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Linux Commands Cheat Sheet for DevOps Engineers

This document is a comprehensive cheat sheet for Linux commands tailored for DevOps engineers, covering system information, folder structure, user management, file and directory management, process management, and system monitoring. It includes essential commands for managing users, files, permissions, processes, and monitoring system performance. Each section provides specific commands and their usage to facilitate efficient Linux administration.

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8 views6 pages

Linux Commands Cheat Sheet for DevOps Engineers

This document is a comprehensive cheat sheet for Linux commands tailored for DevOps engineers, covering system information, folder structure, user management, file and directory management, process management, and system monitoring. It includes essential commands for managing users, files, permissions, processes, and monitoring system performance. Each section provides specific commands and their usage to facilitate efficient Linux administration.

Uploaded by

abhishek us
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Commands Cheat Sheet for DevOps Engineers

1.System Information
lsb_release -a :Displays Ubuntu version, codename, and release details.
uname -a :Shows kernel version, hostname, architecture, and more.
cat /etc/os-release :Provides OS name, version, and other metadata.
free -h :Shows memory (RAM) usage in a human-readable format.
df -h :Displays disk space usage.
hostnamectl :Displays hostname, OS, and virtualization details.
uptime :Shows how long the system has been running and load averages.

2.Folder Structure
/boot​ :Stores files needed for booting the system (not relevant in containers).
/usr​ :Contains most user-installed applications and libraries.
/var​ :Stores logs, caches, and temporary files that change frequently.
/etc​ :Stores system configuration files.

User & Application-Specific Directories


/home​ :Default location for user home directories.
/opt​ :Used for installing optional third-party software.
/srv​ :Holds data for services like web servers (rarely used in containers).
/root​ :Home directory for the root user.

Temporary & Volatile Directories


/tmp​ :Temporary files (cleared on reboot).
/run​ :Holds runtime data for processes.
/proc​ :Virtual filesystem for process and system information.
/sys​ :Virtual filesystem for hardware and kernel information.
/dev​ :Contains device files (e.g., /dev/null, /dev/sda).

Mount Points
/mnt​ :Temporary mount point for external filesystems.
/media​ :Mount point for removable media (USB, CDs).
/data​ :Likely your mounted volume from Windows (C:/ubuntu-data).

3.User Management in Ubuntu


/etc/passwd :Stores user account details.
/etc/shadow :Stores encrypted user passwords.
/etc/group :Stores group information.
/etc/gshadow :Stores secure group details.

sudo adduser devops :To create a new user


passwd username :To set or change a user’s password
useradd -m username :To create a user with a home directory
useradd -s /bin/bash username :To specify a shell
chage -M 90 username :Set password expiry days
passwd -l username :Lock a user account
passwd -u username :Unlock a user account

Modifying Users
usermod -l new_username old_username :Change the username
usermod -d /new/home/directory -m username :Change the home directory
usermod -s /bin/zsh username :Change the default shell

Deleting Users
userdel username :To remove a user but keep their home directory
userdel -r username :To remove a user and their home directory

Working with Groups


groupadd groupname :Creating Groups
usermod -aG groupname username :Adding Users to Groups
groups username :Viewing Group Memberships
usermod -g new_primary_group username :Changing Primary Group

Sudo Access and Privilege Escalation


usermod -aG sudo username

Granting Specific Commands with Sudo


visudo
username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /path/to/command

4.File and Directory Management


ls – Lists files and directories in the current location.
cd /path/to/directory – Changes the working directory.
pwd – Prints the current working directory.
mkdir new_folder – Creates a new directory.
rmdir empty_folder – Removes an empty directory.
rm file.txt – Deletes a file.
rm -r folder – Deletes a folder and its contents.
cp file1.txt file2.txt – Copies a file.
cp -r dir1 dir2 – Copies a directory recursively.
mv old_name new_name – Moves or renames a file or directory.

File Viewing and Editing


cat file.txt – Displays file content.
tac file.txt – Displays file content in reverse order.
less file.txt – Opens a file for viewing with scrolling support.
more file.txt – Similar to less, but only moves forward.
head -n 10 file.txt – Displays the first 10 lines of a file.
tail -n 10 file.txt – Displays the last 10 lines of a file.
nano file.txt – Opens a simple text editor.
vi file.txt – Opens a powerful text editor.
echo 'Hello' > file.txt – Writes text to a file, overwriting existing content.
echo 'Hello' >> file.txt – Appends text to a file without overwriting.

5.File Permissions Management


Introduction to File Permissions
Owner (User): The creator of the file.
Group: Users belonging to the assigned group.
Others: All other users on the system.

Permissions are represented as:


Read (r or 4) – View file contents.
Write (w or 2) – Modify file contents.
Execute (x or 1) – Run scripts or programs.

To check file permissions, use:


ls -l filename

Changing Permissions with chmod


Modify permissions using symbols:
Add (+), remove (-), or set (=) permissions.
chmod u+x filename # Add execute for user
chmod g-w filename # Remove write for group
chmod o=r filename # Set read-only for others
chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= filename # Set full access for user, read/execute for group, and no access for
others

Using Numeric (Octal) Mode


Each permission has a value:
Read (4), Write (2), Execute (1).

chmod 755 filename # User (rwx), Group (r-x), Others (r-x)


chmod 644 filename # User (rw-), Group (r--), Others (r--)
chmod 700 filename # User (rwx), No access for others

Changing Ownership with chown


Modify file owner and group:

chown newuser filename # Change owner


chown newuser:newgroup filename # Change owner and group
chown :newgroup filename # Change only group

Recursively change ownership:


chown -R newuser:newgroup directory/

Changing Group Ownership with chgrp


chgrp newgroup filename # Change group
chgrp -R newgroup directory/ # Change group recursively

Special Permissions
chmod u+s filename : Allows users to run a file with the file owner's permissions

SetGID (s on group execute bit)


chmod g+s filename # Set on file
chmod g+s directory/ # Set on directory

Sticky Bit (t on others execute bit)


chmod +t directory/

6.Process Management in Ubuntu


Viewing Processes
ps aux – View all running processes
ps -u username – View processes for a specific user
ps -C processname – Show a process by name
pgrep processname – Find a process by name and return its PID
pidof processname – Find the PID of a running program

Monitoring System Processes


top – Interactive process viewer
htop – User-friendly process viewer (requires installation)
nice -n 10 command – Run a command with a specific priority
renice -n -5 -p PID – Change priority of an existing process

Daemon Process Management


systemctl list-units --type=service – List all system daemons
systemctl start service-name – Start a daemon/service
systemctl stop service-name – Stop a daemon/service
systemctl enable service-name – Enable a service at startup

Viewing Process Details


ps -u username :Show processes for a specific user
ps -C processname :Show a process by name

Using pgrep
pgrep processname :Find a process by name and return its PID

Using pidof
pidof processname :Find the PID of a running program

Managing Processes
kill PID :To terminate a process by PID
pkill processname :To terminate using process name
kill -9 PID :Force kill a process
pkill -9 processname :Kill all instances of a process

Stopping & Resuming Processes


kill -STOP PID :Stop a running process
kill -CONT PID :Resume a stopped process

Monitoring System Processes


Interactive process viewer:
Press k and enter a PID to kill a process.
Press r to renice a process.
Press q to quit.

Daemon Processes
systemctl list-units --type=service :Daemon processes run in the background without user
intervention. List all system daemons
systemctl start service-name :Stop a daemon
systemctl enable service-name :Enable a service at startup

7.System Monitoring
CPU and Memory Monitoring
top – Real-time system monitoring
htop – Interactive process viewer (requires installation)
vmstat – Report system performance statistics
free -m – Show memory usage

Disk Monitoring
df -h – Check disk space usage
du -sh /path – Show disk usage of a specific directory
iostat – Display CPU and disk I/O statistics

Network Monitoring
ifconfig – Show network interfaces (deprecated, use ip a)
ip a – Show network interface details
netstat -tulnp – Show active connections and listening ports
ss -tulnp – Alternative to netstat for socket statistics
ping hostname – Test network connectivity
traceroute hostname – Show network path to a host
nslookup domain – Get DNS resolution details

Log Monitoring
tail -f /var/log/syslog – Live monitoring of system logs
journalctl -f – Live system logs for systemd-based distros
dmesg | tail – View kernel logs

Network Monitoring
Checking Network Interfaces
ip a # Show IP addresses and interfaces
Viewing Open Ports and Connections
netstat -tulnp # Show listening ports
ss -tulnp # Alternative to netstat
Testing Connectivity
ping google.com # Test internet connection
traceroute google.com # Trace the path to Google
Checking DNS Resolution
nslookup example.com

Log Monitoring
Live Monitoring of System Logs
tail -f /var/log/syslog # Follow logs in real-time
journalctl -f # Systemd logs
Checking Kernel Logs
dmesg | tail

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