?
d You go to the doctor because you are getting headaches. What do you say?
Ik heb vaak hoofdpijn.
ii Ik heb last van mijn hoofd.
iii Mijn hoofd doet zeer.
Exercise 3
CD2, TR 4, 01.50
There are seven people waiting in the doctor’s surgery. When they see the doctor, how
would each of them describe their complaints to him? Make up complete sentences, as
if you were answering the doctor’s question: Wat kan ik voor u doen? Here is an
example. Ik heb pijn in mijn rug. (Note that there are sometimes several ways of
saying it.)
a dizzy spells
b aching legs
c a painful foot
d a sore throat
e an infected eye
f feeling sick
g having to cough a lot
Exercise 4
CD2, TR 4, 03.25
This is an extract from an email sent by Petra to her friend Lisette:
Ik ben gisteren naar de dokter geweest omdat ik de laatste tijd vaak last heb van
hoofdpijn. Ze vroeg of ik ook andere klachten had. Je weet, dat ik vaak heel erg slecht
slaap. Het bleek dat mijn bloeddruk een beetje te hoog was en ze vroeg of ik me
ergens zorgen over maakte. Ik vertelde dat ik het erg druk had op mijn werk. Ze zei
toen dat ik het wat rustiger aan moet doen en dat ik me moet leren ontspannen. Ze
wilde me liever geen medicijnen geven. Ik zei dat ik van plan was om een yogacursus
te gaan volgen. Eigenlijk vind ik het wel goed, dat ze me geen medicijnen gaf, vind je
ook niet?
Read the extract from Petra’s email and imagine that you are Petra visiting the doctor.
Provide simple answers to the doctor’s questions and comments overleaf. Think about
the answers first, then you can act it out.
QUICK VOCAB
vroeg (vragen) asked (ask)
of (in this context) if
de klacht complaint
de bloeddruk blood pressure
ik heb het druk I’m busy
het rustig(er) aandoen take it easy (easier)
ontspannen to relax/do relaxation
ik ben van plan om … I’m planning to …
het medicijn the medicine
a schoenen kopen
b opruimen
c eten
d vrijen
f in de tuin werken
Reading
CD2, TR 4, 06.32
Some extracts from an interactive website follow. On the website, people pose
questions about their health problems and ask for advice from whoever wants to
respond.
Probleem 1
Ik heb erge last van hooikoorts. Heeft iemand advies voor mij?
Kaatje
Beste Kaatje
Nou hier kan ik over meepraten. Bij ons heeft het hele gezin hooikoorts plus nog wat
andere allergieën. Er staat hier altijd een doos zakdoeken op tafel en die is in een mum
van tijd leeg.
Wat doen we eraan? We slikken pillen. Verder gebruiken we af en toe een neusspray
en oogdruppels als er veel pollen in de lucht hangen. Ik kan je maar een ding
aanraden: ga naar je huisarts en laat je testen op allergieën.
Josje
QUICK VOCAB
Hier kan ik over meepraten. I have got a lot of experience of this. (lit. I can talk
about this)
de allergie (plural allergieën) allergy
een doos zakdoeken a box of tissues
in mum van tijd in no time at all
leeg empty
slikken to swallow
pillen slikken to take medication (informal)
oogdruppels eyedrops
aanraden to advise
Probleem 2
Ik ben 31 jaar en heb al 2 jaar problemen met mezelf. Ik heb eigenlijk nergens zin in
en ik ben altijd moe. Ik heb de afgelopen twee jaar van alles en nog wat geprobeerd.
Ik ben voor van alles en nog wat getest, maar de dokters zitten ook met hun handen in
het haar. Wel slik ik allerlei medicijnen, maar niets helpt. Ik besteed weinig tijd en
aandacht aan mijn vrouw en kinderen, hoewel ik heel veel van hen hou. Dat is voor
hen ook heel moeilijk. Is er iemand die mij een beetje kan helpen? Ik ben radeloos.
Pascal
Beste Pascal
Ik begrijp precies hoe je je voelt. Ik ken veel mensen zoals jij. Toch kun je hier weer
bovenop komen. Ik adviseer je om natuurlijke remedies te gaan gebruiken. Het zal je
helpen je leven weer in balans te brengen, zodat je weer kan genieten van je relatie
met je vrouw en kinderen. Voor een behandeling kun je bij mij terecht. Ik help je
graag de juiste remedie te vinden en je te begeleiden de komende tijd. Je zal zien dat
de lichamelijke en mentale problemen overwonnen kunnen worden.
Wouter Hendriks, natuurtherapeut
Hallo
Ik kan me helemaal in u verplaatsen al ben ik een meisje van 18 en heb ik geen
kinderen. Ook ik heb jaren last gehad van moeheid en depressiviteit. Op een gegeven
moment zei de dokter tegen mij dat ik niet moest zeuren omdat ik nog zo jong was.
Toen ben ik op het internet gaan zoeken en ik heb twee dingen gevonden die me
hebben geholpen:
1) Therapie: ik ben naar een psycholoog gegaan en kwam erachter dat ik in de knoop
zat met mijn verleden. Door er veel over te praten kwam alles eruit en ik voel me nu
veel beter.
2) Homeopathie: een homeopaat kijkt naar de hele persoon en niet alleen de
symptomen. Ik heb hier veel baat bij gehad en nu ben ik weer helemaal de oude.
Ik hoop dat u hier iets aan heeft. Veel succes!
Iris
QUICK VOCAB
nergens zin in hebben to feel like doing nothing
met je handen in het haar zitten to be at your wits’ end
medicijnen medication
radeloos zijn to be desperate
er weer bovenop komen get out of it, get it under control
in balans brengen to find your balance
genieten to enjoy
de behandeling treatment
Je kunt bij mij terecht. I will help you.
begeleiden to support
de komende tijd the coming time
lichamelijk en mentaal physically and mentally
een probleem overwinnen to get on top of a problem
zich in iemand verplaatsen to imagine yourself in someone else’s position
al even though
op een gegeven moment at a certain moment
zeuren to whinge
erachter komen to find out, to discover
in de knoop zitten met je verleden struggling with your past
door er over te praten by/through talking about it
kwam alles eruit everything came out
ergens baat bij hebben to benefit from something
de oude zijn be your old self again
Insight
People in the Netherlands frequently talk about their mental and emotional state. Of
course this depends on the circles and age groups you are in contact with, but on the
whole you will find this makes for a good conversation topic between friends. There
certainly isn’t as much of a stigma on mental health problems or on going into therapy
as there is in some other countries and cultures.
There is also great enthusiasm for natural remedies, such as homeopathy, and these
are used much more widely than just by new age enthusiasts.
Exercise 8
Answer the following questions in Dutch. Use the original language in the text to help
you to answer the questions, but if you want to expand on the answers feel free to do
so. You might want to discuss the text with a (near) native speaker.
a Which phrases do the two respondents to Pascal’s letter use to show they
understand him?
b What argument does Wouter Hendriks use in trying to convince Pascal?
c What is Wouter Hendriks’s main reason for showing empathy with Pascal?
d Even though Iris is a girl of only 18 without family commitments, she feels she can
relate to Pascal’s problems. Why is that?
e What has her experience with doctors been?
f What is her advice to Pascal?
Exercise 9
Zou u naar een natuurtherapeut gaan? Wat zijn de voordelen/ nadelen daarvan?
If you have a study partner discuss this issue, if not, write a short essay on the topic.
Exercise 10
Do you agree with the advice given by Wouter Hendriks and Iris? If you have a study
partner discuss this issue.
NB To say you agree: Ik ben het met je/Iris/Wouter eens dat … To say you disagree:
Ik ben het niet met je/Iris/Wouter eens dat …
Exercise 11
What advice would you have given Pascal? Write a response to his letter.
Reading
CD2, TR 4, 09.45
UREN BAKKEN IN DE ZON, WAAROM DOEN WE DAT NOG STEEDS?
Gisteravond toen ik thuiskwam na een hete werkdag, reed ik naar het strand om de
honden uit te laten. Daar zaten horden mensen, waaronder veel jongeren, na te
genieten van de zonnige dag. Er was hard gewerkt aan die mahoniebruine huiden.
Armen werden naast elkaar gehouden op het terras waar ik ook even ging zitten. Wie
was het bruinst? Ik keek naar mijn been, waar het litteken zit van een operatie waar
een klein huidkankertje was weggehaald. Ik was altijd de eerste die er mahoniebruin
bijliep. Maar nu weet ik wel beter. Wat ik op het strand zie, is puur bakgedrag. Uren
achtereen. Ik weet nu ook dat die huidplekjes van mij dan wel niet gevaarlijk zijn,
maar toch … Wat zijn we toch stom, dacht ik. Je weet dat het slecht is en toch zit je
uren in de zon. Zijn we niet hartstikke gek om te ploeteren voor een bruin vel, terwijl
je ook in de schaduw lekker kunt lezen?
Hoe belangrijk vinden we die bruine huid? Waarom niet terug naar ‘white is
beautiful’?
[text adapted from http://www.libelle.nl]
QUICK VOCAB
thuiskomen to come home
rijden to drive
heet hot
het strand beach
de honden uitlaten to walk the dogs
horden hordes
nagenieten to enjoy the last of
mahoniebruin mahogany brown
armen naast elkaar houden people held their arms next to one another (to compare
their tans)
het litteken scar
huidkankertje weghalen remove a small skin cancer
er bruin bij lopen to be tanned
bakken to bake
het gedrag behaviour
gevaarlijk dangerous, life threatening
maar toch but still
stom stupid
hartstikke gek totally mad
ploeteren to work hard, plodding
het vel skin
de schaduw shadow, shade
Exercise 12
Answer the following questions in Dutch using the original text where possible.
Good idea if you don’t want to cook or are It is bothersome and complicated to
tired use a computer
It is easy to use, you can access the menus of You don’t have a lot of choice
various restaurants
It’s cheaper and easier than going to a You might as well go to a restaurant
restaurant
NB You need the following expressions: Not a lot of choice. Weinig keus. You might
as well go to a restaurant. Je kan net zo goed naar een restaurant gaan.
In the Netherlands, particularly in the bigger towns, there is a great variety of
restaurants serving food from different countries. Eating out is very popular and there
is a lot of choice of foreign or exotic foods. Up until 30 years ago the only foreign
food restaurants were the Chinese/Indonesian restaurants serving, in addition to the
Chinese food so common in the western world, more specific Indonesian dishes such
as nasi goreng, or nasi for short, accompanied with kroepoek prawn crackers. These
days, many supermarkets stock Indonesian ingredients and it is very common to cook
Indonesian food at home; nasi is perhaps the Dutch version of a British curry. After
the Chinese/Indonesian restaurants, Italian restaurants were among the first foreign
food restaurants to open, soon followed by French bistros and Turkish restaurants and
snackbars selling shoarma (a kind of kebab). Nowadays, bistros have largely made
way for a wide array of restaurants, particularly in the large cities, representing many
different countries and cultures. These restaurants are very popular, perhaps because
people like to eat the food of countries they have been to on their holidays.
Exercise 7
Look carefully at the internet pages of Thuisbezorgd overleaf and answer the
questions that follow.
[reproduced with permission of Internet Thuis Bezorgd Faciliteiten]
QUICK VOCAB
invoeren to add, type in
versturen to send
het bedrijf company (here: restaurant)
bestelgrootte amount of order
bereiken to achieve
het aantal the number of
invullen to fill in
afronden to round up/down
druk op/in click/press on
spaaractie promotional offer whereby you can collect tokens which can be exchanged
for a discount
zegel token
de pinpas bank debit card
Answer these questions in English.
Ziektekosten
Hulpverlening (ongeval / pech)
Bagage
Ongevallenverzekering
Annuleringsverzekering
Bij een aantal verzekeringen kunt u al of niet kiezen voor alle of enkele van deze
modules. Hoe meer van deze modules u neemt hoe duurder het wordt. Kijk voordat u
een reisverzekering neemt welke onderdelen van de reisverzekering u nodig hebt.
Voor enkele risico’s bent u misschien al verzekerd. Door een complete reisverzekering
(alle modules) aan te schaffen verzekert u zich misschien dubbel.
Controleert u bij uw autoverzekeraar of ziektekostenverzekeraar of u daar voor een
reisverzekering goedkoper uit bent. Het kan behoorlijk schelen als u ziektekosten niet
apart hoeft bij te verzekeren. Per persoon, per dag kan dit voordeel oplopen van € 1,50
tot € 2,50. Mogelijk hoeft u alleen privé klinieken in het buitenland bij te verzekeren.
Het kan zijn dat uw ziektekostenverzekering niet alle ziektekosten in het buitenland
(met name de Verenigde Staten) volledig vergoedt. Dit kan financieel behoorlijk uit de
hand lopen.
[adapted from http://www.geencentteveel.nl © GCT infomediair B.V.]
QV
geen cent te veel not a penny too much
de reisverzekering travel insurance
de verzameling collection
ziektekosten health insurance
hulpverlening road assistance (accidents/breakdown)
bagage luggage
ongevallenverzekering accident insurance
annuleringsverzekering cancellation insurance
al of niet kiezen you have a choice of
hoe meer … hoe duurder the more … the more expensive
onderdelen parts
nodig hebben to need
het risico risk
aanschaffen to buy
dubbel double
controleren to check
de verzekeraar insurance company
goedkoper uit zijn to be better (cheaper) off
behoorlijk quite
kan behoorlijk schelen can make quite a difference
bijverzekeren to take out an extra (part of an) insurance
mogelijk possibly
het buitenland abroad
vergoeden to recompense
uit de hand lopen to get out of hand (here: in financial terms)
Exercise 9
This is quite a difficult authentic text with specific vocabulary. But you might well
come across texts like this when you are in the Low Countries, so it is worth spending
some time in trying to familiarize yourself with the vocabulary and style of this text.
Exercise 10
Answer these questions in Dutch, using the text. You might need to adapt the
sentences slightly, so make sure that you follow the grammatical rules about word
order you have learned in previous units. If a question can be answered with a simple
yes or no, try to expand on that. This activity is meant to encourage you to use some
of the new language items you have just learned.
CD2, TR 5, 06.46
Marijn We gaan deze zomer naar Amerika. We hebben een camper a
______ en zijn van plan om dwars door Amerika heen b
______ trekken.
Jasper Goh. Leuk. Wel duur c ______, hè?
Marijn Ja, maar alles d ______ valt het nog wel mee. De huur van de
camper, de vlucht en de reisverzekering zijn e ______ bij de
prijs inbegrepen.
Jasper Heb je wel gekeken of je goedkoper f ______ kan ______ voor
je reisverzekering?
Marijn Hoe bedoel je?
Jasper Nou, als je een complete reisverzekering g ______, dan
verzeker je je misschien h ______.
Marijn O.
Jasper Ja, het kan i ______ hoor, als je je ziektekosten niet
j ______ hoeft bij te verzekeren.
Marijn Ja, maar we gaan naar Amerika. Daar zijn de ziektekosten
ontzettend k ______. En bij deze verzekering die we nu
hebben, worden die kosten l ______ vergoed.
You have decided to go on holiday with a group of friends. This is your first meeting
where you are talking about the various options you have got. You have prepared
yourself for this get-together and have a list of the various options you need to
consider. To get everyone thinking in a focused manner, you give a little spiel about
what you need to discuss this session. Using the points given, structure the
information in such a way that it is easier for your friends to separate the various
issues. Present it out loud first, then write it down.
Start your presentation with: We moeten eerst bepalen (determine)/beslissen
(decide)/bedenken (think about) wat we willen. Er zijn verschillende
mogelijkheden (possibilities):
Wat voor soort vakantie? What kind of holiday?
strandvakantie beach holiday
actieve vakantie active holiday
avontuurlijke vakantie adventure holiday
Waar? Where?
in ons eigen land blijven to stay in our own country
naar het buitenland gaan to go abroad
binnen/buiten Europa to stay in Europe/go overseas
Waar en hoe willen we overnachten? What do we want to do for
accommodation?
hotel in a hotel
appartement/bungalow/ huisje huren to rent an apartment/villa/cottage
kamperen to camp
Wat willen we ’s avonds doen? How do we want to spend our evenings?
uitgaan going out
naar clubs gaan, dansen going to clubs, go dancing
rustig, op terrasjes zitten quietly, drinking at outdoor cafés
vroeg naar bed gaan to go to bed early
Hoe komen we er? How do we get there?
met de auto by car
vliegen by plane
met de bus by bus
met de trein by train
Hoeveel willen we eraan besteden? How much do we want to spend on it?
Exercise 6
CD2, TR 6, 05.34
You’ve been given the task at work to organize the twentieth anniversary celebration
of your firm. You’ve been given total free range for this. You have made a list with
the various issues to consider. You have called a meeting for a working party to think
about the organization of the event. Specifically state that you are giving examples.
An example of a presentation is given in the key but, of course, there are various ways
of doing this.
Wat willen we ermee bereiken? What do we want to achieve with this?
Wat is ons doel met dit feest? de What is our aim? to strengthen the bond
onderlinge band versterken among colleagues
de medewerkers tonen dat ze gewaardeerd to show the staff they are appreciated
worden
onze collega’s beter leren kennen to get to know our colleagues better
gewoon een fantastische avond hebben just to have a fantastic evening
Wat zijn de verschillende mogelijkheden?
Misschien kunnen we hier over brainstormen, maar hier zijn een aantal ideeën:
een diner met daarna entertainment:
een band of een disco
avond met karaoke
creatieve avond met voordrachten en cabaret van de medewerkers
iets anders dan anders, avond met een thema:
oosterse avond met buikdanseressen
middeleeuwse avond met zang en dans
Amerikaanse avond met hamburgers en line dancing
een dagje uit met z’n allen:
een excursie naar de Efteling
een dagje naar Londen met de Eurostar
een diner in een kasteel
een weekend weg:
naar Parijs
naar een survival kamp
in een zeilboot op het IJsselmeer
QUICK VOCAB
de voordracht sketch, reading a poem/rhyme out loud
iets anders dan anders something different
oosters eastern (the word often evokes connotations of the 1001 Nights)
buikdanseres belly dancer
middeleeuws medieval
het kasteel castle
de zeilboot sailing boat
Insight
Performing home-made songs, rhymes and sketches at a party is not as strange as it
might seem. The Dutch are well accustomed to this. At many large family get-
togethers, such as weddings and anniversaries, several of the guests will perform a
sketch or sing a song, all home-made and geared at teasing the celebratory person or
couple in a jocular manner.
De Efteling
This is one of the oldest and largest theme parks in the Netherlands. The theme:
fairytales, but with some challenging rides into the bargain.
Het IJsselmeer
This is the name of the large lake in the middle of the Netherlands previously called
de Zuiderzee. This large area of water was a sea until 1932 when a dyke was built
separating it from the Noordzee, thus turning it into a lake. This lake is popular for
sailing and you can hire a large sailing boat called a botter, complete with a captain,
for parties and days or weekends out.
Exercise 7
Here is another activity to practise the use of sub-clauses. Look at Tamsin’s
presentation again and rewrite part of it (or all if you like) in reported speech. Start the
sub-clause each time with the subject.
example: Tamsin zegt dat je in Nederland op verscheidene manieren het nieuws kan
ontvangen.
Tamsin zegt dat de meeste mensen naar het nieuws op de radio luisteren.
______ dat ze vaak ook ’s avonds nog naar het nieuws op tv kijken.
Note that when je is subject, and in her presentation is used in inversion, you need to
add the t again:
Daarnaast kun je het nieuws natuurlijk ook in kranten lezen.
Tamsin zegt dat je het nieuws daarnaast natuurlijk ook in kranten kunt lezen.
(Refer back to Unit 2, under Spreek/spreekt, for further clarification of this.)
Start now from the second paragraph, Er zijn verschillende soorten kranten; and
finish at Dat is vaak nieuws over de gemeente.
Kranten en tijdschriften
Tamsin gave a fairly good overview of the newspapers in the Netherlands. Of course,
there are many more, particularly regional newspapers, but it certainly is true to say
that there are no real tabloids in the Netherlands (not yet anyway). In addition to the
daily papers there are some weekly ones, offering background news and analytical
articles. These are becoming more and more like current affairs magazines. Examples
are: de Groene Amsterdammer and Vrij Nederland, both having a leftish orientation.
Glossy current affairs publications are, for instance, Hp/de Tijd and Elsevier, both
having a more conservative orientation and reporting particularly on economic news.
It might be interesting to know that each of the Dutch newspapers used to have clear
religious or political orientations, which represented the political and religious
streams in the Netherlands. In some of the newspapers there is still a remnant of this.
This ‘pillarization’ as it is called has all but disappeared, but you still find traces of it
in Dutch society; even hospitals, sports clubs and broadcasting organizations used to
(and some still do) cater for one particular group in society, whether protestant,
catholic, socialist or non-affiliated: openbaar. The only institutions where this
distinction is still clearly visible, at least as far as the religious and non-affiliated
streams go, is in schools.
Exercise 8
Now prepare a presentation about newspapers or the media in general in your own
country. Structure it logically and fairly formally. If you don’t want to make it too
formal, you can add your own opinion and some informal interjections as Tamsin did.
Write the speech out in its entirety. In the key you will find an example answer about
newspapers in Britain. If you know a (near) native speaker, ask him/her to read your
speech and indicate where there are some errors. Before you ask him/her to help you
to correct these, try to correct the errors yourself first. Then give your presentation.
Here are some more words you might want to use:
politiek gekleurd politically coloured
links left wing
rechts right wing
conservatief conservative
progressief progressive
achtergrondinformatie background information
zogenaamd so called
invloed hebben have influence
Exercise 9
Tell someone about these newspapers in an informal situation, i.e. a monologue
within a conversation. Having prepared this topic thoroughly in the previous activity,
you should try and aim for some fluency in this.
Grammar
Passive
In this unit Tamsin used a grammatical form we have not yet talked about: the passive
voice. It means that the subject of the sentence is not active; something is done to it or
him/her. You can recognize this form when used in this unit, because it uses the verb
worden in combination with a past participle:
Dat zijn kranten die in een bepaalde stad of regio worden gepubliceerd.
These are newspapers which are published in a particular town or region.
Er wordt ook veel aandacht besteed aan plaatselijk nieuws. A lot of attention is also
given to local news.
At this stage in your learning of Dutch you do not need to be able to use this
grammatical form actively. If you do want to know more about it, you can look it up
in the Dutch grammar book accompanying this series.
Adverbs
Adverbs are words which tell you if, how, how often, when, where and to what degree
something is happening. In English adverbs often have -ly at the end, as in quickly.
Here is a list of some adverbs, although, clearly, there are many more.
We have divided them into categories so it is a little easier to see what adverbs can
contribute to a sentence or statement.
NB The adverbs in the middle column (adverbs which indicate to what degree
something is happening) are frequently followed by another adverb or adjective:
example: Ik ben redelijk goed in Nederlands.
Dit artikel is vrij moeilijk.
Finally, there are also some adverbs that are used to link sentences. You have come
across quite a few of these already during the course, even if we haven’t always made
that explicit. Normally, these linking adverbs also show a relationship between
sentence parts (and thus ideas). Here are just a few: