Page 1

Q: What is SQL?
A: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Example: SELECT * FROM Employees; retrieves all employee records.

Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows (can be rolled back), TRUNCATE removes all rows (cannot be
rolled back), DROP removes the table entirely. Example: DELETE FROM Users WHERE id=5;
removes only one user.

Q: What are the different types of SQL Joins?

A: Joins combine data from multiple tables: INNER JOIN (common records), LEFT JOIN (all from
left table), RIGHT JOIN (all from right table), FULL JOIN (all records). Example: SELECT Orders.*,
Customers.Name FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.ID;

Q: What is an Index in SQL?

A: Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Example: CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON Employees(Name); creates an index on the Name column.

Q: What is normalization in SQL?

A: Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Example: Splitting
customer details and orders into separate tables follows normalization principles.

Q: What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique Key?

A: Primary Key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL, while Unique Key ensures
uniqueness but allows one NULL value. Example: PRIMARY KEY (ID) vs. UNIQUE (Email).

Q: What is a stored procedure?

A: A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL block that executes logic. Example: CREATE
PROCEDURE GetUsers() AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Users; END;

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key enforces referential integrity between two tables. Example: Orders table has
CustomerID as a foreign key referencing Customers table.

Q: What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE?

A: WHERE filters rows before aggregation, HAVING filters after aggregation. Example: SELECT
Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Created by @arjunummavagol
 Page 2

Q: What is a transaction in SQL?

A: A transaction is a unit of work executed as a whole. Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE
Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;

Q: What is SQL?
A: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Example: SELECT * FROM Employees; retrieves all employee records.

Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows (can be rolled back), TRUNCATE removes all rows (cannot be
rolled back), DROP removes the table entirely. Example: DELETE FROM Users WHERE id=5;
removes only one user.

Q: What are the different types of SQL Joins?

A: Joins combine data from multiple tables: INNER JOIN (common records), LEFT JOIN (all from
left table), RIGHT JOIN (all from right table), FULL JOIN (all records). Example: SELECT Orders.*,
Customers.Name FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.ID;

Q: What is an Index in SQL?

A: Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Example: CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON Employees(Name); creates an index on the Name column.

Q: What is normalization in SQL?

A: Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Example: Splitting
customer details and orders into separate tables follows normalization principles.

Q: What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique Key?

A: Primary Key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL, while Unique Key ensures
uniqueness but allows one NULL value. Example: PRIMARY KEY (ID) vs. UNIQUE (Email).

Q: What is a stored procedure?

A: A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL block that executes logic. Example: CREATE
PROCEDURE GetUsers() AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Users; END;

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key enforces referential integrity between two tables. Example: Orders table has

Created by @arjunummavagol
 Page 3

CustomerID as a foreign key referencing Customers table.

Q: What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE?

A: WHERE filters rows before aggregation, HAVING filters after aggregation. Example: SELECT
Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Q: What is a transaction in SQL?

A: A transaction is a unit of work executed as a whole. Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE
Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;

Q: What is SQL?
A: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Example: SELECT * FROM Employees; retrieves all employee records.

Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows (can be rolled back), TRUNCATE removes all rows (cannot be
rolled back), DROP removes the table entirely. Example: DELETE FROM Users WHERE id=5;
removes only one user.

Q: What are the different types of SQL Joins?

A: Joins combine data from multiple tables: INNER JOIN (common records), LEFT JOIN (all from
left table), RIGHT JOIN (all from right table), FULL JOIN (all records). Example: SELECT Orders.*,
Customers.Name FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.ID;

Q: What is an Index in SQL?

A: Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Example: CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON Employees(Name); creates an index on the Name column.

Q: What is normalization in SQL?

A: Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Example: Splitting
customer details and orders into separate tables follows normalization principles.

Q: What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique Key?

A: Primary Key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL, while Unique Key ensures
uniqueness but allows one NULL value. Example: PRIMARY KEY (ID) vs. UNIQUE (Email).

Q: What is a stored procedure?

Created by @arjunummavagol
 Page 4

A: A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL block that executes logic. Example: CREATE
PROCEDURE GetUsers() AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Users; END;

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key enforces referential integrity between two tables. Example: Orders table has
CustomerID as a foreign key referencing Customers table.

Q: What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE?

A: WHERE filters rows before aggregation, HAVING filters after aggregation. Example: SELECT
Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Q: What is a transaction in SQL?

A: A transaction is a unit of work executed as a whole. Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE
Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;

Q: What is SQL?
A: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Example: SELECT * FROM Employees; retrieves all employee records.

Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows (can be rolled back), TRUNCATE removes all rows (cannot be
rolled back), DROP removes the table entirely. Example: DELETE FROM Users WHERE id=5;
removes only one user.

Q: What are the different types of SQL Joins?

A: Joins combine data from multiple tables: INNER JOIN (common records), LEFT JOIN (all from
left table), RIGHT JOIN (all from right table), FULL JOIN (all records). Example: SELECT Orders.*,
Customers.Name FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.ID;

Q: What is an Index in SQL?

A: Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Example: CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON Employees(Name); creates an index on the Name column.

Q: What is normalization in SQL?

A: Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Example: Splitting
customer details and orders into separate tables follows normalization principles.

Created by @arjunummavagol
 Page 5

Q: What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique Key?

A: Primary Key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL, while Unique Key ensures
uniqueness but allows one NULL value. Example: PRIMARY KEY (ID) vs. UNIQUE (Email).

Q: What is a stored procedure?

A: A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL block that executes logic. Example: CREATE
PROCEDURE GetUsers() AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Users; END;

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key enforces referential integrity between two tables. Example: Orders table has
CustomerID as a foreign key referencing Customers table.

Q: What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE?

A: WHERE filters rows before aggregation, HAVING filters after aggregation. Example: SELECT
Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Q: What is a transaction in SQL?

A: A transaction is a unit of work executed as a whole. Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE
Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;

Q: What is SQL?
A: SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Example: SELECT * FROM Employees; retrieves all employee records.

Q: What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?

A: DELETE removes specific rows (can be rolled back), TRUNCATE removes all rows (cannot be
rolled back), DROP removes the table entirely. Example: DELETE FROM Users WHERE id=5;
removes only one user.

Q: What are the different types of SQL Joins?

A: Joins combine data from multiple tables: INNER JOIN (common records), LEFT JOIN (all from
left table), RIGHT JOIN (all from right table), FULL JOIN (all records). Example: SELECT Orders.*,
Customers.Name FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID = Customers.ID;

Q: What is an Index in SQL?

A: Indexes improve query performance by allowing faster data retrieval. Example: CREATE INDEX
idx_name ON Employees(Name); creates an index on the Name column.

Created by @arjunummavagol
 Page 6

Q: What is normalization in SQL?

A: Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity. Example: Splitting
customer details and orders into separate tables follows normalization principles.

Q: What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique Key?

A: Primary Key uniquely identifies each row and cannot be NULL, while Unique Key ensures
uniqueness but allows one NULL value. Example: PRIMARY KEY (ID) vs. UNIQUE (Email).

Q: What is a stored procedure?

A: A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL block that executes logic. Example: CREATE
PROCEDURE GetUsers() AS BEGIN SELECT * FROM Users; END;

Q: What is a foreign key?

A: A foreign key enforces referential integrity between two tables. Example: Orders table has
CustomerID as a foreign key referencing Customers table.

Q: What is the difference between HAVING and WHERE?

A: WHERE filters rows before aggregation, HAVING filters after aggregation. Example: SELECT
Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Q: What is a transaction in SQL?

A: A transaction is a unit of work executed as a whole. Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; UPDATE
Accounts SET Balance = Balance - 100 WHERE ID = 1; COMMIT;

Created by @arjunummavagol