Anti Theft Control System Design Using

Embedded System
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
 SCHEMATIC
 SCHEMATIC EXPLANATION
3. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 MICROCONTROLLER
 LCD DISPLAY
 POWER SUPPLY
 GPS
 BUZZER
 PROXIMITY sensor
 IGNITION KEY
 GSM
 KEYPAD
 PHOTO SENSOR
4. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM
5. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Abbreviations

Symbol Name
MAM Memory accelerometer module
VIC Vectored interrupt controller
FIQ Fast interrupt request
PWM Pulse width modulation
GPIO General purpose input/output
UART Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
DLAB Data latch access bit
LCR Line control register
LSR Line status register
RDR Receiver data ready
SPI Serial peripheral interface
ADC Analog to digital converter
DAC Digital to analog converter
SSP Synchronous serial port
MOSI Master out slave in
RTC Real time clock
EINT External interrupt
DTR Data terminal ready
AHB Advanced high performance
ATLE Auto transfer length extraction
CTS Clear to send
RTS Request to send
DSR Data set ready
RI Ring indicator
EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is

completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike
a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system
performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements.
Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it,
reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-
produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally

considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even
though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition
continues to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2
with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port — both
features usually belong to "general purpose computers", — the line of
nomenclature blurs even more.

Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital

watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory
controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.
 In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with
a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and
networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

Examples of Embedded Systems:

 Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
 Cellular telephones and telephone switches
 Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles
 Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security
monitoring systems
 Handheld calculators
 Handheld computers
 Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players and recorders
 Medical equipment
  Personal digital assistant
 Videogame consoles
 Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
 Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

LCD

Power Supply
Relay Engine
Keypad Micro
Controller
 GSM module
IR TX

Key Proximity
sensor
GPS module
Photodiode

BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

MICRO CONTROLLER:

In this project work the micro-controller is plays major role. Micro-controllers

were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems.
However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also
being used in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Micro-
controllers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as
well.

POWER SUPPLY:

In this project we required operating voltage for ARM controller board is 12V. Hence the
12V D.C. power supply is needed for the ARM board . This regulated 12V is generated by
stepping down the voltage from 230V to 18V now the step downed a.c voltage is being rectified
by the Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a ‘C’
filter. Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage
regulator provides/allows us to have a Regulated constant Voltage which is of +12V. The
rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor
100μF. Now the output from this section is fed to microcontroller board to supply operating
voltage.

LCD:

LCD is used to display the information about the current process.

Keypad Section: This section consists of a Linear Keypad. This keypad is used for
select the junctions etc. The keypad is interfaced to microcontroller which
continuously scans the keypad.

Buzzer Section:

This section consists of a Buzzer. The buzzer is used to alert / indicate the
completion of process. It is sometimes used to indicate the start of the embedded
system by alerting during start-up.

GPS modem:

A GPS modem is used to get the signals and receive the signals from the
satellites. In this project, GPS modem get the signals from the satellites and those
are given to the microcontroller. The signals may be in the form of the
coordinates; these are represented in form of the latitudes, longitudes and altitudes.

GSM modem Section:

This section consists of a GSM modem. The modem will communicate

with microcontroller using serial communication. The modem is interfaced to
microcontroller using MAX 232, a serial driver.
Relay Section:

This section consists of an interfacing circuitry to switch ON / OFF

the system whenever any unhealthy conditions i.e. overload is detected. This
circuitry basically consists of a Relay, transistor and a protection diode. A
relay is used to drive the 230V devices.

DC Motor:

DC motor is an output for this project. And DC motor is connected to

microcontroller. And this motor controlled by the microcontroller with the
respective inputs given by us. Its speed will be varied according to the speed set by
the switches.

Proximity sensor:
Proximity sensor block is used to find proximity located in the path of the robot. It will search
for landmine and if it finds, it gives logic high to microcontroller

PHOTO DIODE IR:

The IR LED is used as the IR transmitter, which is connected by using the

resistor logic as shown in the schematic.

The IR receiver is connected by using the transistor logic whose collector is

connected to the base of the transistor. The base of the transistor is connected to
the photo diode through the resistor.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
 MICROCONTROLLER
  LCD DISPLAY
 POWER SUPPLY
 GPS
 BUZZER
 PROXIMITY sensor
 IGNITION KEY
 GSM
 KEYPAD
 PHOTO SENSOR

HARDWARE EXPLANATION:

ARM PROCESSOR OVERVIEW:

ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. It is a 32 bit processor core, used for high end application.

It is widely used in Advanced Robotic Applications.

History and Development:
 ARM was developed at Acron Computers ltd of Cambridge, England between 1983 and
1985.
 RISC concept was introduced in 1980 at Stanford and Berkley.
 ARM ltd was found in 1990.
 ARM cores are licensed to partners so as to develop and fabricate new microcontrollers
around same processor cores.
Key features:

1. 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

2. 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.

128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.

3. In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader
software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1 ms.
4. EmbeddedICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
on-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
5. USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM.
In addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
6. One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
7. Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
8. Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare

channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.

9. Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
10. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 kbit/s),

SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
11. Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
12. Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
13. Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
14. 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling

time of 100 μs.

15. On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25 MHz.
16. Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
17. Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for

additional power optimization.

18. Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.
19. Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:
20. CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/O
 pads.

Block diagram:
Pin description
Core Data path:
 Architecture is characterized by Data path and control path.
 Data path is organized in such a way that, operands are not fetched directly from
memory locations. Data items are placed in register files. No data processing takes place
in memory locations.
 Instructions typically use 3 registers. 2 source registers and 1 destination register.
 Barrel Shifter preprocesses data, before it enters ALU.

- Barrel Shifter is basically a combinational logic circuit, which can shift data to left or right by arbitrary number of
position in same cycle.

 Increment or Decrement logic can update register content for sequential access.

Pipeline:
 In ARM 7, a 3 stage pipeline is used. A 3 stage pipeline is the simplest form of pipeline
that does not suffer from the problems such as read before write.
 In a pipeline, when one instruction is executed, second instruction is decoded and third
instruction will be fetched.
 This is executed in a single cycle.

Register Bank:
 ARM 7 uses load and store Architecture.
 Data has to be moved from memory location to a central set of registers.
 Data processing is done and is stored back into memory.
 Register bank contains, general purpose registers to hold either data or address.
 It is a bank of 16 user registers R0-R15 and 2 status registers.
 Each of these registers is 32 bit wide.

Data Registers- R0-R15:

 R0-R12 - General Purpose Registers
 R13-R15 - Special function registers of which,

R13 - Stack Pointer, refers to entry pointer of Stack.

R14 - Link Register, Return address is put to this when ever a subroutine is called.

R15 - Program Counter

Depending upon application R13 and R14 can also be used as GPR. But not commonly used.

In addition there are 2 status registers

 CPSR - Current program status register, status of current execution is stored.

 SPSR - Saved program Status register, includes status of program as well as processor.
CPSR

CPSR contains a number of flags which report and control the operation of ARM7 CPU.

Conditional Code Flags

N - Negative Result from ALU

Z - Zero result from ALU

C - ALU operation carried out

V - ALU operation overflowed

Interrupt Enable Bits

I - IRQ, Interrupt Disable

F - FIQ, Disable Fast Interrupt

T- Bit

If
T=0, Processor in ARM Mode.

T=1, Processor in THUMB Mode

Mode Bits

The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) takes 32 interrupt request inputs and programmably
assigns them into 3 categories, FIQ, vectored IRQ, and non-vectored IRQ.

various peripherals can be dynamically assigned and adjusted. Fast Interrupt reQuest (FIQ)
Specifies the processor Modes. Processor Modes will be discussed in the next part of this tutorial.

ARM features:
 Barrel Shifter in data path that maximize the usage of hardware available on the chip.
 Auto increment and Auto decrement addressing modes to optimize program loop. This
feature is not common in RISC architecture.
 Load and Store instruction to maximize data throughput.
 Conditional execution of instructions, to maximize execution throughput.

Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC)

Features:
 ARM PrimeCell™ Vectored Interrupt Controller

 32 interrupt request inputs

 16 vectored IRQ interrupts
 16 priority levels dynamically assigned to interrupt requests
 Software interrupt generation
Description:

The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) takes 32 interrupt request inputs and

Programmable assigns them into 3 categories, FIQ, vectored IRQ, and non-
vectored IRQ.

The programmable assignment scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the

Various
The programmable assignment scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the
peripherals
can be dynamically assigned and adjusted.

Fast Interrupt request (FIQ) requests have the highest priority. If more than one
request is

Assigned to FIQ, the VIC ORs the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM

IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a register from
the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are requesting, the VIC provides the
address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine, otherwise it provides the
Processor.
address The fastestroutine
of a default possible
that isFIQ latency
shared isnon-vectored
by all the achieved when onlydefault
IRQs. The one routine
request is

All registers in the VIC are word registers. Byte and halfword reads and write are not supported.

Classified as FIQ, because then the FIQ service routine can simply start dealing
with that

Device. But if more than one request is assigned to the FIQ class, the FIQ service
routine
Can read a word from the VIC that identifies which FIQ source(s) is (are)
requesting an

Interrupt.

Vectored IRQs have the middle priority, but only 16 of the 32 requests can be
assigned to

this category. Any of the 32 requests can be assigned to any of the 16 vectored IRQ
slots,

Among which slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest.

Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority.

The VIC ORs the requests from all the vectored and non-vectored IRQs to produce
the

IRQ signal to the ARM processor. The IRQ service routine can start by reading a
register

From the VIC and jumping there. If any of the vectored IRQs are requesting, the
VIC

Provides the address of the highest-priority requesting IRQs service routine,

otherwise it

Provides the address of a default routine that is shared by all the non-vectored
IRQs. The

Default routine can read another VIC register to see what IRQs are active.
All registers in the VIC are word registers. Byte and half word reads and write are
not

Supported.

Register description:
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 0:

Features:

 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs

 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
 Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation
Pin description:

Register description:
Architecture:

The VPB interface provides a communications link between the CPU or host and the UART0.

The UART0 receiver block, U0RX, monitors the serial input line, RXD0, for valid input. The

UART0 RX Shift Register (U0RSR) accepts valid characters via RXD0. After a valid character

is assembled in the U0RSR, it is passed to the UART0 RX Buffer Register FIFO to await access by the
CPU or host via the generic host interface.

The UART0 transmitter block, U0TX, accepts data written by the CPU or host and buffers the data in the
UART0 TX Holding Register FIFO (U0THR). The UART0 TX Shift Register (U0TSR) reads the data
stored in the U0THR and assembles the data to transmit via the serial output pin, TXD0

The UART0 Baud Rate Generator block, U0BRG, generates the timing enables used by the UART0 TX
block. The U0BRG clock input source is the VPB clock (PCLK). The main clock is divided down per the
divisor specified in the U0DLL and U0DLM registers. This divided down clock is a 16x oversample
clock, NBAUDOUT

The interrupt interface contains registers U0IER and U0IIR. The interrupt interface receives several one
clock wide enables from the U0TX and U0RX blocks

Status information from the U0TX and U0RX is stored in the U0LSR. Control information for the U0TX
and U0RX is stored in the U0LCR
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter 1:
Features:

 UART1 is identical to UART0, with the addition of a modem interface.

 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs
 Register locations conform to ‘550 industry standard
 Receiver FIFO trigger points at 1, 4, 8, and 14 bytes
 Built-in fractional baud rate generator with autobauding capabilities.
 Mechanism that enables software and hardware flow control implementation
 Standard modem interface signals included with flow control (auto-CTS/RTS) fully supported in
hardware (LPC2144/6/8 only).

Pin description:

Register description:
Architecture:

The VPB interface provides a communications link between the CPU or host and the UART1.

The UART1 receiver block, U1RX, monitors the serial input line, RXD1, for valid input. The

UART1 RX Shift Register (U1RSR) accepts valid characters via RXD1. After a valid

character is assembled in the U1RSR, it is passed to the UART1 RX Buffer Register FIFO

to await access by the CPU or host via the generic host interface

The UART1 transmitter block, U1TX, accepts data written by the CPU or host and buffers
the data in the UART1 TX Holding Register FIFO (U1THR). The UART1 TX Shift Register

U1TSR) reads the data stored in the U1THR and assembles the data to transmit via the serial output pin,
TXD1.

The UART1 Baud Rate Generator block, U1BRG, generates the timing enables used by

the UART1 TX block. The U1BRG clock input source is the VPB clock (PCLK). The main

clock is divided down per the divisor specified in the U1DLL and U1DLM registers. This

divided down clock is a 16x oversample clock, NBAUDOUT The modem interface contains registers
U1MCR and U1MSR. This interface is responsible for handshaking between a modem peripheral and the
UART1

The interrupt interface contains registers U1IER and U1IIR. The interrupt interface

receives several one clock wide enables from the U1TX and U1RX blocks.

Status information from the U1TX and U1RX is stored in the U1LSR. Control information

for the U1TX and U1RX is stored in the U1LCR.

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC):

Features:
  10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter (one in LPC2141/2 and two in
LPC2144/6/8).
 Input multiplexing among 6 or 8 pins (ADC0 and ADC1).
 Power-down mode.
 Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
 Optional conversion on transition on input pin or Timer Match signal.
 Global Start command for both converters (LPC2144/6/8 only).

Description:

Basic clocking for the A/D converters is provided by the VPB clock. A programmable

divider is included in each converter, to scale this clock to the 4.5 MHz (max) clock

needed by the successive approximation process. A fully accurate conversion requires 11

of these clocks.

Pin description:
Register description:

Operation:

Hardware-triggered conversion:
If the BURST bit in the ADCR is 0 and the START field contains 010-111, the ADC will

start a conversion when a transition occurs on a selected pin or Timer Match signal. Th choices include
conversion on a specified edge of any of 4 Match signals, or conversion on a specified edge of either of 2
Capture/Match pins. The pin state from the selected pad

or the selected Match signal, XORed with ADCR bit 27, is used in the edge detection

logic

Interrupts:

An interrupt request is asserted to the Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) when the DONE

bit is 1. Software can use the Interrupt Enable bit for the A/D Converter in the VIC to

control
whether this
assertion results in an interrupt. DONE is negated when the ADDR is

read.

Accuracy vs. digital receiver:

The AIN function must be selected in corresponding Pin Select register (see "Pin Connect

Block" on page 75) in order to get accurate voltage readings on the monitored pin. For pin

hosting an ADC input, it is not possible to have a have a digital function selected and yet

get valid ADC readings. An inside circuit disconnects ADC hardware from the associated

pin whenever a digital function is selected on that pin.

 Real Time Clock

Features:

 Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.

 Ultra Low Power design to support battery powered systems
 Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and Day of Year
 Dedicated 32 kHz oscillator or programmable prescaler from VPB clock.
 Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or to the main 3.3 V

Description:

on, and optionally when it is off. It uses little power in

own power supply pin, VBATPower-down mode. On the LPC2141/2/4/6/8, the RTC can
be clocked by a separate 32.768 KHz oscillator, or by a programmable prescale
divider based on the VPB clock. Also, the RTC is powered by its , which can be
connected to a battery or to the same 3.3 V supply used by the rest of the device.

Architecture:
Register description:

The RTC includes a number of registers. The address space is split into four sections by functionality.The
first eight addresses are the Miscellaneous Register Group(Section 19.4.2).

The second set of eight locations are the Time Counter Group(Section 19.4.12). The third set of eight
locations contain the Alarm Register Group(Section 19.4.14). The remaining registers control the
Reference Clock Divider. The Real Time Clock includes the register shown in Table 263. Detailed
descriptions of the registers follow.
RTC interrupts:

Interrupt generation is controlled through the Interrupt Location Register (ILR), Counter

Increment Interrupt Register (CIIR), the alarm registers, and the Alarm Mask Register

(AMR). Interrupts are generated only by the transition into the interrupt state. The ILR
separately enables CIIR and AMR interrupts. Each bit in CIIR corresponds to one of the

time counters. If CIIR is enabled for a particular counter, then every time the counter is

Incremented an interrupt is generated. The alarm registers allow the user to specify a date

and time for an interrupt to be generated. The AMR provides a mechanism to mask alarm

Compares. If all nonmasked alarm registers match the value in their corresponding time

counter, then an interrupt is generated.

The RTC interrupt can bring the microcontroller out of power-down mode if the RTC is

operating from its own oscillator on the RTCX1-2 pins. When the RTC interrupt is enabled

for wakeup and its selected event occurs, XTAL1/2 pins associated oscillator wakeup

cycle is started

Miscellaneous register group:

Interrupt Location Register (ILR - 0xE002 4000):

The Interrupt Location Register is a 2-bit register that specifies which blocks are generating an interrupt (see Table
265). Writing a one to the appropriate bit clears the

Clock Tick Counter Register (CTCR - 0xE002 4004):

The Clock Tick Counter is read only. It can be reset to zero through the Clock
Control

Register (CCR). The CTC consists of the bits of the clock divider counter

Liquid crystal display

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both
liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within
which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together
in an ordered form similar to a crystal.

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand
witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with
transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be
displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid
crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation
angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
direction.

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers
and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any
orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through
the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating/
highlighting the desired characters.

The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the
LCD’s consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic
circuits, and can be powered for long durations.

The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By
using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD’s have long life and a
wide operating temperature range.

Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes
the LCD’s more customers friendly.

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring

instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of
numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility,
more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have
resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and
entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray
tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV
applications.

This section describes the operation modes of LCD’s then describe how to
program and interface an LCD to 8051 using Assembly and C.

LCD operation

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs(seven-

segment LEDs or other multisegment LEDs).This is due to the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in

contract to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.

3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by

relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In the contrast,

the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data.

4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

LCD pin description

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pins is
given in table.

TABLE 1:Pin description for LCD:

Pin symbol I/O Description

1 Vss -- Ground
2 Vcc -- +5V power
supply
3 VEE -- Power supply to
control contrast
4 RS I RS=0 to select
command
register

RS=1 to select

data register
5 R/W I R/W=0 for write

R/W=1 for read

6 E I/O Enable
7 DB0 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
8 DB1 I/O The 8-bit data
 bus
9 DB2 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
10 DB3 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
11 DB4 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
12 DB5 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
13 DB6 I/O The 8-bit data
bus
14 DB7 I/O The 8-bit data
bus

TABLE 2: LCD Command Codes

Code Command to LCD Instruction

(hex) Register
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor
6 Increment cursor
5 Shift display right
7 Shift display left
8 Display off, cursor off
A Display off, cursor on
 C Display on, cursor off
E Display on, cursor on
F Display on, cursor blinking
10 Shift cursor position to left
14 Shift cursor position to right
18 Shift the entire display to the left
1C Shift the entire display to the right
80 Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line
38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Uses:

The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring

instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of
numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility,
more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have
resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and
entertainment electronics. The LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray
tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text and graphics, and also in small TV
applications.

LCD INTERFACING
Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay:

Fig 21: Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller

To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0.

for data, make RS=1.Then send a high –to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the
internal latch of the LCD.

IR UNIT:

This sensor consists of IR transmitter and receivers on a single plain.

Where Infrared (IR) radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes radio
waves, microwaves, visible light, and ultraviolet light, as well as gamma rays and X-rays.
The IR range falls between the visible portion of the spectrum and radio waves. IR wavelengths
are usually expressed in microns, with the lR spectrum extending from 0.7 to 1000microns.
Using advanced optic systems and detectors, non-contact IR thermometers can focus on nearly
any portion or portions of the0.7-14 micron band. Because every object (with the exception of a
blackbody) emits an optimum amount of IR energy at a specific point along the IR band, each
process may require unique sensor models with specific optics and detector types.
For example, a sensor with a narrow spectral range center data 3.43 microns is optimized for
measuring the surface temperature of polyethylene and related materials. A sensor set up for 5
microns is used to measure glass surfaces. A micron sensor is used for metals and foils. The
broader spectral ranges are used to measure lower temperature surfaces, such as paper, board,
poly, and foil composites.
The intensity of an object's emitted IR energy increases or decreases in proportion to its
temperature. It is the emitted energy, measured as the target's emissivity that indicates an object's
temperature.
Emissivity is a term used to quantify the energy-emitting characteristics of different materials
and surfaces. IR sensors have adjustable emissivity settings, usually from 0.1 to 1.0, which allow
accurate temperature measurements of several surface types.
The emitted energy comes from an object and reaches the IR sensor through its optical system,
which focuses the energy onto one or more photosensitive detectors. The detector then converts
the IR energy into an electrical signal, which is in turn converted into a temperature value
Based on the sensor's calibration equation and the target's emissivity. This temperature value can
be displayed on the sensor or, in the case of the smart sensor, converted to a digital output and
displayed on a computer terminal.

IR remote controls use wavelengths between 850 - 950nm. At this short

wavelength, the light is invisible to the human eye, but a domestic camcorder can
actually view this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Viewed with a
camcorder, an IR LED appears to change brightness.
 All remote controls use an encoded series of pulses, of which there are thousands
of combinations. The light output intensity varies with each remote control;
remotes working at 4.5V dc generally will provide a stronger light output than a
3V dc control. Also, as the photodiode in this project has a peak light response at
850nm, it will receive a stronger signal from controls operating closer to this
wavelength. The photodiode will actually respond to IR wavelengths from 400nm
to 1100nm, so all remote controls should be compatible.

A sensor is a type of transducer, or mechanism, which responds to a type of energy

by producing another type of energy signal, usually electrical. They are either
direct indicating (an electrical meter) or are paired with an indicator (perhaps
indirectly through an analog to digital converter, a computer and a display) so that
the value sensed is translated for human understanding. Types of sensors include
electromagnetic, chemical, biological and acoustic. Aside from other applications,
sensors are heavily used in medicine, industry& robotics.

In order to act as an effectual sensor, the following guidelines must be met:

 the sensor should be sensitive to the measured property

 the sensor should be insensitive to any other property
 the sensor should not influence the measured property
In theory, when the sensor is working perfectly, the output signal of a sensor is
exactly proportional to the value of the property it is meant to measure. The gain is
then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For
example, if a sensor measures temperature and has an actual voltage output, the
gain is a constant with the unit.

When the sensor is not perfect, various deviations can occur, including gain error,
long term drift, and noise. These and other deviations can be classified as
systematic, or random, errors. Systematic deviations may be compensated for by
means of some kind of calibration strategy. Noise is an example of a random error
that can be reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense
of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

A sensor network is a computer network of spatially distributed devices using

sensors to monitor conditions (such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,
motion or pollutants) at a variety of locations. Usually the devices are small and
inexpensive, allowing them to be produced and deployed in large numbers; this
constrains their resources in terms of energy, memory, and computational speed
and bandwidth. Each device is equipped with a radio transceiver, a small micro
controller, and an energy source, most commonly a battery. The devices work off
each other to deliver data to the computer which has been set up to monitor the
information. Sensor networks involve three areas: sensing, communications, and
computation (hardware, software, algorithms). They are applied in many areas,
such as video surveillance, traffic monitoring, home monitoring and
manufacturing.
PRINCIPE:

Transmitter and receiver are incorporated in a single housing. The modulated

infrared light of the transmitter strikes the object to be detected and is reflected in a
diffuse way. Part of the reflected light strikes the receiver and starts the switching
operation. The two states – i.e. reflection received or no reflection – are used to
determine the presence or absence of an object in the sensing range.

This system safely detects all objects that have sufficient reflection. For objects
with a very bad degree of reflection (matt black rough surfaces) the use of diffuse
reflection sensors for short ranges or with background suppression is
recommended.

FIG26:PHOTO TRANSMITTER
FIG 27: RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitivity setting - Diffuse reflection sensors

For diffuse reflection sensors with sensitivity setting the sensitivity should always
be set to maximum independent of the required range in order to achieve the
highest possible operational safety. Only in the case of interfering backgrounds
(walls, machine parts) could it be necessary to reduce the range.

Diffuse reflection sensors for short ranges

Short-range diffuse type sensors are diffuse reflection sensors which have been
specifically designed for short ranges. Light and dark objects are almost equally
detectable within the set sensing range.

FIG 28: Diffuse reflection sensors for short ranges

Short-range diffuse types have high excess gains which allow usage even under
extreme environmental conditions (e.g. dust, mist etc.). Objects outside the range
are not detected.

Diffuse reflection sensor with foreground suppression

Diffuse reflection sensors with foreground suppression are the preferred choice in
the case of well reflecting backgrounds and less well reflecting objects. They are
adjusted to the background (background serves as reflector). Reflections from the
foreground are evaluated as an interruption of the light beam.

Diffuse reflection sensor with background suppression

Diffuse reflection sensors with background suppression limit the range to
adjustable, geometrically defined areas. This makes it possible to optically
suppress
interfering elements (e.g. shining machine parts) behind the object to be sensed.
Objects within the range are detected largely independent of their reflective
characteristics (colour, size, surface). Thus the effective range does not depend on
the target objects, but only on the set range.

Power supply

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC

mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A
power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular
function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c
mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:
Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from

one

Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency.

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains
voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the
ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input)
coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

An Electrical Transformer

Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS

Power Out= Power In

VS X IS=VP X IP

Vp = primary (input) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current

RECTIFIER:
 A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The
process of conversion a.c to d.c is called “rectification”

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:

 Half wave Rectifier

 Full wave rectifier

1. Centre tap full wave rectifier.

2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier
Half wave Full wave Bridge
Parameter
Number of diodes

1 2 4
PIV of diodes

Vm 2Vm Vm
D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc,at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple

frequency f 2f 2f
Rectification

efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812

Transformer

Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812

Factor(TUF)
RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Full-wave Rectifier:

From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as
more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full
wave bridge rectifier circuit.
Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve
full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as

shown in fig(a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used
configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig(A)

Operation:

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward
biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current
flow direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.
 Fig(B)

During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in
forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The
current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Fig(C)

Filter:

A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier

output
but allows the d.c component to reach the load

Capacitor Filter:

We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave
rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48%
such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications.
Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering.

(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples
voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to
appears the load.

(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current
(due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low
resistance to d.c)

(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter

section filter, multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties
mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half
wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.
 Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from
the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC
voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
To calculate the value of capacitor(C),
C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl
Where,
f = supply frequency,
r = ripple factor,
Rl = load resistance
Note: In our circuit we are using 1000µF. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to
reduce ripples and to improve the DC component.

Regulator:

Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative
voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators
include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection')
and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs
have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator
shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive
lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to
the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you
turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.
 Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:

The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three
terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in
wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination
replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance
improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX
is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

Features:

• Output Current of 1.5A

• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%

• Internal thermal overload protection

• Internal Short-Circuit Limited

• No External Component
• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V,12V, 15V, 18V, 24V

• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263

• Direct Replacement for LM78XX

INTRODUCTION TO GSM TECHNOLOGY

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely

encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few pre-defined
tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

What is GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the
infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the
world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1.

GSM Call Routing

Mobile Subscriber Roaming

When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically
determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using
an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR
through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within
the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that
informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in the new location.

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Call Routing

When a user dials a GSM mobile subscriber's MSISDN, the PSTN routes the call to the Home
MSC based on the dialed telephone number. The MSC must then query the HLR based on the
MSISDN, to attain routing information required to route the call to the subscribers' current
location.

The MSC stores global title translation tables that are used to determine the HLR associated with
the MSISDN. When only one HLR exists, the translation tables are trivial. When more than one
HLR is used however, the translations become extremely challenging; with one translation
record per subscriber (see the example below). Having determined the appropriate HLR address,
the MSC sends a Routing Information Request to it.

When the HLR receives the Routing Information Request, it maps the MSISDN to the IMSI, and
ascertains the subscribers' profile including the current VLR at which the subscriber is registered.
The HLR then queries the VLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN). The MSRN is
essentially an ISDN telephone number at which the mobile subscriber can currently be reached.
The MSRN is a temporary number that is valid only for the duration of a single call.

The HLR generates a response message, which includes the MSRN, and
sends it back across the SS7 network to the MSC. Finally, the MSC attempts to
complete the call using the MSRN provided
 GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile
telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a
variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used
of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA).
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz,
1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.

GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile

telecoms over the last decade. Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband
services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new demands. One of GSM's great
strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers a seamless
service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In the
Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market
potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which
allows operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to GSM technology too.

GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of

wireless mobile telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched
Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).

GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal

interception continue to raise significant interest in the GSM community. The
purpose of this portal is to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.

The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the
digital revolution. Everyday, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing
a few buttons. Little is known about how one person's voice reaches the other
person's phone that is thousands of miles away. Even less is known about the
security measures and protection behind the system. The complexity of the cell
phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital pictures to
their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld
computer. All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a
backbone to support it. The system has to provide security and the capability for
growth to accommodate future enhancements. General System for Mobile
Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions out there. GSM has been
dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize why GSM
provides a secure and confidential method of communication.

Digital containers offer an alternative way of securely delivering

content to consumers. They can offer many advantages, particularly for content
delivery over mobile phone networks:

Scalability

Micro transactions/Micro payments compatibility

Content channel neutrality (heterogeneous networks, unicast /multicast/broadcast

etc)

Possibility of DRM

Consumer anonymity

Etc.
GSM Modems

A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem.
Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on
your computer.

A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia Card
Phone.

A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110
with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose.

A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone.
This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if
you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you are using a
mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile phone that does not support WAP push
or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages, without
forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to
correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as “concatenated SMS” or
“long SMS”). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages,
and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface.
(We’ve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a
problem with many other Ericsson models.)

When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be
sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To
simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this
driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to
ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.

The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your
computer hardware has the available communications port resources.

Fig:16 GSM smart modem

SMART MODEM (GSM/GPRS)

INTRODUCTION :

Analogic’s GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem
that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to
various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved
and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax,
SMS, and Internet etc.

Smart Modem kit contain the following items:

Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem

SMPS based power supply adapter.

3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types)

Data cable (RS232)

User Manual

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:
The connectors integrated to the body, guarantee the reliable output and input connections. An
extractible holder is used to insert the SIM card (Micro-SIM type). Status LED indicates the
operating mode.

Fig 17: Block diagram of modem with key connections

Physical Characteristics

Dimensions 100 x 78 x 32 mm (excluding connectors)

Weight 125 grams
Housing Aluminum Profiled

Temperature Range:

Operating temperature: from -200C to +550C

Storage temperature: from -250C to +700C

Fig 18: Internal diagram of GSM modem

Installing the modem:

To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive
applications fix the modem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your
requirement dimensions).

Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card:

To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button with
Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pulls
it out and insert or remove the SIM Card

Fig 19: Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem

Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not
remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM
Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is placed
in the right direction for its proper working condition

Connecting External Antenna:

Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The
Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be ( 0 dbi, 3 dbi or
short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions.

DC Supply Connection

The Modem will automatically turn ON when connection is given to it. The following is the
Power Supply Requirement:

Parameters MIN Avg Max

Supply Voltage 5V 9V 12 V
Peak Current at 5 V supply 1.8 A (during
transmission)
Average Current at 5 V supply 35 mA
in idle Mode
Average Current at 5 V supply 13 mA
in idle Mode and RS232 Power
Saving Activated

Connecting Modem to external devices:

RS232 can be used to connect to the external device through the D-SUB/ USB (for USB model
only) device that is provided in the modem.

Connectors:
 Connector Function

SMA RF Antenna connector

15 pin or 9 pin D-SUB USB (optional) RS232 link Audio link (only for 15 D-
SUB) Reset (only for 15 D-SUB) USB
communication port (optional)

2 pin Phoenix tm Power Supply Connector

SIM Connector SIM Card Connection

RJ11 (For 9 D-SUB and USB only) Audio link Simple hand set connection
(4 wire) 2 wire desktop phone
connection

Description of the interfaces:

The modem comprises several interfaces:

LED Function including operating Status

External antenna (via SMA)

Serial and control link

Power Supply (Via 2 pin Phoenix tm contact)

SIM card holder

LED Status Indicator:

The LED will indicate different status of the modem:

OFF Modem Switched off

ON Modem is connecting to the network

Flashing Slowly Modem is in idle mode

Flashing rapidly Modem is in transmission/communication (GSM only)

9 - PIN D-SUB Female Connector

PIN NAME Designation Type

1 X None NC NC
2 TX Transmit Data Input
3 Rx Receive Data Output
4 DSR Data Set Ready Output
5 GND Ground Ground
6 DTR Data Terminal Input
Ready
7 CTS Clear to send Output
8 RTS Request to send Input
9 X None NC NC

Protecting Modem:

Do not expose to the modem to extreme conditions such as High temperatures,

direct sunlight, High Humidity, Rain, Chemicals, Water, Dust etc. For these details
see the specifications given.

Do not drop, Shake or hit the Modem. (Warranty may void)

The Modem should not be used in extreme vibrating conditions

Handle the Antenna and cable with care.

AT commands features:

Line settings:
A serial link handler is set with the following default values Autobaud, 8 bits data,
1 stop bit, no parity, flow control.

Command line

Commands always start with AT (which means attention) and finish with a <CR>
character.

Information responses and result codes

Responses start and end with <CR><LF>,.

If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME
ERROR: <Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings are returned with different
error codes.

If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned.

In some cases, such as “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product

does not return the OK string as a response.

Services provided by GSM

GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services
provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most
basic, and most important, teleservice provided by GSM.

In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps.
Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet
Switched and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible
methods, using synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Also supported are
Group 3 facsimile service, videotex, and teletex. Other GSM services include a cell
broadcast service, where messages such as traffic reports, are broadcast to users in
particular cells.

A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and
receive point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is
similar to paging services, but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional
messages, store-and-forward delivery, and acknowledgement of successful
delivery.

Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I

specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and
call barring, such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International
Calls. Many more supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of
charge, call waiting, and calling line identification presentation will be offered in
the Phase 2 specifications.

Architecture of the GSM network

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The
GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried
by the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the
Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile
services Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the
mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles
the mobility management operations. Not shown are the Operations

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The
GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. Subscriber carries the Mobile
Station. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile
users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the
mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center,
which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station
and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known
as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with
the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface.

Fig 20: General architecture of a GSM network

Mobile Station:

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a
smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides
personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services
irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM
terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that
terminal, and receive other subscribed services.

The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile

Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret
key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are
independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected
against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.

Base Station Subsystem:

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver
Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across
the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation
between components made by different suppliers.

The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and
handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area,
there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements
for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.
The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It
handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described
below. The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile
service Switching Center (MSC).

Network Subsystem

The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching
Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and
additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber,
such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing
to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in conjunction with several
functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC
provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN).
Signalling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem uses Signalling
System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signalling in ISDN and widely used in
current public networks.

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together
with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The
HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in
the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile.
The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the
VLR associated with the mobile as a distributed database station. The actual
routing procedure will be described later. There is logically one HLR per GSM
network, although it may be implemented
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information
from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services,
for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.
Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all
manufacturers of switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with
the MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that
controlled by the VLR, thus simplifying the signalling required. Note that the MSC
contains no information about particular mobile stations --- this information is
stored in the location registers.

The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it
has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC)
is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each
subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the
radio channel.

LINEAR KEYPAD

This section basically consists of a Linear Keypad. Basically a Keypad can be

classified into 2 categories. One is Linear Keypad and the other is Matrix keypad.
 1. Matrix Keypad.
2. Linear Keypad.

1. Matrix Keypad: This Keypad got keys arranged in the form of Rows and Columns. That
is why the name Matrix Keypad. According to this keypad, In order to find the key being
pressed the keypad need to be scanned by making rows as i/p and columns as output or
vice versa.
This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect more no. of
keys with less no. of data lines.

2. Linear Keypad: This Keypad got ‘n’ no. of keys connected to ‘n’ data lines of
microcontroller.
This Keypad is used in places where one needs to connect less no. of keys.
Generally, in Linear Keypads one end of the switch is connected to Microcontroller
(Configured as i/p) and other end of the switch is connected to the common ground. So
whenever a key of Linear Keypad is pressed the logic on the microcontroller pin will go
LOW.

Here in this project, a linear keypad is used with switches connected in a

serial manner. Linear keypad is used in this project because it takes less no. of port
pins. The Linear Keypad with 4 Keys is shown below.
 GLOBAL POSITION SYSTEM

About GPS

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is changing the way we work

and play. You can use GPS technology when you are driving, flying, fishing,
sailing, hiking, running, biking, working, or exploring. With a GPS receiver, you
have an amazing amount of information at your fingertips. Here are just a few
examples of how you can use GPS technology.
 Know precisely how far you have run and at what pace while tracking your
path so you can find your way home.
 Pinpoint the perfect fishing spot on the water and easily relocate it.
 Get the closest location of your favorite restaurant when you are out-of-town.
 Find the nearest airport or identify the type of airspace in which you are
flying

What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system

that sends and receives radio signals. A GPS receiver acquires these signals and
provides you with information. Using GPS technology, you can determine location,
velocity, and time, 24 hours a day, in any weather conditions anywhere in the world
—for free.

GPS, formally known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and

Ranging). Global Positioning System originally was developed for the military.
Because of its popular navigation capabilities and because you can access GPS
technology using small, inexpensive equipment, the government made the system
available for civilian use. The USA owns GPS technology and the Department of
Defense maintains it.

GPS technology requires the following three segments.

  Space segment.
 Control segment.
 User segment

Space Segment

At least 24 GPS satellites orbit the earth twice a day in a specific pattern.
They travel at approximately 7,000 miles per hour about 12,000 miles above the
earth’s surface. These satellites are spaced so that a GPS receiver anywhere in the
world can receive signals from at least four of them.

 Each GPS satellite constantly sends coded radio signals (pseudorandom

code) to the earth. These GPS satellite signals contain the following
information.
 The particular satellite that is sending the information.
 Where that satellite should be at any given time (the precise location of the
satellite is. called ephemeris data).
 Whether or not the satellite is working properly.
 The date and time that the satellite sent the signal.

The signals can pass through clouds, glass, and plastic. Most solid objects
such as buildings attenuate (decrease the power of) the signals. The signals cannot
pass through objects that contain a lot of metal or objects that contain water (such
as underwater locations). The GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. If solar
energy is unavailable, for example, when the satellite is in the earth’s shadow,
satellites use backup batteries to continue running. Each GPS satellite is built to last
about 10 years. The Department of Defense monitors and the satellites to ensure
that GPS technology continues to run smoothly for years to come.

Fig12: GPS MODEM

Control Segment

The control segment is responsible for constantly monitoring satellite health,

signal integrity, and orbital configuration from the ground control segment includes
the following sections:

 Master control station

 Monitor stations
  Ground antennas

Monitor Stations

At least six unmanned monitor stations are located around the world. Each
station constantly monitors and receives information from the GPS satellites and
then sends the orbital and clock information to the master control station (MCS).

Master Control Station (MCS)

The MCS) is located near Colorado Springs in Colorado. The MCS

constantly receives GPS satellite orbital and clock information from monitor
stations. The controllers in the MCS make precise corrections to the data as
necessary, and send the information (known as ephemeris data) to the GPS satellites
using the ground antennas.

Ground Antennas

Ground antennas receive the corrected orbital and clock information from the
MCS, and then send the corrected information to the appropriate satellites.

User Segment

The GPS user segment consists of your GPS receiver. Your receiver collects
and processes signals from the GPS satellites that are in view and then uses that
information to determine and display your location, speed, time, and so forth. Your
GPS receiver does not transmit any information back to the satellites.
How Does GPS Technology Work?

The following points provide a summary of the technology at work:

 The control segment constantly monitors the GPS constellation and uploads
information to satellites to provide maximum user accuracy
 Your GPS receiver collects information from the GPS satellites that are in
view.
 Your GPS receiver accounts for errors. For more information, refer to the
Sources of Errors.
 Your GPS receiver determines your current location, velocity, and time.
 Your GPS receiver can calculate other information, such as bearing, track,
trip distance, and distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time so forth.
 Your GPS receiver displays the applicable information on the screen.

Who Uses GPS?

GPS technology has many amazing applications on land, at sea, and in the
air. You might be surprised to learn about the following examples of how people or
professions are already using GPS technology

Agriculture

In precision farming, GPS technology helps monitor the application of

fertilizer and pesticides. GPS technology also provides location information that
helps farmers plow, harvest, map fields, and mark areas of disease or weed
infestation.
Aviation

Aircraft pilots use GPS technology for en route navigation and airport
approaches. Satellite navigation provides accurate aircraft location anywhere on or
near the earth.

Environment

GPS technology helps survey disaster areas and maps the movement of
environmental phenomena (such as forest fires, oil spills, or hurricanes). It is even
possible to find locations that have been submerged or altered by natural disasters.

Ground Transportation

GPS technology helps with automatic vehicle location and in-vehicle

navigation systems. Many navigation systems show the vehicle’s location on an
electronic street map, allowing drivers to keep track of where they are and to look
up other destinations. Some systems automatically create a route and give turn-by-
turn directions. GPS technology also helps monitor and plan routes for delivery
vans and emergency vehicles.

Marine

GPS technology helps with marine navigation, traffic routing, underwater

surveying, navigational hazard location, and mapping. Commercial fishing fleets
use it to navigate to optimum fishing locations and to track fish migrations.

Military
 Military aircraft, ships, submarines, tanks, jeeps, and equipment use GPS
technology for many purposes including basic navigation, target designation, close
air support, weapon technology, and rendezvous.

Public Safety

Emergency and other specialty fleets use satellite navigation for location and
status information.

Rail

Precise knowledge of train location is essential to prevent collisions, maintain

smooth traffic flow, and minimize costly delays. Digital maps and onboard inertial
units allow fully-automated train control.

Recreation

Outdoor and exercise enthusiasts use GPS technology to stay apprised of

location, heading, bearing, speed, distance, and time. In addition, they can
accurately mark and record any location and return to that precise spot.

Space

GPS technology helps track and control satellites in orbit. Future booster
rockets and reusable launch vehicles will launch, orbit the earth. Return, and land,
all under automatic control. Space shuttles also use GPS navigation.

Surveying
 Surveyors use GPS technology for simple tasks (such as defining property lines)
or for complex tasks (such as building infrastructures in urban centers). Locating a
precise point of reference used to be very time consuming. With GPS technology,
two people can survey dozens of control points in an hour. Surveying and mapping
roads and rail systems can also be accomplished from mobile platforms to save time
and money.

Timing

Delivering precise time to any user is one of the most important functions of
GPS technology. This technology helps synchronize clocks events around the
world. Pager companies depend on GPS satellites to synchronize the transmission
of information throughout their systems. Investment banking firms rely on this
service every day to record international transactions simultaneously.

How Accurate Is GPS?

GPS technology depends on the accuracy of signals that travel from GPS
satellites to a GPS receiver. You can increase accuracy by ensuring that when you
use (or at least when you turn on) your GPS receiver, you are in an area with few or
no obstacles between you and the wide open sky. When you first turn on your GPS
receiver, stand in an open area for a few moments to allow the unit to get a good fix
on the satellites (especially if you are heading into an obstructed area). This gives
you better accuracy for a longer period of time (about 4-6 hours).

It takes between 65 and 85 milliseconds for a signal to travel from GPS satellite
to a GPS receiver on the surface of the earth.
 FIG 13: GPS sample module (GARMIN)

The signals are so accurate that time can be figured to much less than a millionth
of a second, velocity can be figured to within a fraction of a mile per hour, and
location can be figured to within a few meters.

WAAS/EGNOS

The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is a system of satellites and ground
stations that provides even better position accuracy than the already highly accurate
GPS. Europe’s version of this system is the European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service (EGNOS). The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed
the WAAS program. It makes more airspace usable to pilots, provides more direct
end route paths, and provides new precision approach services to runways, resulting
in safety and capacity improvements in all weather conditions at all locations
throughout the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS).

Although it was designed for aviation users, WAAS supports a wide variety
of other uses, for example, more precise marine navigation. To take advantage of
WAAS technology, you must have a WAAS-capable GPS receiver in an area where
WAAS satellite coverage is available such as North America. No additional
equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS.

Sources of Errors

Errors can affect the accuracy of the GPS signal. Take your GPS receiver to
an area with a wide and unobstructed view of the sky to reduce the possibility and
impact of some errors. Here are some of the most common GPS errors.

Ionosphere and Troposphere Delays

—the satellite signal slows down as it passes through the atmosphere. The system
uses a built-in model that calculates an average delay to partially correct this type of
error.

Orbital Errors

—this terminology refers to inaccuracies of the satellite’s reported location.

Receiver Clock Errors

—the GPS receiver has a built-in clock that can have small timing errors.

Number of Satellites Visible

—obstructions can block signal reception, causing position errors or no position

reading. The more satellites that your GPS receiver can view, the better the fix is.

Satellite Geometry/Shading
—refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite
geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other.
Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.

Signal Multipath

—the GPS signal bounces off of objects, such as tall buildings or large rock
surfaces, before it reaches the GPS receiver. This increases the travel time of the
signal and, therefore, causes errors.

Buying a GPS Receiver

Deciding which GPS receiver to buy can be overwhelming. Think about how you
want to use the unit, for example, traveling or running. Keep the following
considerations in mind:

Product Level

—do you want the basics, or do you want all of the bells and whistles? You can find
a unit that fits your needs and budget.

Power Source

—will you be using the unit away from an auxiliary power source? You might need
to carry extra batteries. With some you can use a vehicle adapter or AC power
source.

Portability

—do you have a preference between a portable or a built-in unit? Some units mount
directly in the dashboard of your boat or aircraft.
Mapping Capability

—do you want to know the general direction or street-level details of your chosen
path? Map data can include streets restaurants, tourist attractions, marine data,
topography, and so forth.

Mounts

—a mount for your GPS can be useful to keep your hands free while navigating
your bike, boat, car, or airplane. Many units

with a mount, and several additional mounts are available.

Ease of Use

—some receivers provide a tutorial or an easy-to-use touch screen interface. Some

even have turn-by-turn voice instructions you are navigating your route.

Antenna Configuration

—where are you going to use the unit? With some units, you use only the built-in
antenna. With other units, you attach an external antenna to give you better
reception

Price

—which units fit your price range? An inexpensive entry-level unit can be a great
way to enter the GPS world.

Software
—whether you want to save your favorite locations or plan a trip, map software can
help. You can use your PC or go directly your GPS receiver. Your preference for
map detail and your specific activities determine which software is right for you.

Complementary Navigation Aids

Remember, a GPS receiver is a complement to navigation and should not be

the only navigational tool that you use. Using a paper map, a simple compass, and
having knowledge of manual navigation is a good, safe practice.

AarLogic GPS 3A
Pin assignment
FIG 14: GPS 3A pin assignment
 For more information about the current status of the GPS satellites, visit

http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Definition:
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a
pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many
countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.

Description:

GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular communications
system, which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share worldwide, although it was
initially developed in a European context. In addition to digital transmission, GSM incorporates
many advanced services and features, including ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in
other GSM networks. The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for
future third-generation cellular systems, such as UMTS. This paper will give an overview of the
services offered by GSM, the system architecture, the radio transmission

Fig 15: structure of a GSM network

GSM Modems

A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem.
Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on
your computer.

A GSM modem can be a PC Card installed in a notebook computer, such as the Nokia Card
Phone.

A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110
with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose.

A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone.
This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if
you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, and you are using a
mobile phone as your modem, you must utilize a mobile phone that does not support WAP push
or MMS. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes these messages, without
forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to
correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as “concatenated SMS” or
“long SMS”). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages,
and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface.
(We’ve observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a
problem with many other Ericsson models.)

When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be
sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To
simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this
driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to
ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.

The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your
computer hardware has the available communications port resources.
 Fig:16 GSM smart modem

SMART MODEM (GSM/GPRS)

INTRODUCTION:

Analogic’s GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem
that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to
various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved
and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax,
SMS, and Internet etc.

Smart Modem kit contain the following items:

Analogic’s GSM/GPRS Smart Modem

SMPS based power supply adapter.

3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types)

Data cable (RS232)

User Manual

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:

The connectors integrated to the body, guarantee the reliable output and input connections. An
extractible holder is used to insert the SIM card (Micro-SIM type). Status LED indicates the
operating mode.
Fig 17: Block diagram of modem with key connections

Physical Characteristics

Dimensions 100 x 78 x 32 mm (excluding connectors)

Weight 125 grams
Housing Aluminum Profiled

Temperature Range:

Operating temperature: from -200C to +550C

Storage temperature: from -250C to +700C

Fig 18: Internal diagram of GSM modem

Installing the modem:

To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. For Automotive
applications fix the modem permanently using the mounting slots (optional as per your
requirement dimensions).

Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card:

To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button with
Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pulls
it out and insert or remove the SIM Card

Fig 19: Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem

Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not
remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM
Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is placed
in the right direction for its proper working condition

Connecting External Antenna:

Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The
Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be ( 0 dbi, 3 dbi or
short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions.

DC Supply Connection
The Modem will automatically turn ON when connection is given to it. The following is the
Power Supply Requirement:

Parameters MIN Avg Max

Supply Voltage 5V 9V 12 V
Peak Current at 5 V supply 1.8 A (during
transmission)
Average Current at 5 V supply 35 mA
in idle Mode
Average Current at 5 V supply 13 mA
in idle Mode and RS232 Power
Saving Activated

Connecting Modem to external devices:

RS232 can be used to connect to the external device through the D-SUB/ USB (for USB model
only) device that is provided in the modem.

Connectors:

Connector Function

SMA RF Antenna connector

15 pin or 9 pin D-SUB USB (optional) RS232 link Audio link (only for 15 D-
SUB) Reset (only for 15 D-SUB) USB
communication port (optional)

2 pin Phoenix tm Power Supply Connector

SIM Connector SIM Card Connection

 RJ11 (For 9 D-SUB and USB only) Audio link Simple hand set connection
(4 wire) 2 wire desktop phone
connection

Description of the interfaces:

The modem comprises several interfaces:

LED Function including operating Status

External antenna (via SMA)

Serial and control link

Power Supply (Via 2 pin Phoenix tm contact)

SIM card holder

LED Status Indicator:

The LED will indicate different status of the modem:

OFF Modem Switched off

ON Modem is connecting to the network

Flashing Slowly Modem is in idle mode

Flashing rapidly Modem is in transmission/communication (GSM only)

9 - PIN D-SUB Female Connector

PIN NAME Designation Type

1 X None NC NC
2 TX Transmit Data Input
3 Rx Receive Data Output
4 DSR Data Set Ready Output
 5 GND Ground Ground
6 DTR Data Terminal Input
Ready
7 CTS Clear to send Output
8 RTS Request to send Input
9 X None NC NC

Protecting Modem:

Do not expose to the modem to extreme conditions such as High temperatures,

direct sunlight, High Humidity, Rain, Chemicals, Water, Dust etc. For these details
see the specifications given.

Do not drop, Shake or hit the Modem. (Warranty may void)

The Modem should not be used in extreme vibrating conditions

Handle the Antenna and cable with care.

AT commands features:

Line settings:

A serial link handler is set with the following default values Autobaud, 8 bits data,
1 stop bit, no parity, flow control.

Command line

Commands always start with AT (which means attention) and finish with a <CR>
character.
Information responses and result codes

Responses start and end with <CR><LF>,.

If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.

If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME
ERROR: <Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings are returned with different
error codes.

If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned.

In some cases, such as “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product

does not return the OK string as a response.

Services provided by GSM

GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services
provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most
basic, and most important, teleservice provided by GSM.

In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps.
Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet
Switched and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible
methods, using synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Also supported are
Group 3 facsimile service, videotex, and teletex. Other GSM services include a cell
broadcast service, where messages such as traffic reports, are broadcast to users in
particular cells.

A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and
receive point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is
similar to paging services, but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional
messages, store-and-forward delivery, and acknowledgement of successful
delivery.

Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I

specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and
call barring, such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International
Calls. Many more supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of
charge, call waiting, and calling line identification presentation will be offered in
the Phase 2 specifications.

Architecture of the GSM network

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The
GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried
by the subscriber. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the
Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile
services Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the
mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles
the mobility management operations. Not shown are the Operations

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The
GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. Subscriber carries the Mobile
Station. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services
Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile
users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the
mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center,
which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network. The Mobile Station
and the Base Station Subsystem communicate across the Um interface, also known
as the air interface or radio link. The Base Station Subsystem communicates with
the Mobile services Switching Center across the A interface.

Fig 20: General architecture of a GSM network

Mobile Station:

The mobile station (MS) consists of the mobile equipment (the terminal) and a
smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). The SIM provides
personal mobility, so that the user can have access to subscribed services
irrespective of a specific terminal. By inserting the SIM card into another GSM
terminal, the user is able to receive calls at that terminal, make calls from that
terminal, and receive other subscribed services.
The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI). The SIM card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the system, a secret
key for authentication, and other information. The IMEI and the IMSI are
independent, thereby allowing personal mobility. The SIM card may be protected
against unauthorized use by a password or personal identity number.

Base Station Subsystem:

The Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver
Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across
the standardized Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation
between components made by different suppliers.

The Base Transceiver Station houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and
handles the radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area,
there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed, thus the requirements
for a BTS are ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It
handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described
below. The BSC is the connection between the mobile station and the Mobile
service Switching Center (MSC).

Network Subsystem

The central component of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile services Switching
Center (MSC). It acts like a normal switching node of the PSTN or ISDN, and
additionally provides all the functionality needed to handle a mobile subscriber,
such as registration, authentication, location updating, handovers, and call routing
to a roaming subscriber. These services are provided in conjunction with several
functional entities, which together form the Network Subsystem. The MSC
provides the connection to the fixed networks (such as the PSTN or ISDN).
Signalling between functional entities in the Network Subsystem uses Signalling
System Number 7 (SS7), used for trunk signalling in ISDN and widely used in
current public networks.

The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), together
with the MSC, provide the call-routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. The
HLR contains all the administrative information of each subscriber registered in
the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of the mobile.
The location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signalling address of the
VLR associated with the mobile as a distributed database. station. The actual
routing procedure will be described later. There is logically one HLR per GSM
network, although it may be implemented

The Visitor Location Register (VLR) contains selected administrative information

from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services,
for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.
Although each functional entity can be implemented as an independent unit, all
manufacturers of switching equipment to date implement the VLR together with
the MSC, so that the geographical area controlled by the MSC corresponds to that
controlled by the VLR, thus simplifying the signalling required. Note that the MSC
contains no information about particular mobile stations --- this information is
stored in the location registers.
The other two registers are used for authentication and security purposes. The
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile equipment on the network, where each mobile station is identified by its
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An IMEI is marked as invalid if it
has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The Authentication Center (AuC)
is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each
subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and encryption over the
radio channel.
DM74LS244

Octal 3-STATE Buffer/Line Driver/Line Receiver

General Description

These buffers/line drivers are designed to improve both the performance and PC
board density of 3-STATE buffers/ drivers employed as memory-address drivers,
clock drivers,

and bus-oriented transmitters/receivers. Featuring 400 mV of hysteresis at each

low current PNP data line input, they provide improved noise rejection and high
fanout outputs and can be used to drive terminated lines down to 133 ohms.

Features

 3-STATE outputs drive bus lines directly

 PNP inputs reduce DC loading on bus lines
 Hysteresis at data inputs improves noise margins
 Typical IOL (sink current) 24 mA
 Typical IOH (source current) 15 mA
 Typical propagation delay times
 Inverting 10.5 ns
 Noninverting 12 ns
 Typical enable/disable time 18 ns
 Typical power dissipation (enabled)
 Inverting 130 mW
 Noninverting 135 mW
 RELAYS

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches.
 Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely
separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to
switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from
lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is
usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the
relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so
these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily
available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to
describe them please see the page on switches.
 Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires
directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the
relay. The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil
will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce
brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy
transistors and ICs in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection
diode across the relay coil.

The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch
contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the
coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of
contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay
DPDT.

The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC

and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
  NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the
relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the
relay coil is off.

Choosing a relay

You need to consider several features when choosing a relay:

1. Physical size and pin arrangement If you are choosing a relay for an existing
PCB you will need to ensure that its dimensions and pin arrangement are
suitable. You should find this information in the supplier's catalogue.
2. Coil voltage the relay's coil voltage rating and resistance must suit the circuit
powering the relay coil. Many relays have a coil rated for a 12V supply but
5V and 24V relays are also readily available. Some relays operate perfectly
well with a supply voltage which is a little lower than their rated value.
3. Coil resistance the circuit must be able to supply the current required by the
relay coil. You can use Ohm's law to calculate the current:

supply voltage
Relay coil current =
coil resistance

4. For example: A 12V supply relay with a coil resistance of 400 passes a
current of 30mA. This is OK for a 555 timer IC (maximum output current
200mA), but it is too much for most ICs and they will require a transistor to
amplify the current.
 5. Switch ratings (voltage and current) the relay's switch contacts must be
suitable for the circuit they are to control. You will need to check the voltage
and current ratings. Note that the voltage rating is usually higher for AC, for
example: "5A at 24V DC or 125V AC".
6. Switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT etc).
Most relays are SPDT or DPDT which are often described as "single pole
changeover" (SPCO) or "double pole changeover" (DPCO). For further
information please see the page on switches

Protection diodes for relays

Transistors and ICs (chips) must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike'
produced when the relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal
diode (eg 1N4148) is connected across the relay coil to provide this protection.
Note that the diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally not conduct.
Conduction only occurs when the relay coil is switched off, at this moment current
tries to continue flowing through the coil and it is harmlessly diverted through the
diode. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a
damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.

Reed relays

Reed relays consist of a coil surrounding a reed

switch. Reed switches are normally operated with a
magnet, but in a reed relay current flows through the coil to create a magnetic field
and close the reed switch.
 Reed relays generally have higher coil resistances than standard relays (1000
for example) and a wide range of supply voltages (9-20V for example). They are
capable of switching much more rapidly than standard relays, up to several
hundred times per second; but they can only switch low currents (500mA
maximum for example).

Relays and transistors compared

Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For

switching small DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice
than a relay. However transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as
mains electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large
currents (> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power
transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil! The main
advantages and disadvantages of relays are listed below:

Advantages of relays:

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch
many times per second.
  Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
 Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low
power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOTORS:

Figure 1

In figure1 different types of motors is there in this we are using EG-530AD-2B motor i.e.
mentioned in the below.
DC MOTOR(EG-530AD-2B):

Vendor NMB Technologies Corporation

Category Fans, Thermal Management
Voltage - Rated 12VDC
Power (Watts) 1.08W
Bearing Type Ball
Size / Dimension Square - 70mm L x 70mm H x 25mm W
Air Flow 19.0 CFM (0.538m&sup3;/min)
Features -
Termination 2 Wire Leads
Fan Type Tubeaxial
Noise 21.5 dB
RPM 2400 RPM
Static Pressure 0.072 in H2O (17.9 Pa)
Weight 0.159 lb (72.12g)
Current Rating 90mA
Voltage Range 6 ~ 13.8VDC
Operating Temperature 14 ~ 158°F (-10 ~ 70°C)
Life Expectancy 70000 hrs @ 25°C
Lead Free Status Lead Free
RoHS Status RoHS Compliant
2810KL 04W B10 P00
Other Names
2810KL04WB10P00

Applications: Cassette, CD Player, CD-ROM, VCD, DVD, DV-ROM .

Working procedure for dc motor:

 DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush
less, servo, and gear motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent
magnetic field stator. The magnetic field is maintained using either permanent
magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are most
commonlyusedinvariablespeedandtorque.
Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in
some way are used to generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category
include bearings and bushings, clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive
components, encoders and resolves, Integrated motion control, limit switches,
linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear position sensing,
motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and
pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission
(mechanical), seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs.

Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a
drive system. This family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors,
universal, servo motors, induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors
(brush less, servo motor, and gear motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors,
and motor contactors and starters.

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when
this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force
proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid,
opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and
North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is
designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor
and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red

represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents
a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Fig 25: Block Diagram of the DC motor

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all
that Beamers will see), the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes
the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor
(together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the stator.
The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being
electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common
motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
 The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that
when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As
the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the
next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to
continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles
(three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the
commutator. You can imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor
is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it
will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where
the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both
commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply,
waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of
such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque” ripple" (the
amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).
Fig 26: Block Diagram of the DC motor having two poles only

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker

with the workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):

Fig 27: Block Diagram of the DC motor having Three poles

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at
a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from
one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the
next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond).
We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that
this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
Fig 28: Internal Block Diagram of the Three pole DC motor

There's probably no better way to see how an average dc motor is put

together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work, as well as
requiring the destruction of a perfectly good motor. This is a basic 3-pole dc
motor, with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.

Buzzer:
A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in
automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It
most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control
unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed,
and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and
sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping
sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was
identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing
noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or
wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected
devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud
enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker.
Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a
Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to
"driver" circuits, which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound, on and
off.

Electronic symbol for a buzzer.

Metal disk with piezoelectric disk attached, as found in a buzzer

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person signals ("buzzes
in"), all others are locked out from signalling.Several game shows have large buzzer buttons
which are identified as "plungers".

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were
electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles.
Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

ABOUT SOFTWARE
Software used:

*Keil software for c programming

ABOUT KEIL SOFTWARE:\

It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the
Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on
each Assembler source file, specifying another list of controls, run either the
Library Manager or Linker (again specifying a list of controls) and finally running
the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel Hex File.
Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target
hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files;
automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user
interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to
C variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the
choice is clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an
embedded application.
Projects:

The user of KEIL centers on “projects”. A project is a list of all the source
files required to build a single application, all the tool options which specify
exactly how to build the application, and – if required – how the application should
be simulated. A project contains enough information to take a set of source files
and generate exactly the binary code required for the application. Because of the
high degree of flexibility required from the tools, there are many options that can
be set to configure the tools to operate in a specific manner. It would be tedious to
have to set these options up every time the application is being built; therefore they
are stored in a project file. Loading the project file into KEIL informs KEIL which
source files are required, where they are, and how to configure the tools in the
correct way. KEIL can then execute each tool with the correct options. It is also
possible to create new projects in KEIL. Source files are added to the project and
the tool options are set as required. The project can then be saved to preserve the
settings. The project is reloaded and the simulator or debugger started, all the
desired windows are opened. KEIL project files have the extension

Simulator/Debugger:

The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of

a micro controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise
execution time of a single assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the
way up to the entire application, simply by entering the crystal frequency. A
window can be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of the
peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of mis-configured peripherals.
Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and
execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents
of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables.
In addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the
microcontroller is doing at any point in time.

ARM SOFTWARE:

About KeilARM:

1. Click on the Keil u Vision3 Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear
3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4.Then Click on New Project

5.Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own
folder sited in either C:\ or D:\
6.Then Click on Save button above.

7.Select the component for u r project. i.e.NXP……

8.Click on the + Symbol beside of NXP

9.Select LPC2148 as shown below
10.Then Click on “OK”

11.The Following fig will appear

12.Then Click YES

13.Now your project is ready to USE

14.Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option “Source
group 1” as shown in next page.
15.Click on the file option from menu bar and select “new”
16.The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double
clicking on its blue boarder.
17.Now start writing program in either in “C” or “ASM”

18.For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and
for “C” based program save it with extension “ .C”
19.Now right click on Source group 1 and click on “Add files to Group Source”
20.Now you will get another window, on which by default “C” files will appear
21.Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
22.Click only one time on option “ADD”
23.Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
24.If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.
25.The new window is as follows
 26.Then Click “OK”

27.Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port
as shown in fig below
29.Drag the port a side and click in the program file
 29.Now keep Pressing function key “F11” slowly and observe.
30.You are running your program successfully

Conclusion

The project “ Anti Theft Control System Design Using Embedded system ” has been successfully
designed and tested.
It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus
contributing to the best working of the unit.