Technical Interview Questions With Answers

Database Concepts:

1. What is a foreign key and write a query for that.

o A foreign key is a column or a set of columns in one table that refers to
the primary key in another table. The purpose of the foreign key is to
ensure referential integrity of the data. Here is an example SQL query:

CREATE TABLE Orders (

OrderID int,
OrderNumber int,
CustomerID int,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID)
);

2. Difference between Java and SQL

o Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language used
for general-purpose software development. SQL (Structured Query
Language) is a domain-specific language used for managing and manipulating
relational databases. Java is used to write software applications, whereas SQL
is used to query and manipulate data stored in a relational database system.

3. Write SQL query to create an employee table

o Here's a simple SQL query to create an employee table with basic fields:

CREATE TABLE Employees

( EmployeeID int PRIMARY
KEY, FirstName
varchar(255), LastName
varchar(255), Email
varchar(255), PhoneNumber
varchar(255), HireDate date
);

4. SQL JOINS and query for inner joins

o SQL JOINs are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a
related column between them. Here’s an example of an INNER JOIN, which
selects records that have matching values in both tables:

SELECT Employees.FirstName, Employees.LastName, Orders.OrderID

FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID;

5. What is a primary key?

o A primary key is a single field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies
a record in a table. No two rows in a table can have the same primary key
value.

6. What is normalization?
o Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce
redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves dividing large tables
into smaller, related tables and defining relationships between them
according to rules designed to safeguard the data and make the database
more efficient.
7. What is DDL and DML?
o DDL (Data Definition Language) includes SQL commands like CREATE, DROP,
and ALTER used to define or modify data structures. DML (Data Manipulation
Language) includes commands such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE,
used to manage data within those structures.
8. Difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP
o DELETE removes rows from a table based on the condition provided and can
be rolled back.
o TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table, resetting the table to empty
(faster than DELETE and cannot be rolled back).
o DROP completely removes the entire table structure and its data from
the database, which cannot be rolled back.
9. MySQL vs Oracle
o MySQL is an open-source relational database management system known for
its ease of use and speed, ideal for small to medium applications. Oracle
Database is a comprehensive, multi-model database management system
known for its feature-rich, enterprise-scale capabilities, supporting large
applications and businesses.
10. Types of databases
o Relational databases: Store data in tables and rows, using SQL for
data manipulation (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
o NoSQL databases: Designed for specific data models and have flexible
schemas for building modern applications (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
o In-memory databases: Store data in main memory to facilitate faster
response times (e.g., Redis, SAP HANA).
o Distributed databases: Spread data across multiple servers or locations,
providing high availability and redundancy (e.g., Apache Cassandra).
11. What is NoSQL?
o NoSQL databases are non-tabular databases designed to store large volumes of
data in ways other than the relational model. These types include document,
key-value, wide-column, and graph databases. They provide flexible schemas
and scale easily with large amounts of data and high user loads.
12. Difference between unique and primary key in SQL
o A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table and cannot be NULL.
A unique key also ensures uniqueness for a column or set of columns, but
unlike a primary key, it can accept one NULL value.
13. Hashmap and hashtable
o In the context of database terminology, these terms are often used to describe
data structures in programming. A hashmap is a data structure that uses a hash
function to compute an index into an array in which an element will be found
or inserted. A hashtable is a type of hashmap that is synchronized.
14. SQL update query
o Here’s an example of an SQL UPDATE query:

UPDATE Employees
SET Email = 'new.email@example.com'
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
15. What are different types of joins?
o INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER JOIN.

16. Write a query to fetch the second highest salary.

o SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE salary < (SELECT
MAX(salary) FROM employees);
Programming

17. Write program to reverse a string

def reverse_string(s):
return s[::-1]

18. Palindrome program

def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

19. Write a code to reverse an integer

def reverse_integer(n):
return int(str(n)[::-1]) if n >= 0 else -int(str(-n)[::-1])

20. Code for Fibonacci series

def fibonacci(n):
a, b = 0, 1
series = []
while len(series) <
n:
series.append(a)
a, b = b, a + b
return series

21. Write program on prime number

def is_prime(n):
if n <= 1:
return False
for i in range(2, int(n**0.5) + 1):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True

22. Write code for factorial

def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)

23. Example for nested if program

def classify_grade(score):
if score > 70:
if score >= 90:
return "Excellent"
elif score >= 80:
return "Very Good"
else:
return "Good"
else:
return "Needs Improvement"
24. Code for separating vowels from a string

def extract_vowels(s):
vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
return ''.join([char for char in s if char in vowels])

25. Code for adding two numbers without using a temporary variable

def add_without_temp(a, b):

a = a + b
b = a - b
a = a - b
return a

26. Write a program to add first and last digit of the given number (1234)

def add_first_last(n):
n_str = str(n)
return int(n_str[0]) + int(n_str[-1])

27. Tower of Hanoi problem

def tower_of_hanoi(n, source, auxiliary, target):

if n == 1:
print(f"Move disk 1 from {source} to {target}")
return
tower_of_hanoi(n-1, source, target, auxiliary)
print(f"Move disk {n} from {source} to {target}")
tower_of_hanoi(n-1, auxiliary, source, target)

28. Sorting algorithms & its time complexities

o Bubble Sort: O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2)
o Insertion Sort: O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2)
o Merge Sort: O(nlog⁡n)O(n \log n)O(nlogn)
o Quick Sort: O(nlog⁡n)O(n \log n)O(nlogn) average, O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2)
worst-case
o Heap Sort: O(nlog⁡n)O(n \log n)O(nlogn)
29. Write implementation of merge sort

def merge_sort(arr):
if len(arr) > 1:
mid = len(arr) // 2
L = arr[:mid]
R = arr[mid:]

merge_sort(L)
merge_sort(R)

i = j = k = 0

while i < len(L) and j < len(R):

if L[i] < R[j]:
arr[k] = L[i]
i += 1
else:
 arr[k] = R[j]
j += 1
k += 1

while i < len(L):

arr[k] = L[i]
i += 1
k += 1

while j < len(R):

arr[k] = R[j]
j += 1
k += 1

30. Tree traversals

o Inorder (Left, Root, Right)
o Preorder (Root, Left, Right)
o Postorder (Left, Right, Root)

class Node:
def init (self, key):
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.val = key

def print_inorder(root):
if root:
print_inorder(root.left)
print(root.val, end=' ')
print_inorder(root.right)

def print_preorder(root):
if root:
print(root.val, end=' ')
print_preorder(root.left)
print_preorder(root.right)

def print_postorder(root):
if root:
print_postorder(root.left)
print_postorder(root.right)
print(root.val, end=' ')

31. Write code to find the last vowel in a word

def find_last_vowel(word):
vowels = 'aeiouAEIOU'
for char in reversed(word):
if char in vowels:
return char
return None

32. Write code to find the largest word in a sentence

def find_largest_word(sentence):
words = sentence.split()
return max(words, key=len)
33. Write a code to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

def celsius_to_fahrenheit(c):
return (c * 9/5) + 32

34. Write a code to convert array to string array

def array_to_string_array(arr):
return [str(element) for element in arr]

35. Write code to swap variables with and without temporary variables

# With temporary variable

def swap_with_temp(x, y):
temp = x
x = y
y = temp
return x, y

# Without temporary variable

def swap_without_temp(x, y):
x, y = y, x
return x, y

36. 2D matrix multiplication and Transpose

import numpy as np

def matrix_multiplication(A, B):

return np.dot(A, B)

def transpose_matrix(M):
return np.transpose(M)

37. Shortest path in a weighted graph

import heapq

def dijkstra(graph, start):

distances = {node: float('infinity') for node in graph}
distances[start] = 0
priority_queue = [(0, start)]

while priority_queue:
current_distance, current_node =
heapq.heappop(priority_queue)

if current_distance > distances[current_node]:

continue

for neighbor, weight in graph[current_node].items():

distance = current_distance + weight

if distance < distances[neighbor]:

distances[neighbor] = distance
heapq.heappush(priority_queue, (distance, neighbor))
return distances
 38. Write a program to find a count of palindrome strings in the array

def count_palindromes(strings):
return sum(1 for string in strings if string == string[::-1])

39. Write a program to find a maximum number in the array

def find_maximum(arr):
return max(arr)

40. Code for method overloading (in Java since Python does not support method
overloading by default)

public class MethodOverloading

{ public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
public int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
}
}

41. Python program code to remove empty inner lists from a nested list

def remove_empty_lists(nested_list):
return [elem for elem in nested_list if elem]

42. Python program to remove duplicates from a list

def remove_duplicates(lst):
return list(set(lst))

43. Write any Java program using an abstract class

abstract class Animal

{ abstract void
makeSound();

public void eat() {

System.out.println("This animal eats food.");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Bark");
}
}

44. Code for overloading (continued from earlier question)

o In Python, overloading is typically achieved using default arguments or *args,
**kwargs:

def add(a, b, c=None):

 if c is not None:
return a + b + c
return a + b

45. What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter?

o A compiler translates the entire code at once into machine code; an interpreter
does it line-by-line.
46. What is recursion? Provide an example.
o A function calling itself. Example: factorial(n) = n * factorial(n - 1).

47. What is a data structure? Name a few.

o Way to organize data. Examples: Array, Stack, Queue, Linked List, Tree,
Graph.
48. Explain the difference between array and linked list.
o Arrays use contiguous memory and have fixed size; linked lists use dynamic
memory and allow easy insert/delete.
49. What is a stack overflow?
o Ans: It occurs when too many function calls fill the call stack, exceeding
memory.

OOPS

50. Inheritance

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in OOP where a class (known as a child or

subclass) can inherit properties and methods from another class (known as a parent or
superclass). This allows for code reuse and the creation of a more logical and
structured code hierarchy. In Python, inheritance is implemented by passing the
parent class as a parameter to the child class during its definition.

class Animal: # Parent class

def init (self, name):
self.name = name

def speak(self):
pass

class Dog(Animal): # Child class inheriting from Animal

def speak(self):
return "Woof!"

class Cat(Animal): # Child class inheriting from Animal

def speak(self):
return "Meow!"

51. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the mechanism of hiding the internal details or mechanics of how an

object does something from the outside world. It involves bundling the data
(attributes) and the methods that operate on the data (methods) into a single unit or
class and restricting access to some of the object's components. This is usually done
by making some components private to the class.
class BankAccount:
def init (self,
account_number, balance=0):
 self.account_number = account_number
self. balance = balance # Private attribute

def deposit(self, amount):

if amount > 0:
self. balance += amount
self. log_transaction(f"Deposited {amount}")

def withdraw(self, amount):

if 0 < amount <= self. balance:
self. balance -= amount
self. log_transaction(f"Withdrew {amount}")
else:
return "Insufficient funds"

def log_transaction(self, message): # Private method

print(message)

def get_balance(self):
return self. balance

52. OOP Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) revolves around four main concepts:

o Encapsulation: Bundling the data and methods that operate on the data within
one unit and hiding details from outside modules.
o Inheritance: Mechanism where a new class is derived from an existing class,
inheriting its features and potentially adding new features or modifying
existing ones.
o Polymorphism: The ability of different objects to be accessed through
the same interface, typically by overriding methods.
o Abstraction: The concept of hiding complex reality while exposing only the
necessary parts. It is closely related to encapsulation.

53. Overloading vs Overriding

Overloading: Occurs when two or more methods in one class have the same method
name but different parameters. Overloading is related to compile-time (or static)
polymorphism.

Overriding: Involves redefining a method in a subclass that has already been defined
in the superclass. It is a part of runtime (or dynamic) polymorphism.

# Overloading example in Python (using default parameters)

def add(a, b, c=0):
return a + b + c

# Overriding example
class Parent:
def say_hello(self):
return "Hello from Parent"

class Child(Parent):
def say_hello(self): # Overriding the Parent class method
return "Hello from Child"

54. How one class inherits from another and its types

A class can inherit from another class by simply passing the parent class as a
parameter to the child class. The different types of inheritance include:
 o Single Inheritance: A child class inherits from one parent class.
o Multiple Inheritance: A child class inherits from more than one parent class.
o Multilevel Inheritance: A form of inheritance where a class is derived from a
child class, making it a grandchild class.
o Hierarchical Inheritance: Several derived classes inherit from a single base
class.
o Hybrid Inheritance: A combination of two or more types of inheritance.
# Example of single inheritance
class Parent:
pass

class Child(Parent): # Child inherits from Parent

pass
55. Explain exception handling in Java.
Try-catch-finally blocks handle runtime
exceptions.

Web Technologies:

56. What is REST API, and how it works

● REST (Representational State Transfer) API is an architectural style for designing

networked applications. It relies on a stateless, client-server, cacheable
communications protocol — the HTTP protocol. Each URL is called a request while
the data sent back to the client is called a response.
● A REST API works by defining a set of functions which developers can perform
requests and receive responses via HTTP protocol such as GET, POST, PUT,
DELETE, etc. The API works with resources, each of which is identified by URLs.
The interactions with these resources are stateless, and all requests from client to
server must contain all the information needed to understand the request, without
taking advantage of any stored context on the server.

Here’s a simple example using Python’s requests library to interact with a REST API:

import requests

# Example: GET request to fetch data from a REST API

response = requests.get("https://api.example.com/data")
data = response.json() # Assumes that response body is in JSON
format
print(data)

57. Responsive website

● A responsive website automatically changes to fit the device you’re viewing it on.
Typically, responsive design uses CSS media queries to change styles based on the
target device such as display type, width, height, etc., to ensure that web content looks
and works well on all screen sizes and devices. This approach provides an optimal
viewing experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing,
panning, and scrolling.

Here is an example of a CSS media query that changes the layout of a website based
on the width of the browser window:

/* Base styles for a layout that applies when the screen width is
600px or greater */
 .container
{ width: 85%;
margin: auto;
}

/* CSS media query for screens that are less than 600px wide */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
.container
{ width: 100%;
padding: 0 10px;
}
.column
{ float:
none; width:
100%;
}
}

In this example, the .container class has a width of 85% of the browser window by
default, but on screens that are less than 600 pixels wide, it switches to 100% width
with added padding, making it more suitable for smaller screens.

58. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

HTTPS is secure with SSL encryption; HTTP is not encrypted.

59. What is a DNS?

Domain Name System maps domain names to IP addresses.

60. Difference between TCP and UDP?

TCP is reliable, connection-oriented; UDP is fast, connectionless.

Software Development Methods and Tools:

61. What is manual testing?

● Manual testing is the process of manually checking software for defects. Testers
perform this process by running the software under various conditions and usage
scenarios to ensure it behaves as expected. This type of testing does not involve
automated tools or scripts. Instead, testers use the application as end users would,
trying various input and usage combinations, checking the correct output, and
identifying any unexpected behavior or bugs.

62. What is Selenium?

● Selenium is an open-source automated testing framework used to validate web

applications across different browsers and platforms. You can write test scripts in
various programming languages, including Java, C#, Python, etc. Selenium primarily
supports web applications, meaning it cannot interact with mobile applications or
desktop applications. It provides a suite of tools that include:
o Selenium WebDriver: Directly sends commands to a browser and retrieves
results.
o Selenium Grid: Used to run tests on different machines against different
browsers in parallel.
o Selenium IDE: An integrated development environment for Selenium scripts.
It is a Firefox plugin that provides an easy-to-use interface for developing
automated tests.
 63. Agile model

● The Agile model refers to a group of software development methodologies based on

iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve through
collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The Agile Manifesto
values are:
o Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

o Working software over comprehensive documentation

o Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
o Responding to change over following a plan
● Agile projects have a series of iterations or sprints; each typically lasts from one to
four weeks. During each sprint, a cross-functional team works through a full
software development cycle including planning, requirements analysis, design,
coding, unit testing, and acceptance testing when a working product is demonstrated
to stakeholders.

64. Defect vs Bug

● In software testing, the terms defect and bug are often used interchangeably, but they
can have subtly different meanings depending on the context:
o Bug: A bug refers to an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program
or system that produces an incorrect or unexpected result or causes it to
behave in unintended ways. The term is often used during the development
phase when developers find that the software is not performing as expected.
o Defect: A defect is a term often used in a formal software testing environment
to describe any deviation from the specifications or expectations outlined in
the client’s documentation. It typically enters the conversation once the
software reaches QA teams.

Essentially, both terms refer to issues in the software, but "defect" might be used more
in quality assurance and "bug" more in development contexts.
65. What is SDLC?
Ans: Software Development Life Cycle – requirement to maintenance.
66. What is CI/CD?
Ans: Continuous Integration/Deployment – automating software delivery.

Programming Languages Specific:

67. What are Arrays

● Arrays are a collection of elements, each identified by at least one array index or key.
An array is a container that holds data (values or variables), typically of the same data
type, in contiguous memory locations. In many programming languages, arrays are
fixed in size and cannot be resized dynamically.
68. How to connect Python and database

● To connect Python to a database, you generally use a library specific to that type of
database. For example, for SQLite, you use sqlite3, and for MySQL, you might use
PyMySQL. Here's how you might connect to a SQLite database:

import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect('example.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()
# Perform database operations
connection.close()

69. Garbage Collection in Java

● Garbage collection in Java is a process by which the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
reclaims memory from objects that are no longer in use by the application. This
automatic memory management helps prevent memory leaks and reduces the
programmer's burden to manually manage memory.

70. Python File Handling

● Python provides several functions and methods that are built into the open() function
to handle files. Files can be opened in read (r), write (w), append (a), or read and write
(r+) modes.

# Open a file and read contents

with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)

71. Built-in Functions in Python

● Python includes many built-in functions like print(), len(), type(), int(), str(),
and many others that are readily available for use without needing to import libraries.

72. Sequence in Python

● A sequence in Python is a collection of objects ordered by their position. Common

sequences include lists, tuples, and strings. Sequences support operations like
indexing, slicing, and iteration.

73. Is Multilevel Inheritance Possible in Java

● Yes, multilevel inheritance is possible in Java, where a class can inherit from a child
class, thus making a chain of inheritance. For example, class A -> class B ->
class C.

74. What are the Data Types in Python?

● Python's standard mutable and immutable data types include int, float, complex,
bool, str (string), list, tuple, dict (dictionary), set, and frozenset.
75. What is Call by Reference and Call by Value Method?

● Call by value: Copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of
the function. Changes made to the parameter inside the function do not affect the
argument.
● Call by reference: Copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter.
Changes made to the parameter affect the argument used to call the function.

76. Python Questions: How to del file and what is sequence function

● To delete a file in Python, use the os module:

import os
os.remove("file.txt")

● There isn't a built-in "sequence function" in Python, but sequence operations

generally refer to operations applicable to Python sequence data types like lists,
tuples, and strings.

77. init

● The init method in Python is a special method called a constructor. It is

automatically invoked when a new object of a class is created and typically used to
initialize the attributes of the new object.

78. Is there Access Specifier in Python

● Python does not have traditional access specifiers (like private, protected, or
public in Java). However, it follows a convention of prefixing the name of the
member with a single underscore to imply that it is protected and with double
underscores to make it private.

79. Memories in Java

● Memory management in Java is primarily divided into two parts: heap and stack. The
heap is where the objects are allocated, and the stack is where the method invocations
and the local variables are stored.

80. Do you know vector?

● In Java, Vector is similar to an ArrayList but is synchronized. In C++, a vector is

a dynamic array that can grow or shrink in size.

81. How can you assign an array to a vector?

● In Java, you can assign elements from an array to a Vector using a loop or using
Collections.addAll(vector, array). In C++, you can initialize a vector with an
array directly or copy elements similarly.
82. Divide an array and store into two different arrays?

● Here's how you might divide an array into two in Python:

def divide_array(arr):
mid = len(arr) // 2
return arr[:mid], arr[mid:]

83. Difference Between List and Tuple

● Lists are mutable (can be modified), and tuples are immutable (cannot be
modified). Lists use square brackets [ ], and tuples use parentheses ( ).

84. Lambda Function

● A lambda function is a small anonymous function in Python, defined with the lambda
keyword. Lambda functions can have any number of arguments but only one
expression.

multiply = lambda x, y: x * y
print(multiply(5, 6)) # Outputs 30

85. What is a Linked List

● A linked list is a linear data structure where each element (node) contains a reference
(link) to the next node in the sequence. Unlike arrays, linked lists do not have
indexed elements and their elements are not stored contiguously in memory.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:

86. What you know about AI?

● Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in

machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. The term may also be
applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as
learning and problem-solving. AI can be categorized into two main types: narrow
AI, which is designed to perform a narrow task (like only facial recognition or only
internet searches or only driving a car), and general AI, which performs any
intellectual task that a human being can.

87. ChatGPT?

● ChatGPT is a language model developed by OpenAI based on the GPT (Generative

Pre-trained Transformer) architecture. It is fine-tuned from GPT-3.5 and designed
to generate human-like text based on the input it receives. It can answer questions,
simulate conversation, summarize texts, translate languages, and more, making it
useful in a variety of applications including chatbots, customer service, and content
generation.
88. What is machine learning

● Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI that involves the study of computer

algorithms that improve automatically through experience. It uses statistical
techniques to give computer systems the ability to "learn" from data, without being
explicitly programmed. The three main types of machine learning are supervised
learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

89. What is DL

● Deep Learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning concerned with algorithms

inspired by the structure and function of the brain called artificial neural networks.
Deep learning achieves great power and flexibility by learning to represent the world
as a nested hierarchy of concepts, with each concept defined in relation to simpler
concepts, and more abstract representations computed in terms of less abstract ones.

90. Some examples about IoT

● The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects—"things"—that

are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.
Examples include smart thermostats like Nest, wearable health monitors, smart home
security systems, and autonomous farming equipment.

91. Instagram AI and Google AI

● Instagram AI: Instagram uses artificial intelligence to power various features, such
as content recommendations in the Explore tab, photo and video analysis to identify
and filter out inappropriate content, and facial recognition to suggest tags in photos.
● Google AI: Google incorporates AI across many of its products and services,
including Google Search, where it improves search algorithms; Google Photos, where
it recognizes faces; and Google Assistant, an AI-driven virtual assistant.

92. What is NLP? Where do use

● Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a subfield of AI focused on enabling

computers to understand and process human languages, to get computers closer to a
human-level understanding of language. It is used in numerous applications including
translating texts, sentiment analysis, customer service via chatbots, and enabling
voice-operated GPS systems and digital assistants.

93. Explain AI tools

● AI tools are software applications or platforms that incorporate AI technologies to

facilitate the creation of AI models or to utilize AI for specific tasks. Examples
include TensorFlow and PyTorch (libraries for building machine learning models),
IBM Watson (offers various AI services and tools), and AutoML platforms
(automate aspects of building machine learning models).
 94. What is Gen AI?

● General AI, or Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), refers to a type of AI that can
understand, learn, and apply intelligence across a broad range of tasks, mimicking
human intelligence. Unlike narrow AI, which is designed to perform specific
tasks, AGI can theoretically perform any intellectual task that a human can do.

95. What is YOLOv4?

● YOLOv4 (You Only Look Once, version 4) is a state-of-the-art, real-time object

detection system designed to detect and classify objects in images or video streams
quickly. It is highly efficient and can identify objects in real-time with a high degree
of accuracy.

96. What is mean by LLM?

● LLM stands for "Large Language Model." These are deep learning models
specifically designed to understand and generate human-like text based on the input
they receive. They are trained on vast datasets to handle a variety of language-based
tasks. Examples include OpenAI's GPT series.

Miscellaneous and Conceptual:

97. What do you think support role is?

● A support role in a business context involves providing assistance and guidance to

customers or clients, helping resolve technical issues, and ensuring smooth operation
of products or services. In software and IT, this can include troubleshooting
software, maintaining systems, and managing software updates and patches.

98. Why is Java better?

● Saying Java is "better" is subjective and depends on the context. Java is widely
praised for its platform independence (write once, run anywhere - WORA), robust
memory management, extensive libraries, strong community support, and its
widespread use in enterprise environments, particularly for backend and mobile
Android app development.

99. How do you update features on deployed apps?

● Updating features on deployed apps generally involves several steps: developing and
testing the new features in a development environment, updating the codebase and
committing these changes to a version control system, building and deploying these
changes to a staging environment to mimic production, conducting further testing, and
then deploying to production, often using continuous integration/continuous
deployment (CI/CD) pipelines.

100. Use of modules, What are the methods in string?

● Modules in programming organize code into packages, making it easier to manage

and reuse. Python, for example, includes many built-in modules that provide tools for
 specific programming tasks.
● String methods in Python include split(), join(), find(), replace(), upper(),
lower(), and many others that facilitate manipulating textual data.

101. What is namespace

● A namespace is a container that allows identifiers (names of variables, functions,

classes, etc.) to be grouped together, which helps avoid conflicts between identifiers
that share the same name but are used in different contexts. Namespaces are
extensively used in programming languages like C++, Python, and Java.

102. GPS vs GPRS

● GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides
location and time information globally. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a
packet-oriented mobile data standard on the 2G and 3G cellular communication
network’s global system for mobile communications (GSM).

103. Difference between C and C++

● C is a procedural programming language, while C++ is both procedural and object-

oriented. C++ supports classes and objects, whereas C does not, and C++ has many
additional features like polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance.

104. C++ vs Java

● Both are object-oriented languages, but there are key differences: C++ is platform-
dependent, supports multiple inheritance directly, and uses manual memory
management. Java runs on a virtual machine, supports only single inheritance directly
(interfaces can be used for a similar effect to multiple inheritance), and has automatic
garbage collection.

105. Private Constructor

● A private constructor is a constructor that cannot be accessed outside of its class. This
is used to restrict instantiation of the class from outside and to implement singletons
or factory method patterns.

106. Exceptions

● Exceptions are events that can modify the normal flow of a program. They are used
for handling errors or other exceptional events in languages like Java and Python. An
exception is typically thrown when an error occurs, and caught in a try/catch block to
manage the error.

107. Design Patterns

● Design patterns are typical solutions to commonly occurring problems in

software design. They are like templates that can be applied to real-world
programming problems. Examples include Singleton, Observer, Factory,
Decorator, and many others.

108. Difference between final and finally

● In Java, final is a keyword used to denote that a variable cannot be changed

(immutable), a method cannot be overridden, or a class cannot be inherited. Finally
is a block used in exception handling that executes after a try/catch block regardless
 of whether an exception was thrown or caught.

109. OSI layers

● The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to
understand network interactions in seven layers: Physical, Data Link, Network,
Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

110. Difference between UI and UX

● UI (User Interface) refers to the aesthetic elements through which a user interacts
with a device or application. UX (User Experience) is the overall experience a user
has with a product or service, especially in terms of how easy or pleasing it is to use.

111. Difference between char and varchar

● In SQL, char and varchar are both used to store character data. char is used
for fixed-length strings while varchar is used for variable-length strings.

112. How much time will you take to create simple, medium and complex wireframe

● The time to create a wireframe can vary greatly depending on the complexity of the
application, the clarity of requirements, and the designer's experience. A simple
wireframe might take a few hours to a day, a medium complexity wireframe might
take several days, and a complex one could take weeks.

113. What is void

In programming, void is a keyword used in several programming languages to

specify that a function does not return a value.

114. What is a wrapper class

A wrapper class is a class whose object wraps or contains primitive data types. In
Java, wrapper classes convert primitive data types into objects. Objects are necessary
to modify the arguments passed into a method (because primitive types are passed by
value).

115. What is a constructor?

A special method to initialize objects; called when an object is created.

116. Difference between class and object.

Class is a blueprint; object is an instance of a class.

117. What is a pointer in C?

A variable that stores the address of another variable.

118. What is the difference between malloc() and calloc()?

malloc doesn’t initialize memory; calloc initializes with 0.
 119. What is deadlock? How to prevent it?
Two processes wait on each other; prevent via resource ordering, avoiding hold-and-
wait.

120. What is a thread?

A lightweight process sharing the same memory space.

121. Difference between process and thread?

Processes are independent; threads share memory.

122. What is paging in OS?

Memory management scheme eliminating need for contiguous allocation.

123. What is virtual memory?

Part of HDD/SSD used as RAM when physical RAM is full.

124. What is Git and why is it used?

Version control system to track code changes collaboratively.

125. What is pass and break statement ?

Pass Statement:-The pass statement is simply a null statement. Pass statements are used to
postpone compilation time.

Break Statement:- Break is a loop control statement that is used to end a loop if the
required target is satisfied.

126. What is local and global variable?

Local Variable:-These variables are defined in short blocks of code like as functions, control
statement blocks, and so on. The default value of local variables is “garbage value.”

Global Variable:-Global variables exist outside of functions and are available to all functions;
their values can be altered by any function. Global value is set to zero by default.

127. What do you mean by type-casting?

Type casting is a data conversion mechanism that converts data from one data type to another.

128. What is the difference between unions and joins?

Join Union

It integrated information into new columns. It integrates data to create new rows.

It retrieves matched records from two or It combines the results of two separate
more tables. select statements.

Different datatypes from relevant columns The data types of the selected relevant
might be used. columns should be the same.
129. What is the difference between primary and unique keys?

Primary Key Secondary Key

A primary key identifies data A secondary key is a key that is used in addition to
within a table. or instead of the primary key to locate data.
Only one primary key can exist . There may be multiple unique keys.
It builds a clustered index. It generates an index that is not clustered

130. . What is the query for deleting a row in SQL?

We can use the DELETE command.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE required_condition;

Example:

If we want to delete from students table the record of student name Jenny, we will use

DELETE FROM students WHERE StudentName='Jenny';

131. What is Multithreading?

Multithreading in Java enables concurrent execution of multiple threads within a single
program. Each thread represents an independent unit of execution, allowing for parallel
processing and improved performance, particularly in multi-core environments. Java provides
built-in support for multithreading through the Thread class and the Runnable interface.

132. What is Big Data?

Big data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that traditional data processing
systems cannot easily handle. These datasets are often characterized by their volume, velocity,
and variety. Big data can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured and is used to extract
insights and make informed decisions.