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Unit 14

The document outlines the four pillars of government in a modern democratic state: Parliament, Executive, Judiciary, and Army. Each pillar has distinct roles and functions, such as law-making, policy implementation, judicial interpretation, and national defense, which are essential for effective governance. The pillars must operate within constitutional limits to maintain checks and balances and ensure the proper functioning of the state.

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10 views4 pages

Unit 14

The document outlines the four pillars of government in a modern democratic state: Parliament, Executive, Judiciary, and Army. Each pillar has distinct roles and functions, such as law-making, policy implementation, judicial interpretation, and national defense, which are essential for effective governance. The pillars must operate within constitutional limits to maintain checks and balances and ensure the proper functioning of the state.

Uploaded by

akberaali786786
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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14.

1 Pillars of Government

A modern democratic state functions through a well-defined structure known as the pillars of
government. These pillars ensure that the country is governed effectively, fairly, and according
to the rule of law. The main pillars are:

14.1.1 Parliament (Legislature)


Definition:

Parliament, or the legislature, is the law-making body of the state. It represents the will of the
people and ensures that laws reflect public interest.

Structure (in Pakistan):

• Bicameral Legislature:
o National Assembly (Lower House): Members elected by the people through
general elections.
o Senate (Upper House): Members elected by the provincial assemblies.

Functions:

1. Law-Making: Drafting, debating, and passing legislation.


2. Representation: Members represent the interests and views of the citizens.
3. Oversight: Supervises the Executive through questions, motions, and committees.
4. Budget Approval: Reviews and approves national budget and public spending.
5. Amending Constitution: Has the power to amend the Constitution with a two-
thirds majority.
6. Debate on National Issues: Forums for discussing pressing national and
international matters.

Importance:

• Strengthens democracy.
• Reflects public opinion.
• Ensures accountability of the executive.
14.1.2 Executive
Definition:

The Executive is the branch of government responsible for implementing laws and running
the day-to-day affairs of the state.

Structure (in Pakistan):

• President: Constitutional head of state.


• Prime Minister: Chief Executive with actual administrative power.
• Federal Cabinet: Ministers in charge of various departments (Interior, Finance,
Education, etc.).
• Bureaucracy (Civil Servants): Responsible for policy implementation.

Functions:

1. Policy Implementation: Enforces laws passed by the Parliament.


2. Administration: Runs government departments and public institutions.
3. Foreign Policy: Maintains diplomatic relations and signs treaties.
4. Law and Order: Ensures internal security and public safety.
5. Appointments: Appoints governors, judges, and senior bureaucrats.
6. Emergency Powers: Can declare emergency under constitutional provisions.

Importance:

• Converts laws into action.


• Maintains public services.
• Protects national interest through governance and foreign diplomacy.

14.1.3 Judiciary
Definition:

The Judiciary is the branch of government that interprets laws and ensures justice. It
safeguards the Constitution and the rights of citizens.

Structure (in Pakistan):

• Supreme Court: Apex court with appellate, original, and advisory jurisdiction.
• High Courts: One in each province, with jurisdiction over civil and criminal cases.
• District & Sessions Courts: Lower courts dealing with routine legal matters.
• Special Courts: Such as Anti-Terrorism Courts, Accountability Courts, Family
Courts.

Functions:

1. Interpretation of Law: Clarifies meanings and applications of laws.


2. Judicial Review: Can invalidate laws or actions that contradict the Constitution.
3. Dispute Resolution: Settles disputes between individuals, organizations, or
government entities.
4. Protection of Rights: Safeguards fundamental rights and liberties of citizens.
5. Checks on Executive and Legislature: Prevents abuse of power.

Importance:

• Ensures rule of law.


• Maintains balance among branches of government.
• Upholds democratic values and justice.

14.1.4 Army (Defense Forces)


Definition:

The Army (or Armed Forces) is responsible for the defense and protection of the country from
external threats and internal challenges.

Components (in Pakistan):

• Pakistan Army
• Pakistan Navy
• Pakistan Air Force

Functions:

1. National Defense: Protects territorial integrity against foreign aggression.


2. Counter-Terrorism: Engages in operations to eliminate terrorism.
3. Disaster Response: Provides relief during natural calamities and emergencies.
4. Support to Civil Authorities: Assists civilian government in maintaining law and
order.
5. Peacekeeping: Participates in international UN peacekeeping missions.
Role in National Development (non-combat):

• Infrastructure projects (e.g., roads, dams).


• Education and health services in remote areas.
• Contribution to national pride and discipline.

Importance:

• Symbol of national sovereignty.


• Maintains stability during crises.
• Deterrent against foreign threats.

Conclusion:

These four pillars—Parliament, Executive, Judiciary, and Army—work together to ensure the
proper functioning of a country. Each has distinct roles but must operate within constitutional
limits to maintain checks and balances. A strong state requires harmony and mutual respect
among these institutions.

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