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Fifiti I - The Cell Theory and Major Subcellular Organelles

A cell is the smallest unit of life, responsible for all life processes, and can be unicellular or multicellular. The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, which arise from pre-existing cells, and modern cell theory includes additional principles such as energy flow and genetic information transfer. The document also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing various cell structures and their functions.

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Joselito Ubaldo
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12 views46 pages

Fifiti I - The Cell Theory and Major Subcellular Organelles

A cell is the smallest unit of life, responsible for all life processes, and can be unicellular or multicellular. The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, which arise from pre-existing cells, and modern cell theory includes additional principles such as energy flow and genetic information transfer. The document also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing various cell structures and their functions.

Uploaded by

Joselito Ubaldo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cell Definition

“A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is


responsible for all of life’s processes.”
Discovery of
Cells
Discovery of
Cells
Discovery of Cells

• Later Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed


cells under another compound microscope
with higher magnification. This time, he had
noted that the cells exhibited some form of
movement (motility). As a result,
Leeuwenhoek concluded that these
microscopic entities were “alive.”
Postulates of Cell
Theory
Cell Theory was proposed by the German
scientists, Theodor Schwann, Matthias
Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow.

The cell theory states that:


• All living species on Earth are composed
of cells.
• A cell is the basic unit of life.
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells
cells.
All organisms are made
up of one or more cells.
• All living things are made up of cells. Some from one cell,
others from more than one cell.
• The former is called single celled or unicellular
organisms, the latter multicellular.
Cell is the basic unit of
life.
• Life takes place because of cells.
• The individual organelles that can be found in cells
cannot sustain life on their own which is why they are
not considered the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-
existing cells.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells, except possibly for the
first organism in our planet.
• Cells of our body, for example began from a single
fertilized egg of our mother, fertilized by a sperm cell of
our father.
Modern Cell Theory
• Energy flows within the cells.
• Genetic information is passed on from one cell
to the other.
• The chemical composition of all the cells is the
same
Modern Cell
Theory
Modern Cell
Theory
Modern Cell
Theory
Is virus an
organism?
• A virus does not meet the third
postulate of cell theory, and for that
reason it is not considered a living
thing.
• It is neither unicellular nor
multicellular.
• A virus is not capable of reproducing
itself on its own.
• It is like a parasite that needs a
host cell for reproduction.
• A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA with
a protective shell made from protein.
• Its structure is simpler compared
with single celled organism.
Is bacteria an
organism?
• Bacteria is ubiquitous,
mostly free-living
organism often consisting
of one biological cell.

• It constitutes a large
domain of prokaryotic
microorganisms.
Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
• Unicellular • Multicellular
• No true nucleus • Has nucleus
• Structures are not bound by a • Organelles are enclosed by a
membrane membrane
• One circular strand of DNA • Many DNA strands
• Smaller (1–10 μm) • Larger (10–100 μm)
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Both have the following: plasma


membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes,
and DNA material.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is
a double-stranded nucleic acid
that contains the genetic
information for cell growth,
division, and function.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL
MEMBRANE
• Made from proteins
and lipids, controls
the movement of
materials in and out
of cells, maintains the
structural integrity of
the cell.
CENTROSOME
CENTROSOME
• Helps distribute
chromosomes to
daughter cells during
cell reproduction, and
initiates formation of
cilia.
CHROMATIN
CHROMATIN
• Made from protein
and DNA molecules,
contains genetic
information for
protein synthesis.
CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM
• A semifluid substance
that constitutes the
main body of the cell,
it contains many
subcellular organelles.
• Many chemical and
cellular processes take
place in the
cytoplasm.
SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• A network of
interconnected sacs
and canals, transports
materials within cells.
• It is the site for
protein synthesis.
GOLGI BODY
GOLGI BODY
• Flattened sacs, they
package protein
molecules for
secretion, it is the
origin of lysosomes.
LYSOSOMES
LYSOSOMES
• Membranous sacs,
they contain enzymes
that assist in the
digestion of
substances in the cell.
MICROFILAMENTS
& MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
& MICROTUBULES
• Give support to the
cytoplasm, they serve
as the cytoskeleton,
they also help move
materials in the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA
• A membranous sac
with many internal
compartments, it
generates the cell’s
supply of energy.
• It is the powerhouse
of eukaryotic cell.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• A porous double nuclear
membrane which
separates the contents of
the nucleus from the
cytoplasm.
• It maintains the
wholeness of the nucleus
and controls the
exchange of materials
between the nucleus and
cytoplasm.
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEOLUS
• Helps distribute
chromosomes to
daughter cells during
cell reproduction, and
initiates formation of
cilia.
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
• Large membrane-bound
organelle that contains
the genetic material in
the form of DNA
molecules which are
organized into
structures called
chromosomes.
• It is the “central
government of the cell.”
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
• Particles composed of
protein and RNA.
• It serves as the site for
of protein synthesis.
VESICLES
VESICLES
• Membranous sacs,
temporary storage for
food and enzymes,
involved in
metabolism, transport
and buoyancy control.
REFERENCE:
Reyes, J. A. C., & Reyes, M. A. C. (2018).
General biology 1: Our scientific guide to
life. Intramuros, Manila: Unlimited Books
Library Services and Publishing Inc.

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