EASA Part 21 J

AVIATION LEGISLATION (INITIAL) AIRWORT H INES S

REQUIREMENTS

04.07.2023 1
Portfolio

CONSULTING TRAINING SYSTEM FLIGHT SERVICES

ENGINEERING

04.07.2023 2
 Portfolio

With our experts we offer you in-house or open trainings

• Design Organisations according to EASA PART 21J
TRAINING • Production Organisations according to EASA PART 21G
• System development according to ARP4754
• Safety assessments according to ARP4761
• Software development according to DO-178C
• Hardware development according to DO-254
CONSULTING
• Human factors
• Aviation Legislation
• Quality management according to ISO 9001
• Quality management according to EN 9100

SYSTEM
ENGINEERING

04.07.2023 3
 Portfolio

Establishing Approved Aviation Organisations and Quality Management Systems according to

• EASA Part 21 and Part 145
• ISO 9001 / EN 9100
TRAINING
Creating Smart Process Solutions considering
• ARP4754 / ARP4761 – System Development
• Type Certification Processes in Aviation
• DO-178C SW / DO-254 HW Development Process
Getting Integral Processes Lean
CONSULTING • Configuration Management and Product Life Cycle Management
• Requirements Management and Requirements based Engineering

SYSTEM
ENGINEERING

04.07.2023 4
 Portfolio

With our creativity, experience and expertise network, we cover all areas to make your idea a reality.
Our Scope of Engineering includes:
TRAINING • System Development, Requirements based Engineering
• Safety Assessments
• Mechanical Design and Development / CAD / CAM
• Simulation and Finite Element Methods
• Software Development
CONSULTING • Electronic Hardware Development
• Prototyping
• Qualification & Verification
• Production

SYSTEM
ENGINEERING

04.07.2023 5
Agenda

o Why?

o Basic Regulatory Framework

o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J

04.07.2023 6
04.07.2023 8
Airworthiness

Aircraft Airworthiness means compliance with applicable aviation authorities regulations, that define the minimum safety
level for an aircraft:
▪ when designed and built according to applicable requirements,
▪ when operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared limitations,
▪ and maintained in accordance with procedures acceptable to the responsible Authority.

An airworthy aircraft is one where the likelihood of any incident or accident as a result of malfunction, performance or
handling of the aircraft is kept to acceptable levels .
The only real measure of airworthiness in use is given by tracking and analyzing incidents and accidents.

04.07.2023 9
Regulations are NOT limiting innovation
Regulations are giving minimum requirements for structured procedures to increase safety.
Regulations are not invented to limit innovation or success, but to limit risk of fatalities.

Imagine the case, that the aircraft you are involved in has a fatal accident with several people killed. In this case you will ask
yourself the question, "Did we do everything possible, to prevent this accident?" Only if you are confident, that you have
followed the minimum requirements you will be able to withstand this situation.

It is up to all involved parties to create efficient and smart procedures, which comply with the regulations.

04.07.2023 10
Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view & Delta Assessment Part 21 / EMAR / DEMAR

04.07.2023 11
04.07.2023 12
 European Aviation Community

In all states of the EU the European

Parliament & Commission Rules apply
automatically!
(+Norway, Switzerland, Iceland,
Liechtenstein)

04.07.2023 13
Basic Regulation 2018/1139

A high and uniform level of civil aviation safety should be ensured at all times by the adoption of common safety rules and
by measures ensuring that any goods, persons and organisations involved in civil aviation activity in the Union comply with
such rules.

• Chapter I – Principles
• Chapter II – Aviation Safety Management
• Chapter III – Substantive Requirements
• Chapter IV – Joint Certification, Oversight and Enforcement System
• Chapter V – The European Union Aviation Safety Agency
• Chapter VI – Final Provision

04.07.2023 14
European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

• Established 2002, HQ located in Cologne

• Executive Director: Patrick Ky
• Ensure the highest common level of safety protection for EU citizens
• Ensure the highest common level of environmental protection
• Single regulatory and certification process among Member States
• Facilitate the internal aviation single market & create a level playing field
• Work with other international aviation organisations & regulators

04.07.2023 15
04.07.2023 16
04.07.2023 17
04.07.2023 18
04.07.2023 19
Civil Regulation Framework

BASIC REGULATION
2018/1139

Initial Airworthiness Hard Law Continuing Airworthiness

Implementing Rule Implementing Rule
748/2012 § 1321/2014

PART 21 J PART CAMO

DESIGN ORGANISATION CONTINUING AIRWORTHINESS
DO MANAGEMENT ORGANISATION
CAMO
PART 21 G
PRODUCTION ORGANISATION PART 145
PO MAINTENANCE ORGANISATION
MO

…
PART 147
MAINT. TRAINING ORGANISATION
MTO

04.07.2023 20
04.07.2023 21
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

ANNEX I - EASA Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements Relevant requirements for the

Applicant

Section B – Procedures for competent authorities Relevant requirements for the

Airworthiness and Big Brother
Environmental
Certification
Regulation (EU) No
748/2012

04.07.2023 22
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart A – General Provisions

Subpart B – Type-Certificates and Restricted Type-Certificates

(Subpart C – Not Applicable)

Subpart D – Changes to Type-Certificates and Restricted Type-Certificates

Subpart E – Supplemental Type-Certificates

EASA Part 21
Airworthiness and Subpart F – Production without Production Organisation Approval
Environmental
Certification Subpart G – Production Organisation Approval

Subpart H – Certificates of Airworthiness and Restricted Certificates of Airworthiness

04.07.2023 23
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart A – General Provisions

Executive summary:

• General requirements relevant for involved organisations

like record keeping in regard to information and data about
the products, parts and appliances and to qualification and

EASA Part 21 authorization of personnel, providing access to authority

Airworthiness and • Establishes minimum coordination requirements between
Environmental Design Organisation (DO) & Production Organisation (PO)
Certification • Details the reporting of occurrences together with guidance
for failure conditions assessment, to finally support the
issuance of an “Airworthiness Directive”
• Mandates the TC-Holder to provide Manuals and Instructions
for continued airworthiness (ICA)

04.07.2023 24
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart B – Type-Certificates and Restricted Type-Certificates

Executive summary:
• A Type Certificate can only be issued for products
(Aircraft, Engine, Propeller)

• With the TC the agency confirms that the applicant

EASA Part 21 (upcoming TC-Holder) was able to demonstrate that the

Airworthiness and products type design complies to all relevant
Environmental airworthiness and environmental requirements
Certification
• To be eligible to be the holder of a Type Certificate (TC) the
applicant must demonstrate the required capability by
meeting the requirements of Subpart J (Design
Organisation Requirements)

04.07.2023 25
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart D – Changes to Type-Certificates and Restricted Type-Certificates

Executive summary:
• Subpart D applies to changes made to the type design of a TC
and RTC.
• Goal is to ensure that these changes do not have an adverse
effect on the safety, performance or any other aspects of the
EASA Part 21
aircraft or a product.
Airworthiness and
Environmental • Changes are classified (minor, major) and processed
Certification depending on their classification
• The change must comply with any applicable airworthiness
regulations and requirements, such as those related to safety,
noise, emissions, and environmental impact

04.07.2023 26
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart E – Supplemental Type-Certificates

Executive summary:
• If a third-party (not the TC-holder) wants to change an
existing type design, it requests a supplemental type
certificate (STC)
• The STC holder must also comply with any applicable
EASA Part 21
airworthiness regulations and requirements, such as those
Airworthiness and
Environmental related to safety, noise, emissions, and environmental impact
Certification • Resulting parts and appliances of the STC are to be labeled
with the letters “EPA” in the beginning

04.07.2023 27
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart F – Production without Production Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
• Subpart F establishes the requirements to produce products
parts or appliances without a POA
• Relevant if production is very limited and a POA would be
not sufficient
EASA Part 21
• The organisaiton applying must demonstrate its capability
Airworthiness and
Environmental as well, to be finally privileged to issue EASA Form 1 / EASA
Certification Form 52

04.07.2023 28
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart G – Production Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
• A POA is required for organisations that produce products
parts or appliances
• The organisation must maintain a quality system that
includes procedures for controlling production and inspection
EASA Part 21
activities, as well as for managing and controlling the use of
Airworthiness and
Environmental materials, equipment, and personnel.
Certification • The POA provides the privilege to issue Form 1 / Form 52/
Form 53

04.07.2023 29
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart H – Certificates of Airworthiness and Restricted Certificates of

Airworthiness

Executive summary:
• For operating an aircraft (commercially) the holder of the
aircraft needs a certificate of airworthiness for the aircraft,
that states the aircraft conforms to a specific type design.
• Restricted airworthiness certificate is issued for aircraft that
EASA Part 21
do not fully meet the applicable airworthiness requirements
Airworthiness and
Environmental but can still operate safely under certain restrictions.
Certification

04.07.2023 30
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart I – Noise Certificates

Subpart J – Design Organisation Approval

Subpart K – Parts and Appliances

(Subpart L – Not Applicable)

Subpart M – Repairs
EASA Part 21
Airworthiness and (Subpart N – Not Applicable)
Environmental
Certification Subpart O – European Technical Standard Order Authorisations

Subpart P – Permit to Fly

Subpart Q – Permit to Fly

04.07.2023 31
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart I – Noise Certificates

Executive Summary:
• A noise certificate is a document that certifies the noise levels
emitted by an aircraft during takeoff, approach, and landing,
and must be carried onboard the aircraft.
• The noise certificate includes information about the aircraft
EASA Part 21
type, engine type, and noise level certification data.
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification

04.07.2023 32
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart J – Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
• The DOA is an important certification that allows
organisations to take responsibility for their designs and
modifications and to streamline the certification process. It is
a key component in ensuring the safety and airworthiness of
EASA Part 21
products, parts, and appliances.
Airworthiness and
Environmental • The DOA holder must have (quality) management system,
Certification enough number of personnel, including engineers, and
technical specialists, in order to meet the requirements for
certification activities.

04.07.2023 33
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart K – Parts and Appliances

Executive summary:
• Subpart K establishes the requirements for the certification of
parts and appliances installed on aircraft.
• Parts and appliances are to be certified within the
certification of the product and not as standalone
EASA Part 21
• A part or appliance is eligible for installation in a type-
Airworthiness and
Environmental certified product when it is in a condition for safe operation,
Certification marked in accordance with Subpart Q and accompanied by
an authorised release certificate (EASA Form 1), certifying
that the item was manufactured in conformity with approved
design data.

04.07.2023 34
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart M – Repairs

Executive summary:
• Subpart M applies to repairs developed for a Type Design of a
TC and RTC.
• Goal is to ensure that these repairs do not have an adverse
effect on the safety, performance or any other aspects of the
EASA Part 21
aircraft or a product.
Airworthiness and
Environmental • Repairs are classified (minor, major) and processed
Certification depending on their classification
• The repair must comply with any applicable airworthiness
regulations and requirements, such as those related to safety,
noise, emissions, and environmental impact

04.07.2023 35
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart O – European Technical Standard Order Authorisation

Executive summary:
• ETSOs are technical standards for aviation products and
components, such as instruments, and equipments
• ETSO components can be “certified” as standalone – ETSO-
Authorisation (ETSOA), if the applicant demonstrated
EASA Part 21
compliance to applicable category of CS-ETSO
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification

04.07.2023 36
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart P – Permit to Fly

Executive summary:
• A PTF is used when a certificate of airworthiness is
temporarily invalid or has not been issued yet.
• To operate an aircraft, a PTF may be required when the
aircraft does not comply with essential requirements for
EASA Part 21
airworthiness, or the intended flights are outside the
Airworthiness and
Environmental approved envelop.
Certification • With appropriate “flight conditions” the flight under the
permit to fly can be operated safely

04.07.2023 37
 Aviation Legislation – Subparts of Part 21

Section A – Technical Requirements

Subpart Q – Identification of Products, Parts and Appliances

Executive summary:
• All products, parts, and appliances must be identified by a
part number, (serial number) or other approved identification
method.
• Identification must be permanent, legible and must include
EASA Part 21
clear information such as serial number, manufacturer’s
Airworthiness and
Environmental name and any other relevant information specified in the
Certification regulation.
• Identification must be traceable to the applicable design
and production records.

04.07.2023 38
Regulation Structure

Initial Airworthiness Hard Law Continuing Airworthiness

Implementing Rule Nr. Implementing Rule Nr.
748/2012 § 1321/2014

Changes Changes

EU Nr. 2022/201 EU Nr. 2022/410

EU Nr. 2021/699 EU Nr. 2021/1963
EU Nr. 2020/570 EU Nr. 2021/685
EU Nr. 2019/897 EU Nr. 2020/1159
EU Nr. 2016/5 EU Nr. 2020/270
EU Nr. 2015/1039 EU Nr. 2019/1384
EU Nr. 2015/640 EU Nr. 2019/1383
EU Nr. 69/2014 EU Nr. 2018/1142
EU Nr. 7/2013 EU Nr. 2015/1536
EU Nr. 748/2012 EU Nr. 2015/1088
EU Nr. 1321/2014

Amended Version Amended Version

04.07.2023 39
04.07.2023 40
Section A

Hard Law

04.07.2023 41
AMC (Acceptable Means of Compliance)

Soft Law

Further explanations/additions of the Implementing Rules (Acceptable Means of Compliance)

04.07.2023 42
GM (Guidance Materials)

Soft Law

Additional Instructions (Guide) of the Implementing Rules

04.07.2023 43
Regulation Structure

Initial Airworthiness Continuing Airworthiness

Implementing Rules Nr. 748/2012 Implementing Rules Nr. 1321/2014

Hard Law
§ = Regulations / Implementing Regulations ("hard law")

= Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material ("soft law")

Soft Law
§
= Guidance Material & Certification Specifications ("soft law")

04.07.2023 44
 Introductory paragraphs

• a)
…

• b)

04.07.2023 45
Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (LBA)

• National civil aviation authority of Germany

Tasks:
• Executing aviation legislation and contributing to highest possible safety level
• Monitoring & approval of aviation organisations like:
• Airlines
• Airports
• Production organisations
• Continuing airworthiness management organisations,
• Maintenance organisations,
• Maintenance training organisations
• (Pilot) training organisations
• Licensing of aviation personal

04.07.2023 46
Basic Regulation 2018/1139

This Regulation shall not apply to the products, parts, appliances, personnel and organizations referred to carrying out
• Military
• Customs
• Police
• Search and rescue
• Firefighting
• Coastguard
• or similar activities or services.

04.07.2023 47
 Aviation Legislation
§ § §
Civil

Agency / Authorities

§ § § • Executing and controlling

„Hard-Law“
• Monitoring organisations
• Providing the „Soft-Law“
(Acceptable Means of
§ Compliance, Guidance
Material, Certifying
Military

Standards)

§ § §

04.07.2023 48
Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J

04.07.2023 49
I Overview Aviation Organisations

04.07.2023 50
I Commercial Air Transport (C.A.T.)
Commercial air transport is the carriage of
• passengers and/or
• cargo and/or
• mail
in return for payment.

04.07.2023 51
I Organisation

• The term "organisation" in this context means a natural person, a legal person or part of a legal person.
• Different organisations can be approved under European Aviation Regulations.

04.07.2023 52
I Design Organisation

Design

Demonstration of
compliance & Verification

Declaration of compliance

Type Certificate Approved Data

Continued Airworthiness

04.07.2023 53
I Approved Data

Design Organisation
(DO)

Production Organisation (PO) Maintenance Organisation (MO)

Design, production and maintenance

documents which are approved by the
DO and the EASA

04.07.2023 54
 Approved Data Examples

Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness (ICA) Operation Suitable Data (OSD) Approved and published by EASA
• AMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual • AFM Airplane Flight Manual • STC Supplemental Type Certification
• MOM Master Operating Manual • TC Type Certificate
• SRM Structure Repair Manual
• FCD Flight Crew Data • AD Airworthiness Directive
• IPC Illustrated Parts Catalogue
• CCD Cabin Crew Data
• WDM Wiring Diagram Manual • SIMD Simulator Data
• CMM Component Maintenance Manual
• NDT Non destructive Testing Manual
• ITEM Illustrated Tool and Equipment Manual
• TSM Trouble Shooting Manual
• MMEL Master Minimum Equipment List
• SB Service Bulletin

04.07.2023 55
I Production Organisation

Conformity to Type Certificate

and approved modifications

Statement of Conformity

CoA Manuals and

Form 1 associated documents
Form 52

04.07.2023 56
 I Maintenance Organisation

To be maintained
Parts

Instructions for Continuing Airworthiness Maintenance performed Work order

Certificate of release to Service

04.07.2023 57
I Maintenance

Maintenance means actions to maintain the airworthiness of a component or aircraft

• overhaul
• repair
• inspection
• replacement
• modification
• troubleshooting

04.07.2023 58
I Inspection

The inspection of an aircraft or aircraft component to

ensure compliance with the approved standard.

04.07.2023 59
I Overhaul

Inspection and replacement to extend the service life

of an aircraft or aircraft component in accordance
with an approved standard.

04.07.2023 60
I Repair

Repair is the bringing of an aircraft or component

back to serviceable or airworthy condition in
accordance with the Approved Data.

04.07.2023 61
I Modification

Modification or change of a component or aircraft in

accordance with an approved standard.

04.07.2023 62
Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J

04.07.2023 63
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

21.A.231 - Scope

21.A.233 - Eligibility

21.A.234 - Application

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 64
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • establishes the procedure for the approval of design
organisations and rules governing the rights and
21.A.233 - Eligibility
obligations of applicants for, and holders of, such

21.A.234 - Application approvals

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 65
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • Any natural or legal person (‘organisation’) or even part of a
legal person can apply for DOA
21.A.233 - Eligibility

21.A.234 - Application

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 66
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • Each application for a design organisation approval shall
be made in a form and manner established by the Agency
21.A.233 - Eligibility

21.A.234 - Application

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 67
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • An organisation shall be entitled to have a design
organisation approval issued by the Agency when it has
21.A.233 - Eligibility
demonstrated compliance to Subpart J

21.A.234 - Application

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 68
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope The Design Management System (DMS) is the core of the
DOA
21.A.233 - Eligibility
With the established and documented DMS the applicant is

21.A.234 - Application able to demonstrate to the agency, that the organisation

has the required capability to carry out the design activities
21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval in accordance with the applicable requirements, safety
standards, and regulations
EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System
Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 69
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • The Design Organisation Handbook (DOH) is a major part
of the design management system and describes the the
21.A.233 - Eligibility
organisation, its relevant policies, processes and

21.A.234 - Application procedures, the type of design work, and the categories of
products, parts and appliances.
21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 70
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope Clear responsibilities and authorities are key for a design
organisation
21.A.233 - Eligibility
At least the following people must be nominated:

21.A.234 - Application • Head of Design (HDO)

• Chief of Airworthiness function (COA)
21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval • Chief of independent monitoring function (CoIM)

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 71
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

Executive summary:
21.A.231 - Scope • (significant) Changes to the design management system
must be approved by the Agency before they are
21.A.233 - Eligibility
implemented

21.A.234 - Application

21.A.235 – Issue of Design Organisation Approval

EASA Part 21 21.A.239 – Design Management System

Airworthiness and
Environmental 21.A.243 - Handbook
Certification
21.A.245 – Resources

21.A.247 – Changes in the Design Management System

04.07.2023 72
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval

21.A.249 - Transferability

21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 73
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• A DOA is not transferable to another organisation
21.A.249 - Transferability

21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 74
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• a DOA is always limited to the specific scope of the types
21.A.249 - Transferability of design work, the categories of products, parts and
appliances of the design organisation
• the terms of approval are part of the DOA
21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 75
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• Each change to the terms of approval shall be approved
21.A.249 - Transferability by the Agency

21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 76
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• The DO is monitored by the agency
21.A.249 - Transferability • If agency finds non compliances of the DO the DO has to
react accordingly and implement sufficient corrective
actions
21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 77
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• design organisation approval shall be issued for an
21.A.249 - Transferability unlimited period of time

21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 78
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• An approved DO can receive as part of it’s terms of
21.A.249 - Transferability approval specific privileges like:
• Classifying changes
• Approving minor changes without the agency
21.A.251 – Terms of Approval • Approving flight conditions for a PTF
• Issuing a PTF
21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 79
 Part 21J – Subparts of Part J

Subpart J–Design Organisation Approval Executive summary:

• The DO is obligated to comply with the requirements of
21.A.249 - Transferability Subpart J & Subpart A

21.A.251 – Terms of Approval

21.A.253 – Changes to the Terms of Approval

21.A.258 – Findings and Observations

EASA Part 21
21.A.259 – Duration and Continued Validity
Airworthiness and
Environmental
Certification 21.A.263 - Privileges

21.A.265 – Obligations of the Holder

04.07.2023 80
I Key Elements Design Organisation

21A.239 21A.251
21A.263

Design
Terms of
Management
Approval
system

Handbook Resources

21A.239
21A.243 21A245

04.07.2023 81
I Terms of Approval of DOA

When demonstration of capability is done at the satisfaction of EASA, the design organisation is granted with the DOA
Certificate which includes the Terms of Approval (defining scope of design work, category and list of products, privileges).
Germany 030 Grob Aircraft SE 10/08/2004 Type certificates Small aeroplanes, sailplanes, powered sailplanes and
aeroengines
Lettenbachstrasse 9

Tussenhausen
Germany 033 GDC Engineering GmbH 27/08/2004 STC and/or repairs Changes and repairs to large and small aeroplanes

Sonderflughafen Oberpfaffenhofen
Geb. 335

Wessling
Germany 038 RUAG Aerospace Services GmbH 04/08/2004 Type certificates Design of changes and repairs as TC Holder of Do228, 1) Privilege to approve flight conditions (as per
Do128, Do28 and Do27; changes and repairs to 263c6 published in 748/2012)
Flugplatz Oberpfaffenhofen aeroplanes and rotorcraft related to avionics, installation of 2) Privilege to issue a permit to fly
Postfach 1253 avionics equipment, electrical systems, structure, cabin
interiors, galleys or other interiors equipment, special
Wessling equipment and performance aspects related to
aforementioned technical fields
Germany 040 Aerodata AG 14/09/2004 STC and/or repairs Changes and repairs to aircraft related to avionic
components and mission equipment, connected with the
Hermann-Blenk-Straße 34-36 necessary electronic and mechanical installations, cabin
interiors and galley or other interior equipment. Structures
and Flight
Braunschweig
Germany 041 Aero-Dienst GmbH 23/09/2004 STC and/or repairs Changes to large/small aeroplanes and large/small
rotorcraft related to avionic and electrical systems,
Flughafenstrasse 100 structure and cabin.

Nürnberg
Germany 046 AVIONIK STRAUBING Entwicklungs GmbH 03/08/2004 STC and/or repairs Changes to aircraft related to avionics and electrical
systems, connected with the necessary electronic and
Flugplatzstraße 5 mechanical installations

Atting
04.07.2023 82
I Key Elements Design Organisation

21A.239 21A.251
21A.263

Design
Terms of
Management
Approval
system

Handbook Resources

21A.239
21A.243 21A245

04.07.2023 83
 Design Organisation – Design Management System 21.A.239

Safety Policy
Element of Safety Management System

Design Assurance System

+ Safety Management System
Independent = Design Management System
Design Airworthiness
Design Assurance System Monitoring
function function
function

Safety risk management

Element of Safety Management System

04.07.2023 84
Design Organisation – Safety Management System (SMS) 21.A.239
MAIN ELEMENTS OF A SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
▪ safety policy with corresponding safety objectives
define relevant and measurable safety objectives and set them into force

▪ appoint key safety personnel

define who is responsible for which activities and for which objectives

▪ safety risk management

Identify safety hazards, evaluate the risk, mitigate risks if required, check effectiveness of taken mitigation actions

▪ safety assurance
measure and monitor the achievement of the safety objectives and continuously improve safety performance

▪ promote safety in the organisation

train and educate the people, encourage a positive safety culture

▪ (occurrence) reporting system

provide an internal (anonymous) safety reporting system as part of the overall collection system

04.07.2023 85
I Design Assurance System

The Design Assurance System ensures the DO has the capability:

• to design in accordance with the applicable requirements
• to show and verify the compliance
• to demonstrate to EASA this compliance
in accordance with the applicable airworthiness and environmental protection requirements.

04.07.2023 86
I Design Assurance System

Design Airworthiness Independent

function function Monitoring
function

• Specify • Define certification basis / plan • Monitor compliance of organisation

• Design • Drive the type investigation process • Ensure monitoring of design

suppliers
• Integrate • Verify compliance (CVE)
• Interface with Agency for all DOA
• Verify • Exercise the DOA privileges issues

• Provide proof of compliance with • Interface with Authority for all

regulation certification issues

04.07.2023 87
I Design Assurance System DOA and TC holder
Head of Design Organisation

Tier - 1

Authority
Contract

Independent Tier – N
Design Airworthiness Sub-Contract
Monitoring
Function--- Function
Function

04.07.2023 88
 Design Assurance System

I Independent System Monitoring

CORRECTIVE ACTION
AUDIT

QUALITY GATES

SUPPLIER CONTROL

PROCESS ASSURANCE

PROBLEM REPORTING

04.07.2023 89
I Process Assurance regarding to ARP 4754A

5.7 Process Assurance

Activities that ensure that the development assurance activities are maintained and followed.
The process assurance activities described are not intended to imply or impose specific organizational structures or
responsibilities. However, process assurance should have a level of independence from the development process.

5.7.1 Process Objectives

The objectives of the process assurance activities are:
a. To ensure the necessary plans are developed, and then maintained for all aspects of aircraft, system and item
development.
b. To ensure development activities and processes are conducted in accordance with those plans.
c. To establish evidence that the activities and processes adhered to the plans.

04.07.2023 90
I Process Assurance regarding to ARP 4754A

5.7.2 Process Assurance Plan

The Process Assurance Plan describes the means to assure that the practices and procedures to be applied during
system development are followed. Particular emphasis should be placed on the certification-related activities. The
following issues should be considered when producing the Process Assurance Plan:
a. The scope and content of the other project plans (development, certification, validation, verification, and
configuration management) are consistent with the development assurance level of the aircraft function, system or
item.
b. Project communications, coordination and sequencing, and progress monitoring mechanisms are defined.
c. Change control, operational, and maintenance procedures are defined.
d. Sufficient project review opportunities are defined to best achieve the timely detection of development errors.
e. Sufficient coordination with the certification authorities is planned.

04.07.2023 91
I Process Assurance regarding to ARP 4754A

5.7.3 Project Plan Reviews

The following issues should be considered when assessing the project plans:
a. Applicable procedures and practices are documented.
b. Defined communication practices ensure the timely exchange of information between the applicable processes and
affected personnel.
c. Procedures for plan updates due to process, schedule, or technical changes are defined.
d. Plan updates are appropriately tracked and controlled.

5.7.4 Evidence of Process Assurance

Evidence of conformance with the project plans can include:
a. Dated and approved project plans.
b. Reports, metrics, and summaries of reviews, as required by the plans.
c. Actual data developed from design, verification, validation, configuration management, and certification activities.
d. Confirmation (e.g. completed checklists and meeting minutes) of timely process assurance reviews.

04.07.2023 92
Design Supplier Control

• The DOA ensures the independent monitoring activities

carried out by the supplier.
• Monitors the correct application of the agreed
procedures
(detailed in the Design Organisation Interface Document
(DOID) or Quality Assurance Agreement (QAA))
• Deploys DOA information for all staff concerned by the
DOID/QAA in the supplier's firm

04.07.2023 93
04.07.2023 94
04.07.2023 95
04.07.2023 96
Key Elements Design Organisation

21A.239 21A.251
21A.263

Design
Terms of
Management
Approval
system

Handbook Resources

21A.239
21A.243 21A245

04.07.2023 97
I Document Control

• All documents produced by the Design Organisation for the purpose of compliance with airworthiness and
environmental protection requirements shall be signed by authorised staff according to DOH procedures

• The design organisation is producing mainly three kinds of documents:

• The technical documents produced by the design function

• The airworthiness documents produced by the design function and/or the airworthiness function

• The DOA documents produced by the responsible process owners and controlled by DOA independent monitoring function

04.07.2023 98
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Head of Design Organisation (HDO)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

The HDO has the following tasks and responsibilities: ISM

• Unlimited responsibility and liability for ensuring the satisfactory accomplishment of the design work HoAO
carried out by or on behalf of company's DO
• Determining the necessary resources for the proper functioning of the company's DO
• Ensuring that the company's DO properly discharges its responsibilities in accordance with the appropriate regulations
of EASA Part 21 and the organisation's Terms of Approval
• Ensuring that the procedures as specified in the DOH and referenced procedures are maintained and followed
• Overall technical responsibility for the company's Design Engineering deliverables
• Continued airworthiness support and safety of the product designed, changed or repaired by the company's DO

04.07.2023 99
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Head of Independent System Monitoring (HISM)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

The HISM reports directly to the HDO and has the following tasks and responsibilities: ISM

• Plan all activities related to the Independent System Monitoring HoAO

• Verify efficiency of the design organisation
• Survey any corrective actions
• Perform audits (the HISM may not be involved directly in any activities he is auditing)

04.07.2023 100
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Head of Office of Airworthiness (HOA)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

The HOA reports directly to the HDO and has the following tasks and responsibilities:
ISM
• Liaison between the design organisation and the Agency with respect to all aspects of Type Investigation

• Issuing of guidelines for documenting compliance

HoAO
• Co-operation in issuing guidelines for the preparation of the manuals required by the applicable implementing rules, Service Bulletins, drawings,
specifications, and standards

• Ensuring procurement and distribution of applicable CS and environmental protection requirements and other specifications

• Advising of all departments of the design organisation in all questions regarding airworthiness, environmental protection approvals and certification;

• Preparation of the Certification Programme and coordination of all tasks related to Type Investigation in concurrence with the Agency

• Ensuring cooperation in preparing test programmes needed for demonstration of compliance

• Establishing the compliance checklist and updating for changes

• Checking that all compliance documents are prepared as necessary to show compliance with all CS and environmental protection requirements, as well
as for completeness, and signing for release of the documents

• Checking the required type design definition documents described in 21.A.31 and ensuring that they are provided to the Agency for approval when
required

04.07.2023 101
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Head of Office of Airworthiness (HOA)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

• Approving the classification of changes in accordance with 21.A.91 and granting the approval for minor
changes in accordance with 21.A.95(b) ISM

• Monitoring of significant events on other aeronautical products as far as relevant to determine their effect on
HoAO
airworthiness of products being designed by the design organisation
• Ensuring cooperation in preparing Service Bulletins and the Structural Repair Manual, and subsequent revisions, with special
attention being given to the manner in which the contents affect airworthiness and environmental protection and granting the
approval on behalf of the Agency
• Ensuring the initiation of activities as a response to failure (accident/ incident/in-service experience) evaluation and complaints
from the operation and providing of information to the Agency in case of airworthiness impairment (continuing airworthiness),
(see also 21.A.3A and 21.A.3B)
• Ensuring that the manuals approved by the Agency, including any subsequent revisions (the Aircraft Flight Manual, MMEL, the
Airworthiness Limitations section of the Instructions for Continued Airworthiness and the Certification Maintenance
Requirements (CMR) document, where applicable) are checked to determine that they meet the respective requirements, and
that they are provided to the Agency for approval

04.07.2023 102
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Design Engineer (DE)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

DE are assigned to the following tasks:

DE ISM
• preparing documents like design definition documents, compliance demonstration
documents, programmes and operating instructions, filing test data, etc. HoAO

• confirms by signing of the document that the document was prepared with best engineering
practice, utmost care and to best knowledge of all facts affecting its contents and is completed

04.07.2023 103
 Roles and Responsibilities

I Compliance Verification Engineer (CVE)

CEO

CFO HDO HR

CVEs are assigned the following tasks:

CVE ISM
• Independent checking of compliance demonstration documents
(e.g. design definition documents, operating instructions, analysis, test programmes HoAO
test data and manuals) for technical accuracy and compliance with applicable airworthiness requirements
• Confirming the independent check with his signature

04.07.2023 104
I Organisation
Domain 1 Domain 2 Domain 3 Domain 4

Design function
Airworthiness
Document

Technical
Document

+
Cover
Airworthiness

Sheet
function

Approved data

04.07.2023 105
I Organisation

Technical Checker / Reviewer (author or other)

Technical Approver:
Design function

Confirms that the technical content has been generated using the appropriate methods, procedures and policies.
Performs sample check to verify accuracy.
Technical Authoriser:
Validates that the technical review / approval process was conducted by appropriate staff. The Authoriser is the
ultimate owner of the document.

Compliance Verification Engineer (CVE)

Performs the Independent verification of the showing of compliance performed by design function.
Airworthiness

Head of Office of Airworthiness

function

Performs the release and approval of documentation required for the airworthiness approval (e.g. certification
summary, mod classification, etc...)

04.07.2023 106
I Key Elements Design Organisation

21A.239 21A.251
21A.263

Design
Terms of
Management
Approval
system

Handbook Resources

21A.239
21A.243 21A245

04.07.2023 107
I Design Organisation Handbook (template)

1. Roles and Responsibilities

2. Independent System Monitoring
3. Type Certification
4. Changes to Type Design (Classification,
Design Organisation Handbook
Approval of Change)
5. Repairs
6. Design Process
7. Compliance Demonstration
8. Design Suppliers
9. Permit to Fly
Approved by 10. Coordination between DO/PO/MO
11. Document Control
12. Continued Airworthiness

04.07.2023 108
Agenda
o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
V-Model
Configuration Management / Traceability
Type Certification
Continued Airworthiness
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

04.07.2023 109
 Design Process

I Validation & Verification

Product Validation
VERIFIED
END
A/C Level
REQUIREMENTS
PRODUCT

Requirement Implementation
Validation Verification
System Level

DESIGN
INTEGRATION
ACTIVITY
Eqpt Level

DESIGNED
SOLUTION
= PRODUCT

04.07.2023 110
04.07.2023 111
 Design Process

E Configuration Management Traceability

Draft
Number
Serial

Reviewed Doc.
Number Proto- Number Revision
type
Approved Title
Revision
PN Maturity

Status Category
SW Draft
Name

Status Reviewed
HW Category
Drawing
Part
Purch- Approved
Material
ased Test
Procedure
Surface Lifetime
Information Specification
YES Limitation
SN Assembly
NO Maintenance Instruction
task

04.07.2023 112
 Design Process

E Configuration Management Traceability

Assembly

Software

Hardware

Mechanic
Category Part
Manual

Special Tool

COTS

Standard

04.07.2023 113
 Design Process

E Configuration Management Traceability

04.07.2023 114
 Design Process

E Configuration Management Traceability

Engineering-BOM Manufactured-BOM Maintained-BOM

SN YES SN 34 SN 34

SN YES SN 65 SN 58

SN NO BN B5 BN AR

SN NO BN X9 BN 9K

SN YES SN 21 SN 21

SN NO BN CX SN CX

SN YES SN 43 SN 43

SN NO BN O2 BN FG

04.07.2023 115
Agenda
o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
Type Certification
Type Design
Certification Specification
Type Certification Process
MOC
Compliance Demonstration
Continued Airworthiness
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

04.07.2023 116
I Type Design
The type design consists of:
• the drawings and specifications, and a listing of those drawings and
specifications, necessary to define the configuration and the design
features of the product shown to comply with the applicable type-
certification basis and environmental protection requirements;
• information to manufacture and assembly the product in conformity;
• airworthiness limitations; instructions for continued airworthiness (ICA) as
defined by the applicable certification specifications;
• any other data allowing by comparison the determination of the
airworthiness.

Each type design shall be adequately identified.

04.07.2023 117
I Type Certificate

The Type Certificate includes:

• the applicable type-certification basis and environmental protection requirements with which the Agency records
compliance
• applicable operational suitability data certification basis
• the type-certificate data sheet for airworthiness and emissions
• the record of CO2 emissions compliance and the engine type-certificate data sheet shall include the record of exhaust
emissions compliance.
• the type-certificate data sheet for noise

• the type design (incl. ICA)

• the operating limitations
• the operational suitability data (OSD)

04.07.2023 118
 Type Certification

I Certification Specification

The DO must show

compliance of the A/C
with these certification
specifications.

04.07.2023 119
I Type Certification

CS-MMEL
ETSO Seats, Cockpit Voice- /
CS-OSD Flight Data Recorder etc.

CS-P
CS-E

CS-25

CS

Certification
Specifications

Airworthiness
Requirements

04.07.2023 120
I Type Certification

−The DO must show compliance of the Aircraft / parts with these certification
specifications.
−EASA shall determine the applicable airworthiness requirements.
−Before a design project begins, it must be known which requirements must be
met.

04.07.2023 121
I Application for Type Certification (Subpart B)
The application with it’s Certification Programme shall consist of:
▪ a detailed description of the type design, including all the configurations to be certified;

▪ the proposed operating characteristics and limitations;

▪ the intended use of the product and the kind of operations for which certification is requested;

▪ a proposal for the initial type-certification basis, operational suitability data certification basis and environmental protection requirements

▪ proposal for a breakdown of the certification programme into meaningful groups of compliance demonstration activities and data, including a proposal for the
means of compliance and related compliance documents;

▪ the application shall include a proposal for the Agency's involvement in the verification of the compliance demonstration activities and data

▪ a project schedule including major milestones

04.07.2023 122
 I Type Certification / Means of Compliance (MOC)

Type of Compliance MoC Associated compliance document

Engineering Evaluation (0)

− compliance statement Type Design Documents
− reference to design data Recorded Statements
− election of methods, factors, etc.
− Definitions
(1) Design Review Description, drawings

(2) Calculation, Analysis Substantiation Reports

(3) Safety Assessment Safety Analysis (FMECA)

Tests (4) Laboratory Test

(5) Ground Test Test Programms

Test Reports
(6) Flight Test Test interpretations

(8) Simulation

Inspections (7) Design Inspection / Audit Inspection or Audit Reports

Equipment Qualification (9) Equipment Qualification Note: Equipment qualification is a process which may include all previous MoC at equipment level.

04.07.2023 124
E Compliance Demonstration Document

Doc. Number and Revision

Reference to the Project

CS Paragraph
Compliance Statement
Requirement

Referenced Documents

Conclusion

Signature of DE

Signature of CVE

04.07.2023 125
 Compliance Demonstration

E Compliance Check List (CCL)

The Compliance must be shown to the Certifying Authority by choosing Means of Compliance (MoC) for every Certification
Requirement.
Every Requirement with corresponding MoC and referenced Compliance Documents are the Compliance Check List (CCL)

04.07.2023 126
I Type Certification Procedure

04.07.2023 127
04.07.2023 128
Agenda
o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
Type Certification
Continued Airworthiness
Occurrence Reporting
Changes to Type Design
Classification of Changes
Changes to Type Design Process
Embodiment of Changes (ICA; Service Bulletins)
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

04.07.2023 129
 Continued Airworthiness

I Failures, malfunctions and defects

Classify &
Monitor Report
investigate
occurrences occurrences
occurrences

− Internally − Catastrophic − Report to EASA

− Production − Hazardous
Organisation − Major
− Maintenance − Minor
Organisation
− Operator / Owner

04.07.2023 130
 I Classification of occurences

No Safety Effect Minor Major Hazardous Catastrophic

No effect on Slight reduction in Significant reduction in Large reduction in Normally with hull
operational functional capabilities functional capabilities functional capabilities loss
Effect on Aircraft capabilities or safety or safety margins or safety margins or safety margins

Inconvenience Physical discomfort Physical distress, Serious or fatal injury to Multiple fatalities
possibly including a small number of
Effect on Occupants injuries passengers or cabin
excluding Flight crew
Crew

No effect on flight Slight increase in Physical discomfort or a Physical distress or Fatalities or

crew workload significant increase in excessive workload incapacitation
workload impairs ability to
Effect on Flight Crew
perform tasks

04.07.2023 131
I Report Occurences

Minor Major Hazardous Catastrophic

− Inform EASA by Phone or − Inform EASA by Phone
E-Mail or E-Mail
Immediately

− Inform all known − Inform all known

operator of affected operator of affected
Aircrafts or affected Aircrafts or affected
persons persons

− Treatment as compliant − Complete report to EASA − Complete report to EASA − Complete report to
− Inform all known operator − Inform all known operator − Technical Note to EASA EASA
affected persons by SB of affected Aircrafts or for issuing an AD − Technical Note to EASA
− Only if necessary technical affected persons for issuing an AD
Within 72 h

note to EASA for issuing an − Technical Note to EASA for

AD issuing an AD

04.07.2023 132
I Report Occurences

04.07.2023 133
 Changes to Type Design

I (Classification, Approval of Change)

Never change a running System

(Major) Substantial
Standard Change
Minor Change

Major Change (Major) Significant Change

04.07.2023 134
 Changes to Type Design

I Classification
Classification Substantiation for Design Change
Appreciable Effect on Airworthiness
Substantiation Yes No
ALL CHANGES MUST BE CLASSIFIED! (a) Weight / Balance

(b) Structural Strength

(c) Reliability
MINOR (d) Operational Characteristics

? = 10x No!

MAJOR
(e)
Environmental protection (noise,
fuel venting, exhaust emission)

(f) Limitations

(g) Critical part

A considerable degree of re-

= 1x Yes! (h) assessment and re-evaluation is

required
Adjustment of TC basis, new
interpretation of the requirements,
(i)
or methods not previously
accepted are required
Other characteristics affecting
(j)
airworthiness

04.07.2023 135
 Changes to Type Design

E Example Minor Change

Examples

Changes are minor if they:

incorporate optional information (representing improvements/enhancements);

provide clarifications, interpretations, definitions or advisory text;

do not change the intent of the document, e.g. changes to:

− titles, numbering, formatting, applicability;
− order, sequence, pagination; or
− sketches, figures, units of measurement, and correction of editorial mistakes such as:
− spelling; or
− reference numbers
Use of extended model list in case of minor changes for common replacements (box out / box in) of basic avionics equipment
(e.g. transponder)

04.07.2023 136
 Changes to Type Design

E Example Major Change (not significant)

Examples for Small Aircrafts (CS23) Notes

A major change to the Aircraft. Likely, the original general configuration,

Addition of wingtip modifications (not winglets).
principles of construction, and certification assumptions remain valid.
Forward looking infrared (FLIR) or surveillance camera installation. Additional flight or structural evaluation may be necessary, but the
change does not alter basic Aircraft certification.
Increase in flap speed or undercarriage limit speed. Although a major change to the Aircraft, likely the original general
configuration, principles of construction, and certification assumptions
remain valid.
Increased battery capacity or relocate battery. Not an Aircraft-level change.

04.07.2023 137
 Changes to Type Design

E Example Major Change (significant)

Examples for Small Aircrafts (CS23) Notes

Change to general configuration. Requires extensive, structural flying

qualities and performance reinvestigation. Requires new Aircraft flight
Conventional tail to T-tail or V-tail, or vice versa.
manual (AFM) to address performance and flight characteristics.

Passenger-to-freighter configuration conversion that involves the Change to general configuration affecting load paths, aeroelastic
introduction of a cargo door or an increase in floor loading of more than characteristics, aircraft-related systems, etc. Change to design
20 per cent, or provision for carriage of passengers and freight together. assumptions.

Installation of a short take-off and landing (STOL) kit. Certification assumptions invalidated. Requires new AFM to address
performance and flight characteristics.
Change to Aircraft's operating altitude, or cabin operating pressure This typically invalidates certification assumptions and the fundamental
greater than 10 per cent in maximum cabin pressure differential. approach used in decompression, structural strength, and fatigue. May
require extensive airframe changes affecting load paths, fatigue
evaluation, aeroelastic characteristics, etc. Invalidates design
assumptions.

04.07.2023 138
 Changes to Type Design

E Example Major Change substantial

Examples for Small Aircrafts (CS23) Notes

Change to wing location (tandem, forward, canard, high/low).

Fixed wing to tilt wing.

A change to the number of engines.

Proposed change to design is so extensive that a substantially complete
Replacement of piston or turboprop engines with turbojet or turbofan
investigation of compliance with the applicable certification basis is
engines.
required.
Change to engine configuration (tractor/pusher).

Increase from subsonic to supersonic flight regime.

Change from an all-metal to all-composite Aircraft.

04.07.2023 139
 Changes to Type Design

I Process

minor Design
no compliance Process 1
demonstration
minor

major
Describe the & minor major Apply for major ok
change
classify ? Create CP ? change ? 2

Certifi- EASA Form

cation CP 31
Basis

not ok

04.07.2023 140
 Changes to Type Design

I Process

Design Compliance Develop Declaration of

Process Docs. Manuals compliance

no Summarise
Demonstrate Verify Declare
2 Compliance
Test? compliance ? ok
compliance ? compliance
EASA approves
documents major
yes

Compliance Compliance Compliance minor Use privilege &

Docs. Perform test Docs. Check List approve

not ok

04.07.2023 141
04.07.2023 142
 Instructions for continued Airworthiness

I Embodiment of changes

Embodiment/installation instructions

• Service Bulletin (SB), MODification bulletin, production work order, etc

• Includes the installation procedure, the required material
• SB is the means by which an Airline embodies a change.
The embodiment timescale is driven by the need for the change to be embodied.
• All In-Service Aircraft can only have changes embodied by using approved data.

04.07.2023 143
E Continued Airworthiness

Content of a Service Bulletin

Planning Information Operation Guide Materials

− Statement of affected − Amount of work − Quantity of installing
Types parts
− Costs for material
− Reason of the SB − Type numbers
− Costs for tools
− Description of the − Serial numbers
− Weight and Balance changes
technical content
− Mat KIT's
− Changes on energy balance
− Priority
− Operational Guidance

04.07.2023 144
E Continued Airworthiness | Service Bulletin issued by DO

04.07.2023 145
E Continued Airworthiness

Airworthiness Directive AD (EASA)

04.07.2023 146
 Continued Airworthiness

E ∑ of MOD = Configuration of AC

MSN:
MSN:001 002
PN/Rev MSN: 003
MSN: 004
Type Design
Type Design Type Design
MOD 1 MOD 2 Type Design
MOD 3 MOD 4 Type Design
MOD 5 MOD 6 MOD 1 MOD 2
MOD 7 MOD 8 MOD 3 MOD 4
Changes to Type Design MOD 6
MOD 5
MOD
Changes to 7Type Design
MOD 8
Changes to Type Design
MOD 9 MOD 10 Changes to Type Design
MOD 11 MOD 12 Changes to Type Design
MOD 9 MOD 10
Standard Options MOD 12
Standard Options Standard Options
MOD 13 MOD 14 Standard Options
Customer Standard
OptionsOptions
Customer Options MOD 14
Customer Options
MOD 15 MOD 16 Customer Options
Customer Options
MOD 15

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I Approved Data

Approved Data

Type Certificate "Product"

Major Change of the TC Changes of

the "Product"
Supplemental Change Certificate (STC)

Minor Change of the TC

Major Repair Repairs of

"Product"
Minor Repair

European Technical Standard Order (ETSO) "Parts and

European Parts Approval (EPA) Appliances"

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 Changes to Type Design

I Embodiment of changes

All changes MUST be approved prior to AC release to service! MSN: 004

Type Design
MOD 1 MOD 2
Embodiment of any modification not approved renders the MOD 3 MOD 4
MOD 5 MOD 6
Certificate of Airworthiness (CoA) invalid. MOD 7 MOD 8

Changes to Type Design

MOD 9 MOD 10
MOD 12

Standard Options
MOD 14

Customer Options
MOD 15

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 I Changes to Type Design + Continued Airworthiness Conclusion

• All changes have to be classified as per Part 21 criteria by HoAO.

• All changes to the Aircraft Type Design require APPROVAL.
• The approval process is dependent of the CLASSIFICATION of change.
• A JUSTIFICATION is required for all changes.
• Prior to the issue of each aircraft's Certificate of Airworthiness for entry into service,
and for in-service A/C all changes that have been embodied must be approved.

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Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
Type Certification
Continued Airworthiness
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

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 Repairs for a Type Design

E I Process

minor
no compliance 1
demonstration
minor

major
Describe the Describe the & minor Apply for
damage repair
classify ? Create CP ? major major repair ? ok
2

Design Certification EASA

CP Form 31
Process Basis

not ok

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 Repairs for a Type Design

E I Process

Compliance Develop
Manuals Declaration
Docs. of compli.

no Summarise
Demonstrate Verify Declare
2 Compliance Test? compliance ? ok
compliance ? compliance
EASA approves
documents major
yes

Compliance Compliance Compliance minor Use privilege &

Docs. Perform test Docs. Check List approve

not ok

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Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
Type Certification
Continued Airworthiness
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

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Permit to fly
• A Permit to Fly is required, once an A/C lost its
airworthiness and needs to fly under special limitations and
conditions.
• Permit to Fly is approved by the NAA.
• DOA / TC-Holder can apply for the privilege to issue a
Permit to Fly (adequate procedure for issuing a Permit to
Fly must be established).
• For test flights (A/C hasn't yet a TC) a permit to fly is
required as well .

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E Permit to Fly

• The image shows an example of a Permit to Fly

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Agenda

o Why?
o Basic Regulatory Framework
o Overview Aviation Organisations
o Detailed view Part 21 J
Key Elements of a Design Organisation
Design Process
Type Certification
Continued Airworthiness
Repairs
Permit to Fly
Coordination between DO/PO/MO

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I Coordination between DO/PO/MO

Design (approved) Production

Organisation Data exchange Organisation

Feedback
deviations & concessions

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E Coordination between DO/PO/MO

First installation of an STC to an aircraft ISM

Operator

Requirements:
order a MOD
CAMO

Transfer data &

describe "pre-mod. Order to MO
configuration"

CoC Prototype
Perform Installation
MO

Prototype CRS
Installation
Define
corrective
action Type Installation
Design Instruction Installation
n.ok Instruction
Prepares "non approved"
Prepare
DO

Type Design (Drawings, ok "Installation ok Comp- STC

Wiring Diagramms...) liance Type
Instructions"
Check List Design
Type Installation
Decla-
Design Instruction Define ration of
n.ok corrective compli.
action
Produces procuct i.a.w. Form 1
PO

"non approved" Type Form 1 "New"

Design "Prototype"

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