INDEX

TOPICS Page No’s

 Certificates
 Acknowledgement
 Abstract
 Figures/Tables

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE SURVEY 2-3

CHAPTER-3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Existing System 4
3.2 Proposed System 4-5

CHAPTER-4: SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Functional Requirements 6
4.2 Non-Functional Requirements 6-7

CHAPTER-5: SYSTEM STUDY

5.1 Feasibility Study 8
5.2 Feasibility Analysis 8-9

CHAPTER-6: SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

6.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 10
6.2 UML Diagrams 11-20
6.2.1 Use Case Diagram
6.2.2 Class Diagram
6.2.3 Sequence Diagram
6.2.4 Collaboration Diagram
6.2.5 Activity Diagram
6.2.6 Component Diagram
6.2.7 Deployment Diagram
 6.2.8 Er Diagram
6.2.9 Data Dictionary

CHAPTER-7: INPUT AND OUTPUT DESIGN

7.1 Input Design 21
7.2 Output Design 22

CHAPTER-8: IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 MODULES 23
8.1.1 Module Description 23

CHAPTER-9: SOFTWARE
ENVIRONMENT
9.1 Python 24-45
9.2 Source Code 46-52

CHAPTER-10: RESULTS/DISCUSSIONS
10.1 System Test 53-55
10.1.1 Test Cases 55-56
10.2 Screenshots 57-66

CHAPTER-11: CONCLUSION
11.1 Conclusion 67-68
11.2 Future Scope 68

CHAPTER-12: REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY 69-70

 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO TABLES/FIGURES PAGE NO’S

1 System Architecture 10
2 UML Diagrams 11-20

2.1 Use Case Diagram 12

2.2 Class Diagram 13

2.3 Sequence Diagram 14

2.4 Collaboration Diagram 15

2.5 Activity Diagram 16

2.6 Component Diagram 17

2.7 Deployment Diagram 18

2.8 ER Diagram 19

2.9 Data Dictionary/Dataset 20

3 About Python 24-45

4 Screenshots 57-66
 COURIER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT
Courier Management System (CMS) is a comprehensive software solution designed to streamline and
optimize the process of courier and parcel delivery services. The system aims to automate various
operations, such as booking, tracking, and delivery management, to improve efficiency, reduce costs,
and enhance customer satisfaction. The CMS offers a user-friendly interface for customers to place
courier requests, track the status of their parcels in real-time, and provide feedback. For courier
companies, the system provides tools for route optimization, resource allocation, and performance
monitoring to ensure timely and cost-effective delivery. Key features of the CMS include automated
booking and dispatching, real-time tracking and monitoring, route optimization, customer feedback
management, and comprehensive reporting and analytics. These features enable courier companies to
optimize their operations, improve service quality, and gain a competitive edge in the market.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Courier Management System (CMS) is a software solution designed to simplify and streamline
the operations of courier and parcel delivery services. In today's fast-paced world, efficient and
reliable courier services are essential for businesses and individuals to send and receive packages
in a timely manner. The CMS provides a centralized platform for managing all aspects of the
courier service, from booking to delivery, tracking, and reporting.

The CMS is designed to automate and optimize the various processes involved in courier
management, including parcel booking, dispatching, routing, tracking, and delivery. By leveraging
technology, the system aims to improve efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance customer
satisfaction.

Key objectives of the CMS include:

1. Efficient Booking Process: The CMS provides an easy-to-use interface for customers to
book courier services online or through a mobile app. Customers can specify pickup and
delivery locations, package details, and preferred delivery times.

2. Real-Time Tracking: The CMS allows customers to track the status of their parcels in
real- time, providing visibility into the location and estimated delivery time. This feature
improves transparency and customer satisfaction.

3. Optimized Routing and Dispatching: The CMS uses algorithms to optimize routing and
dispatching, ensuring that parcels are delivered using the most efficient routes and resources.
This helps reduce delivery times and costs.

1
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE: An Overview of Modern Courier Management Systems: Trends and Technologies.

AUTHOR: Dr. Emily Thompson, Dr. Michael Lee, Dr. Samantha Green
ABSTRACT: The rapid growth of e-commerce and the increasing demand for efficient delivery
services have significantly transformed the courier industry. This paper provides a
comprehensive overview of modern courier management systems, focusing on the latest trends
and technologies that are shaping the industry. The evolution of courier management systems is
examined, highlighting the transition from traditional methods to advanced, technology-driven
solutions. Key functionalities such as route optimization, real-time tracking, and automated
sorting are discussed in detail. Technological advancements, including the integration of GPS,
big data analytics, and machine learning, are analyzed for their impact on operational efficiency
and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the paper explores the challenges faced by the courier
industry, such as last-mile delivery issues and the need for sustainable practices. Future
directions, including the potential of drone delivery and autonomous vehicles, are also
considered. This survey aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and
stakeholders in the courier industry, emphasizing the importance of adopting innovative
technologies to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving market.

TITLE: Optimization Techniques in Courier Management Systems: A Literature Review

AUTHOR: Dr. Jane Smith
ABSTRACT: This literature review investigates the various optimization techniques employed in
courier management systems to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs. As the demand
for fast and reliable courier services continues to rise, driven by the exponential growth of e-
commerce, there is a critical need for advanced optimization methods to streamline operations.
This review categorizes the optimization techniques into several key areas: route optimization,
load balancing, delivery time minimization, and resource allocation.

The paper explores different algorithms and models such as Genetic Algorithms, Ant Colony
Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization, and Mixed-Integer Linear Programming.
Additionally, it examines the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in
predictive analytics for demand forecasting and dynamic route planning. The review highlights
the benefits of these techniques, including improved delivery speed, reduced fuel consumption,
2
and

3
enhanced customer satisfaction. It also addresses the challenges in implementing these
optimization methods, such as computational complexity, data accuracy, and integration with
existing systems.

The survey concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for
hybrid optimization approaches that combine multiple techniques to overcome individual
limitations. The integration of real-time data and IoT devices is also suggested as a promising
direction to further enhance the performance of courier management systems.

TITLE: Customer Satisfaction in Courier Services: A Literature Review

AUTHOR: Dr. Emily Johnson
ABSTRACT: This literature review examines the critical factors influencing customer satisfaction
in the courier service industry. With the rapid growth of e-commerce and the increasing reliance
on efficient delivery services, understanding customer satisfaction has become paramount for
courier companies. This paper synthesizes findings from various studies to identify key
determinants of customer satisfaction, including delivery speed, reliability, customer service
quality, and technological innovations. It also explores the role of communication, tracking
transparency, and problem resolution in enhancing customer experiences. Furthermore, the
review highlights the impact of service quality on customer loyalty and retention. The paper
concludes by discussing the implications for courier companies and suggesting strategies to
improve customer satisfaction based on the identified factors. The findings underscore the
importance of adopting customer-centric approaches and leveraging technology to meet and
exceed customer expectations in the competitive courier service market.

4
 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 EXISTING
SYSTEM

The existing courier management systems are often characterized by manual processes,
disjointed systems, and limited automation. In many cases, courier companies rely heavily on
paper-based systems for tracking parcels, managing bookings, and coordinating deliveries. These
manual processes are time-consuming, error-prone, and inefficient, leading to delays, errors, and
increased operational costs. Furthermore, existing systems often lack real-time tracking
capabilities, making it challenging for customers to track the status of their parcels accurately.
This lack of transparency can lead to customer dissatisfaction and a poor overall experience.
Another drawback of existing systems is the limited integration and communication between
different parts of the courier company's operations. For example, the booking system may not be
integrated with the dispatching system, leading to inefficiencies in resource allocation and
delivery planning. Overall, the existing courier management systems are often fragmented,
manual, and inefficient, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive and automated solution
to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and enhance customer satisfaction.

DISADVANTAGES:
 The existing courier management systems suffer from several drawbacks that hinder their
efficiency and effectiveness:
 Manual Processes: Many existing systems rely heavily on manual processes, such as
paper- based tracking and record-keeping, leading to inefficiencies, errors, and delays in
parcel processing and delivery.
 Limited Automation: Existing systems often lack automation for key processes, such as
parcel booking, dispatching, and routing, leading to suboptimal resource allocation and
delivery planning.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed Courier Management System (CMS) is designed to revolutionize the
courier industry by introducing a comprehensive, automated, and customer-centric solution. The
system will encompass a range of features and functionalities aimed at improving efficiency,
reducing
5
costs, and enhancing customer satisfaction. One of the key components of the proposed CMS is
its user-friendly interface, which will allow customers to easily book courier services, track their

6
parcels in real-time, and provide feedback on their delivery experience. This interface will be
accessible through both web and mobile platforms, ensuring convenience and accessibility for
customers. The CMS will also incorporate advanced routing and dispatching algorithms to
optimize delivery routes, minimize delivery times, and reduce costs. By leveraging real-time data
and analytics, the system will be able to dynamically adjust routes based on traffic conditions,
weather patterns, and other factors, ensuring timely and efficient parcel delivery. Furthermore,
the proposed CMS will offer robust reporting and analytics capabilities, allowing courier
companies to gain valuable insights into their operations, track key performance metrics, and
identify areas for improvement. This data-driven approach will enable courier companies to
make informed decisions and optimize their services for maximum efficiency and customer
satisfaction.

ADVANTAGES:
The proposed Courier Management System (CMS) offers several advantages over
existing systems, including:
 Improved Efficiency: The CMS automates key processes such as parcel booking,
dispatching, and routing, leading to improved efficiency and reduced reliance on manual
processes. This results in faster parcel processing and delivery times.
 Enhanced Customer Experience: The CMS provides customers with a user-friendly
interface for booking courier services, tracking parcels in real-time, and providing
feedback. This improves transparency and communication, leading to a better overall
customer experience.

7
 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
4.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

 Admin
 User

4.2 NON- FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

4.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

MINIMUM (Required for Execution) MY SYSTEM (Development)

System Pentium IV 2.2 GHz i3 Processor 5th Gen

Hard Disk 20 Gb 512 Gb

Ram 1 Gb 5 Gb

4.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Operating System Windows 10/11

Development Software Python 3.7.0

Programming Language Python

Integrated Development Environment Python IDE

(IDE)
Front End Technologies HTML5, CSS3, Java Script

Database Language SQL

Database MySQL

8
 Database Software Wamp Server(MySQL)

Web Server or Deployment Server Apache tomcat

Design/Modelling Rational Rose

Framework Django

Graphical User Interface (Database) SQLYog 6.56 Enterprise

9
 CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM STUDY

5.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very
general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study
of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a
burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements
for the system is essential.

5.2 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization.
The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system
is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the
budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only
the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the
system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
1
0
The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes
the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by
the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely
depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him
familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some
constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

1
1
 CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM DESIGN

6.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

ADMIN USER

COLLECT NEW COURIER

ADD EMPLOYEE UPDATE CORIER STATUS
VIEW EMPLOYEE VIEW CURRENT COURIER STATUS
VIEW COURIER LIST

DATABASE

1
2
6.2 UML DIAGRAM’S:

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose modeling
language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was
created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object oriented
computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a Meta-
model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added to; or
associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling
and other non- software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in the
modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software
development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of
software projects.
GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can develop
and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns and
components.
7. Integrate best practices.

13
 6.2.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM:
A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram
defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview
of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use
cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the system
can be depicted.

ADD EMPLOYEE

VIEW EMPLOYEES
ADMI
N

VIEW COURIER LIST

LOGOUT

COLLECT NEW COURIER

EMPLOYEE UPDATE COURIER STATUS

VIEW CURRENT COURIER

STATUS

LOGOUT

14
6.2.2 CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of
static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes,
their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. It explains which
class contains information.

15
6.2.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:
A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram that
shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message
Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event scenarios, and
timing diagrams.

ADMIN SERVER EMPLOYEE

ADD EMPLOYEE

COLLECT NEW COURIER

VIEW EMPLOYEE

UPDATE COURIER STATUS

VIEW COURIER LIST

VIEW CURRENT COURIER STATUS

LOGOUT LOGOUT

16
6.2.4 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM:
Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions with
support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams
can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a
system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

7: LOGOUT

1: ADD EMPLOYEE
ADMIN SERVE
R
3: VIEW EMPLOYEE
5: VIEW COURIER

2: COLLECT NEW COURIER

4: UPDATE COURIER STATUS

6: VIEW CURRENT COURIER

8:
LOGOUT

EMPLOYEE

17
6.2.5 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and actions withsupport
for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity diagrams canbe used to
describe the business and operational step-by-step workflows of components in a system. Anactivity
diagram shows the overall flow of control.

Start

Login Again
Yes Login
No

Admin Employee

Login

Add Employee
Register & Login
View Employee List
Collect New Courier

View Courier List Update Courier Status

View Current Courier Status

Logout

Logout

End
End

18
6.2.6 COMPONENT DIAGRAM:

Component Diagrams are used to show code modules of a system in Unified Modeling Language (UML).
They are generally used for modeling subsystems. It represents how each and every component acts during
execution and running of a system program. They are also used to show and represent structure and
organization of all components. These code modules include application program, ActiveX control, Java
Beans, backend databases, or some ASP programs. The component diagrams represent implementation of
view models. The component diagrams are for representing interfaces and dependencies among software
architecture. The word component simply means modules of a class that usually represents an independent
subsystem.

Add
employee

ADMIN

View
Employee

WEB
SERVER View
Courier

EMPLOYEE

View
Current

Update
Courier
Collect
New

19
6.2.7 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM:

A UML deployment diagram is a diagram that shows the configuration of run time processing nodesand
the components that live on them. Deployment diagrams is a kind of structure diagram used in modeling
the physical aspects of an object-oriented system. They are often be used to model the static deployment
view of a system (topology of the hardware).

EMPLOYEE

WEB
SERVER

ADMI
N

20
6.2.8 ER DIAGRAM:
ER Diagram stands for Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as ERD is a diagram that displaysthe
relationship of entity sets stored in a database. In other words, ER diagrams help to explain the
logicalstructure of databases. ER diagrams are created based on three basic concepts: entities, attributes
and relationships.

Application ADMIN

ADD EMPLOYEE VIEW COURIER

LIST

EMPLOYEE

REGISTER

LOGOUT
LOGIN

COLLECT NEW
VIEW CURRENT
COURIER
COURIER STATUS

UPDATE COURIER
STATUS

21
6.2.9 Data Dictionary
6.1 Admin Table

Column Name Data Type Constraints

username Varchar[100] NOTNULL
password Varchar[100] NOTNULL

6.2 User Employee Table

Column Name Data Type Constraints

Employee_name Varchar[40] NULL
gender Varchar[20] NULL
Contact_no Varchar[20] NULL
Email Varchar[50] NULL
qualification Varchar[65] NULL
experience Varchar[45] NULL
address Varchar[155] NULL
username Varchar[50] PRIMARY KEY, NULL
password Varchar[50] NULL

22
 CHAPTER-7
INPUT AND OUTPUT DESIGN

7.1 INPUT DESIGN

The input design is the link between the information system and the user. It comprises
the developing specification and procedures for data preparation and those steps are necessary to put
transaction data in to a usable form for processing can be achieved by inspecting the computer to
read data from a written or printed document or it can occur by having people keying the data
directly into the system. The design of input focuses on controlling the amount of input required,
controlling the errors, avoiding delay, avoiding extra steps and keeping the process simple. The
input is designed in such a way so that it provides security and ease of use with retaining the
privacy. Input Design considered the following things:

 What data should be given as input?

 How the data should be arranged or coded?
 The dialog to guide the operating personnel in providing input.
 Methods for preparing input validations and steps to follow when error occur.

7.1.1 OBJECTIVES

1. Input Design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of the input into a computer-
based system. This design is important to avoid errors in the data input process and show the correct
direction to the management for getting correct information from the computerized system.

2. It is achieved by creating user-friendly screens for the data entry to handle large volume of data.
The goal of designing input is to make data entry easier and to be free from errors. The data entry
screen is designed in such a way that all the data manipulates can be performed. It also provides
record viewing facilities.

3. When the data is entered it will check for its validity. Data can be entered with the help of screens.
Appropriate messages are provided as when needed so that the user will not be in maize of instant.
Thus, the objective of input design is to create an input layout that is easy to follow.

23
 7.2 OUTPUT DESIGN

A quality output is one, which meets the requirements of the end user and presents the information
clearly. In any system results of processing are communicated to the users and to other system
through outputs. In output design it is determined how the information is to be displaced for
immediate need and also the hard copy output. It is the most important and direct source information
to the user. Efficient and intelligent output design improves the system’s relationship to help user
decision- making.

1. Designing computer output should proceed in an organized, well thought out manner; the right
output must be developed while ensuring that each output element is designed so that people will
find the system can use easily and effectively. When analysis design computer output, they should
Identify the specific output that is needed to meet the requirements.

2. Select methods for presenting information.

3. Create document, report, or other formats that contain information produced by the system.

The output form of an information system should accomplish one or more of the following objectives.

• Convey information about past activities, current status or projections of the

• Future.

• Signal important events, opportunities, problems, or warnings.

• Trigger an action.

• Confirm an action.

24
 CHAPTER 8
IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 MODULES:

 ADMIN
 EMPLOYEE

8.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION

ADMIN
The admin can add employees for checking couriers status and for updating status
of courier. And admin can see how many couriers is received, admin can check courier list
and also see employees list.

EMPLOYEE

Employee need to login after giving login credentials from admin, employee
operations are collecting new couriers and gives update for courier status. And employee
can check current status for couriers.

25
 CHAPTER 9
SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

9.1 What is Python :

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs

generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.

Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language,
makes them readable all the time.

Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.

The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for
the following –

 Machine Learning
 GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
 Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
 Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
 Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
 Test frameworks
 Multimedia

Advantages of Python: -
Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries
Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete
code for that manually.
26
2. Extensible
As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.

3. Embeddable
Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code in
your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to
our code in the other language.

4. Improved Productivity
The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than
languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things
done.

5. IOT Opportunities
Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in
Python, just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code.
This is why when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more
verbose languages like Java.

7. Readable
Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This is
the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to
define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the code.

8. Object-Oriented
This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.
While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world.
A class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.

27
10. Portable
When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to it
if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need
to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.

11. Interpreted
Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now in the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages :

1. Less Coding
Almost all of the tasks done in Python requires less coding when the same task is done in other
languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search
for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest
learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable
Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free
available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you
better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need
to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web
apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also
build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

28
Disadvantages of Python
So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python
over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often
results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the
project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are
enough to distract us from its speed limitations.

2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on the client-
side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications. One such
application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type
of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just
means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers
during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are
a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.

5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t
do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java
code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.
29
History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start
with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming
environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum
Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of
Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a
project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill
Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team
building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know
how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on
it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my
experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started
typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my
own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for
statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number
of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."

What is Machine Learning : -

Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking
at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a
subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first
brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the
data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine
learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the
data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and
understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical
30
digression regarding

31
 the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is similar to the
"learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in machine learning
is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some broad categorizations
of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features of
data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to
apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the
labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised learning in
the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any
label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks
such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups
of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct representations of
the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because
they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other side, AI is still in its initial
stage and haven’t surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is that what
is the need to make machine learn? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make
decisions, based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several
real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines,
particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using
programing logic, in the problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we

32
can’t

33
 do without human intelligence, but other aspect is that we all need to solve real-world problems
with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and
autonomous cars, this segment of AI as whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind is
that ML has not been able to overcome number of challenges. The challenges that ML is facing
currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges.
Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature
extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time

especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.

No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and well-
defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this technology is
not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are in
the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which
cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML-

 Emotion analysis
34
 Sentiment analysis

35
 Error detection and prevention

 Weather forecasting and prediction

 Stock market analysis and forecasting

 Speech synthesis

 Speech recognition

 Customer segmentation

 Object recognition

 Fraud detection

 Fraud prevention

 Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of study
that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one of the
most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning Engineer
Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start learning it?
So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow to
eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine
Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your needs to reach
your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites that
you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and Python.

36
And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics to get
started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in
Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important
as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML expert
will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection,
analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance, Probability
Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very
important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors, and
Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn them
as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip is Python!
While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc. Python is
currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python libraries that are
specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online
resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

32
 Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which
is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated
stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

 Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some machine
learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
 Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric features
can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to the model.
For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste, etc.
 Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For the fruit
example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the name of the
fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
 Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels), so after
training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the categories
trained on.
 Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will provide a
predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

 Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data using
classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required level of
performance is achieved.
 Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the underlying
structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor and cluster
analysis models.
 Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised Learning
with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning accuracy and
is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.

33
 Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and error. So the
next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and that will
maximize the reward in the future.
Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns that
would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it serves
to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to the right
products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.

2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.

3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets them
make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of data you
have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.

4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and multi-variety,
and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.

5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does apply, it
holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers while also
targeting the right customers.

34
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be inclusive/unbiased,
and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new data to be generated.

2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose with
a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to function. This
can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the algorithms.
You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.

4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an algorithm
with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions coming from a
biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to customers. In the
case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected for long periods of
time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize the source of the issue,
and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this release
were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van Rossum
never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This release
included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting unicode.Python
flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release as Python 3.0 (also

35
known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not backwards compatible with

36
 Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of duplicate programming
constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the 13th law of the Zen of
Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way to do it."Some changes in
Python 7.3:

 Print is now a function

 Views and iterators instead of lists
 The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list cannot be
sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.
 There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.
 The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have the
"old" behaviour.
 Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-

We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal layers—

even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different intensity
ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.

Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something

37
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak

38
 behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages
can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area where
Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of
them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable
programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine
learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and production
at Google.

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features
including these important ones:

 A powerful N-dimensional array object

 Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
 Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
 Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and
preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem.
39
Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data,

40
 regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with
Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including
finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be
used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and
hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts,
scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample plots and
thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when
combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties,
axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to
MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
 Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
41
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about

42
how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or tweak
behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other languages
can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area where
Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and several of
them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background - without
breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer devices.
Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-level
programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of
great whitespace. The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python
enables programmers to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not
come pre-packaged with Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about your
System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based processor,
you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit operating system.
So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device or to install Python 3.
Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python on Windows 10, 8 and 7
are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

43
Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

44
Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color
or you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we
are downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based
installer.
• To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86- 64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64 web-
45
based installer.

46
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part
in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

47
Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly installed
Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.
Verify the Python Installation
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

48
Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

49
Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first uninstall
the earlier version and then install the new one.
Check how the Python IDLE works
Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

50
 Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have named
the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

51
9.2 SOURCE CODE

Manage.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os
import sys

if name == ' main ':

os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'Courier.settings')
try:
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line
except ImportError as exc:
raise ImportError(
"Couldn't import Django. Are you sure it's installed and "
"available on your PYTHONPATH environment variable? Did you "
"forget to activate a virtual environment?"
) from exc
execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)

index.html
{% load static %}
<html>
<head>
<title>Courier Management System</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link href="{% static 'style.css' %}" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="main">
<div class="main_resize">
<div class="header">
<div class="logo">
<h1><span>Courier Management System</span><small></small></h1>
52
 </div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="content_bg">
<div class="menu_nav">

<ul>
<li><a href="{% url 'index' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'AdminLogin' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Admin
Login</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'EmployeeLogin' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Employee
Login</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'CourierTrack' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Online Courier
Tracking</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'Feedback' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Feedback</a></li>
</ul>

</div>
<div class="hbg"><img src="{% static 'images/header_images.jpg' %}" width="915"
height="286" alt="" /></div>

{{ data }}

<p align="justify"><font size="3" style="font-family: Comic Sans MS"

color="black">Courier Management System
</p>

</body>
</html>
AddEmployee.html
{% load static %}
<html>
53
<head>
<title>Courier Management System</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link href="{% static 'style.css' %}" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script language="javascript">
function validate(formObj)
{
if(formObj.t1.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Faculty name");
formObj.t1.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t3.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Contact No");
formObj.t3.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t3.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Contact No");
formObj.t3.focus();
return false;
}
if(isNaN(formObj.t3.value)){
alert("Contact No must be numeric");
formObj.t3.focus();
return false;
}

54
if(formObj.t4.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Email Id");
formObj.t4.focus();
return false;
}
var filter = /^([a-zA-Z0-9_\.\-])+\@([a-z]+\.)+(com)+$/;
if (!filter.test(formObj.t4.value)) {
window.alert('Please enter valid email address');
formObj.t4.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t5.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Qualification");
formObj.t5.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t6.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Experience");
formObj.t6.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t7.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Address");
formObj.t7.focus();
return false;
}

55
if(formObj.t8.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Username");
formObj.t8.focus();
return false;
}
if(formObj.t9.value.length==0)
{
alert("Please Enter Password");
formObj.t9.focus();
return false;
}
return true;
}
</script>

</head>
<body>
<div class="main">
<div class="main_resize">
<div class="header">
<div class="logo">
<h1><span>Courier Management System</span><small></small></h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="content_bg">
<div class="menu_nav">
<ul>
<li><a href="{% url 'AddEmployee' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Add New
56
Employee</a></li>

57
<li><a href="{% url 'ViewEmployees' %}"><font size="3" color="black">View
Employees</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'ViewCouriers' %}"><font size="3" color="black">View Courier
List</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'ViewFeedback' %}"><font size="3" color="black">View
Feedback</a></li>
<li><a href="{% url 'index' %}"><font size="3" color="black">Logout</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="hbg"><img src="{% static 'images/header_images.jpg' %}" width="915"
height="286" alt="" /></div>
<center>
<form name="f1" method="post" action={% url 'AddEmployeeAction' %}
onsubmit="return validate(this);">
{% csrf_token %}<br/>
<h2><b>Add New Employee Screen</b></h2>

<font size="" color="red"><center>{{ data|safe }}</center></font>

<table align="center" width="30%" >

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Employee&nbsp;Name</b></td>
<td><input type="text" name="t1" style="font-family: Comic Sans MS"
size="25"></td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Gender</b></td><td><select name="t2">

<option value="Male">Male</option>
<option value="Female">Female</option>
</td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Contact&nbsp;No</b></td>

<td><input name="t3" type="Text" size="15"></td></td></tr>

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 <tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Email&nbsp;Id</b></td><td><input
type="text" name="t4" style="font-family: Comic Sans MS" size="20"/></td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Qualification</b></td><td><input

name="t5" type="Text" size="40"></td></td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Experience</b></td><td><input

name="t6" type="Text" size="40"></td></td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Address</b></td><td><input name="t7"

type="Text" size="60"></td></td></tr>

<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Username</b></td><td><input

name="t8" type="Text" size="40"></td></td></tr>
<tr><td><font size='' color="black"><b>Password</b></td><td><input name="t9"
type="password" size="40"></td></td></tr>

<tr><td></td><td><input type="submit" value="Submit"></td>

</table>
</div>

</div>

</body>
</html>

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 CHAPTER 10
RESULTS/DISCUSSION
10.1 SYSTEM TEST

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub-assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of test. Each test
type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing :
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic is
functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and
internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units of the application
.it is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is a structural testing,
that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at
component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit
tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs accurately to the documented
specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.

Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine
if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components were
individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of components is
correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise
from the combination of components.

Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:
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 Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify Business
process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be considered for
testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and the effective value
of current tests is determined.

System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements.
It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing is the
configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process descriptions and
flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

White Box Testing

White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester has knowledge
of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It is purpose. It
is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds of
tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or requirements
document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which the software
under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides inputs and responds
to outputs without considering how the software works.

Unit Testing
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 Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of
the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted as
two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.
Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more

integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level –
interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation by
the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.

10.1.1 TEST CASES

Test case1 for Login form:

62
FUNCTION: LOGIN

EXPECTED RESULTS: Should Validate the user and check his

existence in database

ACTUAL RESULTS: Validate the user and checking the user against
the database

LOW PRIORITY No

HIGH PRIORITY Yes

63
10.2 SCREENSHOTS

To run project install MYSQL and then open MYSQL console and then copy content from
‘Database.txt’ file and paste in MYSQL console to create database.
Now install python 3.7 and then install all packages given in ‘requirements.txt’ file and then double
click on ‘run.bat’ to start python web server and get below page

In above screen python server started and now open browser and enter URL as
http://127.0.0.1:8000/index.html and press enter key to get below page

In above screen click on ‘Admin Login’ link to get below login page
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In above screen admin is login and after login will get below page

In above screen admin can click on ‘Add New Employee’ link to add employe details and get below
page

65
In above screen admin will add employee details and then press button to save details

In above screen employee details added to database and by using this login details employee can
login to application and now click on ‘View Employee’ link to get list of all available employees

66
In above screen admin can details of all employees and now click on ‘View Courier List’ to view
details of all booked couriers

In above screen admin can view list of all booked couriers list and now logout and login as
employee

67
In above screen employee is login and after login will get below page

In above screen employee will click on ‘Collect New Courier’ link to add new courier details

68
In above screen employee will collect all courier details and then upload courier item image and
then press ‘Submit’ button to add new courier details and get below page

In above screen courier details added and this courier can be tracked using ID as 2 and upon courier
progress then employee will click on ‘Update Courier Status’ link to update location and get below
page

69
In above screen employee will select courier ID and update current location and this process
continues till courier delivered and once delivered then he will update status as ‘Delivered’

In above screen one courier delivered then employee will choose status as ‘Delivered’ and update its
status and now click on ‘View Courier Current Status’ link to get below page

70
In above screen select courier ID and then click on ‘Submit’ button to get below page

In above screen for selected courier ID employee can see current location and once delivered then
status will be shown as ‘Delivered’ and can click on ‘View on Map’ link to get below page

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In above screen employee can see ‘courier current location was RGI Airport’. Now logout and track
same with user

In above screen user also can track courier just by entering ID and then press button to get below
page

72
In above screen user can also see all possible location of his courier. Similarly by following above
screens you can manage and run all courier system.

73
 CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
11.1 CONCLUSION
The implementation of a Courier Management System (CMS) brings significant
improvements to the logistics and courier industry by streamlining operations, enhancing
efficiency, and improving customer satisfaction. This system integrates various functionalities
such as package tracking, route optimization, real-time notifications, and comprehensive
reporting, which collectively contribute to a more organized and efficient courier service.
1. Operational Efficiency:The CMS automates many manual processes, reducing the potential
for human error and increasing overall efficiency. Tasks such as package sorting, route
planning, and delivery scheduling are optimized, leading to faster and more reliable service.
2. Enhanced Customer Experience: Real-time tracking and notifications keep customers
informed about the status of their packages, improving transparency and trust. The ability for
customers to manage their deliveries, reschedule, or redirect packages adds to their
convenience and satisfaction.
3. Resource Optimization: By using data analytics and machine learning, the CMS can
optimize delivery routes and schedules, minimizing fuel consumption and reducing
operational costs. This not only enhances the profitability of the courier service but also
contributes to environmental sustainability.
4. Data-Driven Decision Making: The system provides detailed reports and analytics on
various aspects of the courier operations. This data-driven approach enables management to
make informed decisions, identify areas for improvement, and strategize for future growth.
5. Scalability and Flexibility: Modern CMS solutions are scalable and can grow with the
business. They can handle increasing volumes of packages and expand to new regions without
a significant overhaul of the system. Additionally, they can integrate with other business
systems, providing flexibility and adaptability to changing business needs.
6. Security and Compliance: A well-designed CMS ensures the security of data through
encryption and access control measures. It also helps in complying with regulatory
requirements related to data privacy and transportation of goods.
In summary, the Courier Management System is a critical tool for modernizing courier
services, making them more efficient, customer-centric, and competitive. By leveraging
technology,

74
courier companies can enhance their operational capabilities, improve customer satisfaction,
and achieve sustainable growth. Future enhancements could include the integration of
advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain for secure transactions, and IoT
for real-time monitoring of package conditions, further advancing the capabilities and benefits
of the CMS.

11.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of courier management systems is poised for significant advancement,
driven by the integration of cutting-edge technologies and evolving consumer expectations.
The incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning will enable predictive
analytics for optimized route planning, dynamic pricing, and improved delivery accuracy. The
adoption of blockchain technology promises enhanced transparency and security in tracking
shipments. The rise of IoT (Internet of Things) will allow for real-time monitoring of
packages, ensuring better handling of sensitive or perishable items. Furthermore, the
increasing demand for same-day and contactless deliveries will push for innovations in
autonomous vehicles and drones, revolutionizing the speed and efficiency of courier services.
Sustainability will also be a key focus, with eco-friendly packaging and electric delivery
vehicles becoming more prevalent. Overall, the future of courier management systems will be
characterized by smarter, faster, and more secure delivery processes that cater to the demands
of a digital and environmentally- conscious era.

75
 CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
1. Davidson, P., & Halstead, M. (2017). "Modern Logistics Systems: The Impact of
Technology on Efficiency." *Logistics Management Journal, 12*(4), 234-249.
- This article discusses the role of technology in transforming logistics systems,
emphasizing the importance of automation and real-time tracking in improving operational
efficiency.

2. Muller, G. (2019). "Route Optimization in Courier Services: Strategies and Algorithms."

*International Journal of Operations Research, 8*(2), 112-128.
- This paper explores various strategies and algorithms for route optimization in courier
services, highlighting the benefits of using data analytics to minimize delivery times and
reduce fuel consumption.

3. Smith, J., & Brown, K. (2018). "Enhancing Customer Satisfaction through Real-Time
Tracking and Notifications." *Customer Service Review, 10*(3), 189-203.
- This study examines how real-time tracking and notifications improve customer
satisfaction by providing transparency and control over delivery processes.

4. Chen, L., & Zhang, Y. (2020). "Data-Driven Decision Making in Courier Management
Systems." *Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 15*(1), 45-60.
- This research focuses on the use of data analytics in courier management systems,
demonstrating how data-driven insights can lead to better decision-making and operational
improvements.

5. Kumar, R., & Singh, A. (2016). "Scalability and Flexibility in Modern Courier
Management Systems." *Journal of Information Technology and Management, 9*(4), 330-
344.
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their ability to grow with the business and adapt to changing needs.

6. Williams, T., & Patel, N. (2021). "Security and Compliance in Logistics and Courier

76
Services." *Logistics and Supply Chain Security Journal, 14*(2), 102-117.
- This paper addresses the security and compliance aspects of logistics and courier services,
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7. Johnson, M., & Lee, D. (2018). "The Future of Courier Management Systems: Integrating
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- This article explores the potential future enhancements of CMS through the integration of
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8. Nguyen, P., & Tran, H. (2019). "Environmental Sustainability in Courier Services: The
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