LESSON 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION LESSON 2: THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION 1. WORLD SYSTEM THEORY (economic) 2. WORLD POLITY THEORY (political)

• process (suffix "ization") » Immanuel Wallerstein » political structures, associations, and culture in the
condition = globality (future condition) » globalization is essentially the expansion of the international sphere
ideology = globalism capitalist system around the globe • Polity – associations and activities of public/political sphere
• present » ongoing, still happening • Capitalist System » emphasizes culture not economy and focuses on how culture
• no clear beginning (debatable history) and ending » goal: to gain more profit affects us by providing norms
• technological innovation » driver of globalization » dominated by private enterprises (not run by gvmnt or state) » viewing the world society as "world polity", which provides a set
• dynamic process of development & unfolding (opening) » free-market enterprise of cultural norms or directions in which the actors of
= CHANGE the world society follow in dealing with problems and
• refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations 3 Interdependent Regions general procedures
and consciousness across world-time and world-space » interconnected, interdependent with each other • state » important component of world society
• a multi-dimensional phenomenon involving economics, a. CORE • societies » becoming more similar in government & policies
politics, culture, ideology, environment, and technology (Steger, — advanced or highly developed countries » response to modernization theory – expectation that countries
2013) — generate more wealth in the world economy will march through the same stages of development
(ex: Western Europe, USA, Japan)
GLOBALIZATION AS A PROCESS OF CHANGE — dominate the economy KEY OBSERVATION
• interconnection = increasing — exploit the poor peripheral countries ✓ while countries differ a lot in their level of development,
• social relations = expanding — depend on poor peripheral countries on their many aspects of their governments look quite similar
• diffusion (spread) = growing cheap labor and raw materials ✓ World Polity Theory argues that this conformity reflects the
• world culture = emerging existence of a common global culture
b. PERIPHERY
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION — less developed (Third World) countries Why do people vote?
• cannot be defined clearly in one term or one definition — lower levels of education, salaries and less technology — because they are supposed to vote
• process by which more people across large distances become — generate less wealth in the world economy • interest-based action » expect something in return
connected in more and different ways ✔• action governed by culture and social norms
• diffusion of practices, values and technology that have an (ex: Philippines, Vietnam, Africa) » they are "supposed to..."
influence on people's lives worldwide
• is real to almost everyone Core Vs. Periphery Associations, IGOS, NGOs, and other states make up a
PRODUCER CONSUMER "world society" or "world polity"
➢ the process of world shrinkage (Larsson, 2001) CORE manufactured • International Intergovernmental Organizations
➢ compression of time and space (Harvey, 1989) resources (members: state, nations)
capital intensive goods
➢ the onset of borderless world (Ohmae, 1992) PERIPHERAL manufactured - United Nations (UN)
➢ what we in the Third World have resources - World Health Organization (WHO)
labor intensive goods
for several centuries called colonization (Khor, 1995) - World Bank, International Monetary Fund
c. SEMI-PERIPHERY - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
— defense zone between core and periphery • International Non-government Organizations
— mix of kinds of activities and institutions that exist on them (members: individuals, volunteers)
— may be exploited by the core but in turn exploit periphery - Red Cross
(ex: China, Ireland, Mexico) - Amnesty International
— acts as a buffer zone between the two regions - Green Peace
- United Nations International Children's
GENERALIZATION Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
✓ we need to study the entire global economy as a world
system
✓ we can't understand the fate of a single country, without
understanding how it fits into the overall system
✓ countries are rich or poor because of their position relative
to others in the global capitalist system
3. WORLD CULTURE THEORY LESSON 3: HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
» formation of "world consciousness" that gives meaning to living SILK ROADS
in world as a single place » ancient network of trade routes that connect the east and west
» does not mean homogenization but "organization of diversity" » these routes have been useful to carry out goods and services
SILK – fiber obtained from silkworms, can be woven into textiles
Globalization — compression of the world and the intensification – one of most common products for trading at that time
of consciousness of the world as a whole – considered a luxury good, together with the SPICES that
(R. Robertson, Globalization, 1992: 8) were added to intercontinental trade between Asia & Europe
» in thought and action, it makes the world a single place » value of these exports was tiny, in relation with the total
» what it means to live in this place, and how it must be ordered, income of the economy, yet many middlemen were involved
are universal questions to get the goods to their destination
» but because of this, global trade links were established
World Culture Theory: How it works? » silk road served as the key to people's movements and open
Globalization is a process of relativization the doors for trans-border relations among countries
Relativization — each unit emerging in the world order takes
shape depending on its surroundings 16TH CENTURY
• Europeans was recognized worldwide by:
4. NEOLIBERALISM: FREE MARKET – building trade connections on their own terms
• FREE MARKET – bringing their culture to different regions by settling vast areas
» free to be an investor or entrepreneur – defined the ways in which different people were to interact
» with little or no government control with each other
» free to own, buy and sell properties • colonization took place in different parts of the world
» price is determined by competition • several sponsored expeditions were made by European
» open market countries in search for spices
» limit Subsidy — financial support given by government to • SPICES are also popular goods for trading at that time
local producers
» Privatization — transfer of state owned properties or 19TH CENTURY (First wave of Globalization)
businesses to the private sector » period of intense globalizations, when:
» Protectionism — actions or policies that allow the government – millions migrated
of a country to promote domestic or local producers, – trade greatly expanded
and thereby boost its own production of goods and – new norms and organizations came to gover
services by imposing tariffs or otherwise limiting international conduct
foreign goods and services in the marketplace » era of the First Industrial Revolution
» cities grew as people shifted from farming/agriculture to
industry and commerce

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
invention of machines to spin technical change threw people
and weave cloth out of work
steam engine was widely used as
cities were polluted
a source of power
using of coal in smelting and provision of education was
refining iron limited
worker's housing condition was
construction of railways
poor

20TH CENTURY (Globalization 4.0)

» we are all moving forward
» golden age of globalization
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION » movement of people, goods and services across national
1. Steam (17000s) borders was at least as free and significant as it is today
2. Electricity (18000s) • Cyber World » new partition of globalization
3. Computing (19000s)
4. Connected (today)
 LESSON 4: MARKET GLOBALISM Claim #5: GLOBALIZATION FURTHERS THE SPREAD OF LESSON 5: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
MARKET GLOBALISM DEMOCRACY IN THE WORLD ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
» rising political system » anchored in the neoliberal assertion that freedom, free » historical process demonstrating the result of
» reflects the concepts of globalization markets, free trade and democracy are synonymous terms technological progress and human innovation
» seeks to endow globalization with free market norms and » while capital development and globalization did not » distinguished by the increasing integration of economies around
neoliberal meanings (Manfred Steger, 2005) automatically produce democracies, the level of economic the world through the movement of goods, services, and capital
» ideological/theoretical framework of globalization development resulting from globalization is contributory to across borders (IMF, 2008)
the creation of complex civil societies with powerful middle » a process making the world economy an "organic system" by
6 CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET GLOBALISM class, where they facilitate democracy extending transnational economic processes and economic
(Manfred Stager's Ideologies of Globalization, 2005) relations to more and more countries and by deepening the
Claim #6: GLOBALIZATION REQUIRES A WAR ON TERROR economic interdependencies among them (Szentes, 2003)
Claim #1: GLOBALIZATION IS FOCUSED ON THE GLOBAL » while globalization studies have focused substantially on the » increasing economic integration and interdependence of national,
INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION OF MARKETS marketization of life, including the realms of politics and regional and local economies across the world through an
» globalization is about the victory of markets over governments culture, the current 'war on terror' phase has directed focus intensification of cross-border movement of goods, services,
» neoliberal ideal: self-regulating market is the basis for a in theory and practice back to traditional state-centered technologies
future global order security concerns and critical investigation of state-citizen
» both the proponents and opponents of globalization agree that relations, notably in the context of multicultural societies Elements of Economic Globalization (Stiglitz, 2003)
the driving force today is MARKETS, where the truth is that » for globalization to spread, there must be a War on Terror 1. International Trade
the size of government has been shrinking relative to the 2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
economy almost everywhere Three Main Objectives: 3. Capital Market Flows
1. to increase the capabilities of the core's immune system 4. Migration movement of labor
Claim #2: GLOBALIZATION IS IRREVERSIBLE AND INEVITABLE (in responding to situations like September 11 attack) 5. Diffusion of Technology
Irreversible » can be attributed to technological innovations 2. to strengthen the core from exports like
Unstoppable » the progressive characteristics of technology drugs, diseases, terror, etc. 1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Globalists nevertheless share with their ideological opponents 3. to shrink the gap – the real battlegrounds in the global » economic transactions made between countries including
attachment for such terms as as 'irreversible', 'irresistable', war on terrorism are still over there exchange of goods and services
and 'inevitable' to explain the predicted path of globalization IMPORT EXPORT
buying of goods and services
Claim #3: NO ONE IS IN CHARGE OF GLOBALIZATION selling of goods and services from
from other countries to home
» leaderless idea of globalization home country to other countries
country
» if the market natural laws have indeed predetermined a to fulfill the demand for goods to increase the global presence
neoliberal course, then globalization does not reflect the and services not present or in or market coverage of the
arbitrary agenda of a particular social class or group the home country domestic goods or services
» true beauty of globalization lies on the concept that no one is in
control of it, not individuals, institutions, or even government International Trade: Comparative Advantage
• Market & Technology — in charge with globalization
• Comparative Advantage (David Ricardo, economic theory)
» countries should only export the goods that they are able to
Claim #4: GLOBALIZATION BENEFITS EVERYONE produce more efficiently and import the goods that other
(…IN THE LONG RUN)
countries are able to produce more efficiently than them
» rest at the very center of market globalism because it provides
an affirmative answer to the crucial normative question of • Specialization » when a nation concentrates the use of its
whether globalization represent 'good' or 'bad' phenomenon resources on producing a limited variety of goods to gain a
» process of globalization supplies great window of opportunities greater degree of efficiency
for all countries in the future
» Positive aspects includes: ◆ Mercantilism » formed barriers to international trade
- opening of international trade and expansion of investments » countries aimed to produce everything on their own
- give populous regions with more opportunities, specifically in
improving their standard of living ◆ Efficiency » minimum inputs, maximum outputs,
- technological innovation without sacrificing the quality
- increase in skills that are needed in work
- rapid dissemination of information
 Protectionism vs. Free Trade 5. DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY LESSON 6: MARKET INTEGRATION,
• PROTECTIONISM Domestic products > Imported goods » process by which new technologies are adopted for use across OUTSOURCING AND GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN
» protecting one's economy from foreign competition individual firms or households in a given market, and across MARKET INTEGRATION
by creating trade barriers different markets » phenomenon in which markets of goods and services that are
✔ TARIFF — tax levied by a government on imports and exports • Technology — vital role in expediting process of globalization related to one another being to experience similar patterns
customs duty - money collected from tariffs • Technological improvement — allowed companies to rapidly of increase or decrease in terms of prices of those products
✔ IMPORT QUOTA — limits on the number of products that can globalize their products » "integration" derives from "integer" (one, complete, or whole)
be imported into a country » act of combining into one whole
• Technological globalization — speeded significantly by
✔ BANS — forbid products on import goods
technological diffusion or the spread of • global economic integration — logically implies national
technology among countries economic disintegration
• TRADE LIBERATION or " FREE TRADE"
• The contemporary era of globalization is now experiencing • By disintegration, it does not mean that the productive plant of
» act of reducing trade barriers to make international trade each country is annihilated, but rather that its parts are torn
easier between countries 'internet economies' due to advancement in technology
out of their national context (dis-integrated),
• Internet growth — key factor for developing interpersonal
in order to be re-integrated into new whole, globalized economy
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) relationship across the globe
» category of cross-border investment in which an investor — one of the necessary for social globalization, and • As the saying goes, to make an omelette you have to break some
resident in one economy establishes a lasting interest in and it would not be complete without the invention of internet eggs. The disintegration of the national egg is necessary to
a significant degree of influence over an enterprise resident integrate the global omelette.
• Innovations in telecommunications, information technology,
in another economy (OECD - Organization for Economic and computing have lowered communication costs and facilitated
Cooperation and Development) Outsourcing and the Global Supply Chain
the cross-border flow of ideas, including technical knowledge as
» in 2017, for example, U.S.-based Apple announced a $507.1 » transnational corporations are constantly evolving as a result of
well as more fundamental concepts such as democracy and free
million investment to boost its research and development work in outsourcing activity
markets (Stiglitz, 2003)
China, Apple's third-largest market after the Americas and Europe • Outsourcing — practice of obtaining goods and services from
foreign suppliers
3. CAPITAL MARKET FLOWS — Firms are subcontracting an expanding set of activities
» movement of capital (money for investment) from one country — Some have become "virtual" manufacturers, owning designs
to another as a consequence of investment flows for so many products but making almost nothing themselves
MONEY
Example: AMERICAN CAR (WTO, 2015)
✘ money that flows between countries to purchase each other's
Korea - assembly
goods and services
Japan - components & advanced technology
✔ money flowing into and out across the the world such as stock
Germany - design
and bond, as well as factors such as real estate and cross-border Taman & Singapore - minor parts
mergers and acquisitions United Kingdom - advertising and marketing services
Ireland Barbados - data process
4. MIGRATION (movement of labor)
• Migration » movement of people from one country to another Global Supply Chain
» in economics, it is in consonant to the movement of labor • Supply Chains » networks-consisting of individual producers,
EMIGRATION IMMIGRATION companies, transportation, information, and more-that
movement of people from a country movement of people to a country extract raw materials, transform them into finished products,
when we leave from a place when we come to a place and deliver those products to consumers
emigration from India (emigrant) immigration to the U.S.A (immigrant) » the steps it takes to turn an item (like aluminum) into a finished
product (like that new iPhone in your pocket)
PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
lack of job toxic/hazardous more job
family Influences
opportunities environment opportunities
poor healthcare
low income higher salary tourism
services
• Labor » increasingly mobile
for sending countries, the short-term economic advantage of
emigration (moving abroad) is located in remittances
• Remittances » funds that emigrants earn abroad and send back
to their home countries, mainly in order to
support families left behind
 Lesson 7: ACTORS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 5. ICSID (International Centre
for Settlement WTO's MISSION
1. International Economic and Financial Institutions of Investment Disputes) » To manage the rules of international trade and ensure the
a. World Bank » responsible for the settlement by conciliation or arbitration of fair and equitable treatment of all members through
b. International Monetary Fund (IMF) investment disputes between foreign investors and their host negotiations and trade dispute settlements (WTO, 2020)
c. World Trade Organization (WTO) developing countries » "The WTO was born out of negotiations;
2. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) or everything the WTO does is the result of negotiations"
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) B. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
- Facebook - Microsoft » other institution established as a result the Bretton Woods FUNCTIONS OF WTO
- McDonalds - Google Conference in 1944 - implement trade agreements
» primary purpose: to promote global monetary cooperation and - provide forum for trade negotiations
1. International Economic and Financial Institutions (Post-War) international financial stability - handle trade disputes
• In July 1944, 44 countries assembled the Bretton Woods » "guardians of good conduct" in the area of balance of payments - monitor national trade policies
Conference, and countersigned a framework for the - provide technical assistance & raining for developing countries
international economic cooperation after WW2 3 CORE FUNCTIONS OF THE IMF - cooperate with other international organizations
• Two international economic organizations resulted from the 1. Surveillance - economic monitoring
Bretton Woods Conference: 2. Lending - short term, emergency loans PRINCIPLES OF TRADING SYSTEM UNDER WTO
a. International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) 3. Capacity Development - provides training 1. without discrimination » member countries must not
a.k.a World Bank discriminate against any of their trading partners
b. International Monetary Fund (IMF) IMF'S SOURCE OF FUND (giving them equally "most- favoured-nation" MFN status)
• primary source of fund: quotas paid by its member states » it should not discriminate between its own and foreign
A. THE WORLD BANK (1944) • size of each quota: determined by how much each government products, services or nationals (giving "national treatment")
» International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) can pay according to the size of its economy
» world's largest development institution • quota of states: reflects the relative position in states in IMF Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) treatment
» expanded to closely a sociated group of decisions in the global economy and determines » non-discrimination and to treat everyone equally, where every
5 development institutions voting power of states in IMF decisions member treats their trading partner as the most-favoured
» originally, its loans helped rebuild countries devastated by WW2 • multilateral and bilateral borrowing: secondary and tertiary line
» in time, the focus shifted from reconstruction to development, of defense in case quotas would not be sufficient National Treatment
with a heavy emphasis on infrastructure such as dans, » imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally
electrical grids, irrigation system and roads C. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
Timeline of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 2. free » trimming down of trade barriers to promote trades
GOALS OF THE WORLD BANK and the WTO (World Trade Organization) Crowley, 2003 among countries through negotiation
• End Extreme Poverty » by decreasing percentage of people 3. predictable » through binding and transparency
living with less than $1.90 a day to no more than 3% by 2030 • 1944: At the Bretton Woods Conference, which created the 4. more competitive » discourages "unfair" practices such as
• Promote Shared Prosperity » improving the income of the World Bank and IMF, there is talk of a third organization, the dumping (exporting at a low price to increase
bottom 40% of the population in country International Trade Organization (ITO) market share) and export subsidies
5. more beneficial for less developed countries » WTO system
ORGANIZATIONS OF THE WORLD BANK • 1947: As support for another international organization wanes is said to be more beneficial for less developed countries by
1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction in the U.S. Congress, the GATT is created. The GATT treaty creates giving them more time to adjust, greater flexibility, and
and Development) a set of rules to govern trade among 23 member countries rather special privileges
» lends to governments of middle-income and creditworthy than a formal institution
low-income countries 2. The Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• 1950: Formal U.S. withdrawal from the ITO concept as the U.S. » any enterprise that: (Biersteker 1978)
2. IDA (International Development Association) administration abandons efforts to seek congressional ratification - undertakes foreign direct investment (FDI)
» provides interest-free loans (credits) and grants to governments of the ITO - owns/controls income-gathering assets in more than 1 country
of the poorest countries - produces goods or services outside its country of origin, or
• 1951-86: Periodic negotiating rounds occur, with occasional - engages in international production
3. IFC(International Finance Corporation) discussions of reforms of GATT. In the 1980's, serious problems » formal business organizations that have spatially dispersed
» largest global development institution focused on with dispute resolutions arise operations in at least 2 countries
helping the private sector » some of the TNCs are so rich and have so many employees that
• 1986-94: The Uruguay Round, new round of trade negotiations, already resemble small countries
4. MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) is launched. This culminates in a 1994 treaty that establishes WTO ex: sales of both Microsoft and Nike are larger than the GDP of all
» (1988) to provide loan guarantees and insurance to foreign but a few nations in the world including part of African nations
investors against loss caused by non-commercial risks in • 1995: The WTO is created at the end of the Uruguay Round,
developing countries replacing GATT
 Lesson 8: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE UNITED NATIONS UN’s ORGANS and their ROLES
STATE » primary venue and formal arrangement for global governance 1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY
✓ people involving states and non-state actors (among the various » also called the World Parliament of Nations
✓ territory international organizations) » highest deliberative organ of the UN
✓ government » to explore global governance in the contemporary world, » each member state: 5 representatives, but has 1 vote only
✓ sovereignty we will put the spotlight on the U.N as it is today's most » holds deliberations on all issues related to Charter of the UN
prominent international organization » approves the annual budget of the UN
Is there a single state that various states are accountable to? » founded in 1945, in wake of WW2 Philippines played a prominent role in the GA's early years when
Organization that can military compel a state to obey global rules? » int’l organization as way to prevent future conflicts on that scale Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was elected GA president from
» NONE - no single government that can rule the world • League of Nations (1920, after WW1) 1949-1950
- global government doesn't exist » first org created to prevent war occurrence
» destruction caused by the WW2 compelled the people to 2. SECURITY COUNCIL (SC)
How is world governed even the absence of global government? establish an international organization for keeping the world » executive body, most potent organ of UN
» Global Governance is the key away from war and in favour of friendship and cooperation » called "Power House" of the UN
among all the nations » has the power to make legally binding resolutions
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Young (1999) » made up of 15 members
» formal and informal arrangements that produce a degree of • Member States: currently made up of 193 countries 1. Gabon 4. India 7. Mexico 10. Albania
order and collective action above the state in the absence of • Nonmember States: 2. Ghana 5. UAE 8. Ireland
a global government - Vatican City / Holy See 3. Kenya 6. Brazil 9. Norway
» through the coordination of the state and non-state actors: - Palestine 5 Permanent Members (P5)
International Governmental Organizations (IGOS) and - Taiwan (not a state) with a veto power (power to stop, disapprove,...)
International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) 11. USA
PURPOSES OF UN (Article 1, UN Charter) 12. Russia
International Governmental International Non-Governmental 1. To maintain international peace and security and to take 13. China
Organizations (IGOS) Organizations (INGOS) adequate steps to avert wars. 14. France
- formed by states - generally private, voluntary 2. To develop friendly relations among nation on the basis of 15. United Kingdom
- states come together to form organizations whose members equality.
an organization are individuals or group of people 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international 3. ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)
- establish a structure based on problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian » primary objective: to advance the economic, social and
- created to solve specific issue character environmental dimensions of sustainable development
formal instrument of agreement
examples: 4. To be a center for harmonizing actions of nations in the » has the authority, along with General Assembly,
- ASEAN » formed when 10 nations in examples: attainment of these common ends. to call international conferences and to consult with NGOs
Southeast Asia joined - Greenpeace » environmental group » some of its most important contributions:
- World Trade Organization (WTO) - World Wild Fund » wild animal PRINCIPLES OF UN (Article 2, UN Charter) - global conferences on human rights
- World Bank protection group the means to achieve the objectives of UN - environment, population, and women's rights
- Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF) - Amnesty International » human rights
1. All the member states are equal.
- United Nations » most prominent
2. Member states shall fulfill their obligations to the UN honestly. 4. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
3. Member states shall settle their international disputes by » task: to supervise the administration of Trust Territories placed
peaceful means. under the International Trusteeship System
4. Member states shall refrain in their international relations from » main goals of International Trusteeship System:
the threat or use of force against any other state. to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of
5. Member states shall give to the UN every assistance in any Trust Territories and their progressive development
action it takes in accordance with the UN Charter. towards self-government or independence
6. States which are not members of the UN, should also act in » has completed its mission, but continues to exist on paper,
accordance with these principles for the maintenance of under the UN Charter, chapter XII
international peace and security. Palau — last territory that is now a country
7. No member state shall interfere in the internal affairs of any
other state. 5. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)
» also called "World Court"
» chief judicial body of the UN
» consists of 15 judges who are elected by the General Assembly
on the recommendations of the UN Security Council
— each judge of ICJ holds a tenure of 9yrs
» gives its verdict on such disputes/cases which are brought to it
by the concerned states by their mutual consent
 6. SECRETARIAT
» administrative organ of the UN
» implements policies and decisions taken up by organs of the UN
» members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as
UN employees and not as state representatives
• Secretariat General "Watchdog of the UN"
– head of the Secretariat
– current: Antonio Guterres

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE UN

• UNICEF (UN Children's Fund)
» works for children's rights, survival, development and protection
» works to ensure all children, everywhere in the world,
enjoy the same human rights

• WHO (World Health Organization)

» primary role:
- direct international health within United Nations' system
- to lead partners in global health responses
» works to strengthen healthcare systems in every country so that
all citizens can stay healthy and live longer, happier lives

• UNESCO (UN's Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization)

» role: to promote international cooperation in education,
science, culture, and communication and information
» working to make sure all children in the world have
the opportunity go to school
» helps protect special cultural and natural places around
the world by giving them World Heritage status

• WFP (UN World Food Programme)

» largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger
» feeds over 90 million people a year, saving the lives of
those affected by conflict and natural disasters
 Countries’ Income Per capita (IMF, 2020)
Rank Country/Territory US $
LESSON 9: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES 1 Luxembourg 109,602
BRANDT REPORT (1980's)
• Developed vs. Developing 2 Switzerland 81,867 » one of the moves that created a literal and visual division among
• First World vs. Third World 3 Ireland 79,669 the different countries in the world prior to the HDI
• Rich vs. Poor 4 Norway 67,989 » written by the Independent Commission headed by Willy Brandt
5 United States 63,051 to review international development issues in the 1980’s
GLOBAL DIVIDES 6 Singapore 58,484 » the result formed the so called Brandt Line
» most striking attribute of global economy is its utmost contrast 7 Denmark 58,439
» there are obvious manifestations that there are existing social 8 Iceland 57,189
and economic gaps between the world’s richest, and the 9 Qatar 52,751
10 Australia 51,885
world’s poorest nations.
• richest 5% of the world’s people receive more than 100 times Top 15 Countries W/ Highest Life Expectancy in the World (2019)
the income of the poorest 5%
• richest 1% receives the income of the poorest half of the
entire world’s population
– United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2014)
• combined income of 25 richest Americans
= income of poorest 2 billion in entire world

How do we determine which countries

are rich and which countries are poor?
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) (1990) HDI Rankings (UN Development Report, 2019)
» most widely used measure in the comparative status
of the socio-economic development presented by the UNDP BRANDT LINE
» aimed to rank all countries and determine the lowest human » a clear graphic presentation of a North and South division of
development and the highest level of development based on their economies of the different countries which were based
basic indicator: real income, health and education on their GDP per capita
(Todaro and Smith, 2012) » implication:
• countries in Northern part » extremely wealthy
BASIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT • countries in Southern part » poor
PER CAPITA INCOME HEALTH EDUCATION » introduction of the Brandt line initiated the use of the term
“Global North” and “Global South” referring respectively to
• Literacy – number of adult
measured by: rich and poor countries (Royal Geographical Society, 2020)
males and females
total of all goods – life expectancy
reported or estimated to
& services @ birth CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL SOUTH
have the basic abilities
produced and – rate of under- GLOBAL NORTH GLOBAL SOUTH
and capability to read and
provided within a nourishment - wealthy, industrialized and
write
country’s borders – under-5 developed nations
» number of years attended - poor countries
= GDP / mortality rate - democratic and capitalist
school regardless of the
Population – crude birth rate countries
quality of education
- home to all G8 members
received - Africa, Latin America and
Group of 8 Industrialized Nations
Developing Asia including
(Western Europe, Developed Parts
PHILIPPINES Middle East
of Asia, Australia and New Zealand)
– placed 106th out of the 189 countries and territories in the 2019
- technologically advanced - lacks the right technology
Human Development Report
– at tail end of countries with high human development group - highly Industrialized - politically unstable
– HDI value: 0.712 - economies are divided
– Income Per Capita: $3,500 - foreign exchange earnings are
- steady market and stable
dependent on the primary
prices of commodities
product exports to the north
- fluctuation of prices
- holds 3/4 of the world
- holds 1/4 of the world population
population
- controls 4/5 of income earned - has access to 1/5 of the world
anywhere in the world income
 DISCOVERING GLOBAL SOUTH OTHER WAYS OF CLASSIFYING NATIONS 2. UN’s LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
• Lisandro Claudio (2011) 1. WORLD BANK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM » another widely used classification of nations
– concept rather than a place » 210 economies with a population of at least 30,000 which are » a designation used by the United Nations that indicates that as
– term "global south" and similar categories are relevant and ranked using their levels of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of 2018 it included 47 countries:
were used in the study of globalization - 34 in Africa
– economists, scholars and economic activists made use of the - 8 in Asia
term "global south" to give emphasis and as reference on - 3 from Oceania plus Haiti
the global differences in status of countries • For inclusion, a country has to meet each of three criteria:
a. low income (income per capita)
• Matthew Sparke (2007) 2015 Income per capita threshold:
– everywhere, but it is also somewhere, and that somewhere, $1,242
located at intersection of entangled political geographies of b. low human capital (human assets)
dispossession and repossession - secondary school enrolment
- under-nourishment
• Siba Grovogui (2011) - maternal mortality
– is NOT a directional designation or a point due south from a - adult literacy
fixed north - under five mortality
– a symbolic designation meant to capture the appearance of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development c. high economic vulnerability
the bond that emerged when former colonial institutions » members: high income countries - population
that engaged in political projects of decolonization and » a unique assembly among governments of 37 member states - remoteness
moved toward the realization of postcolonial international with established market economies working with each other, - export concentration
order as well as with more than 70 non-member economies to - victims of natural disasters
promote economic growth, prosperity, and - share of agriculture and fishing in gdp
• Nour Dados and Rewyn Connell (2012) sustainable development - share of population in coastal zones
– refers (in general) to the regions of Latin America, Africa, - instability of exports
T37 MEMBER NATIONS
Oceania and Asia - instability of agriculture
1. Austria 10. Hungary 19. Poland
– considered similar to the terms "Third World" & "Periphery," 2. Belgium 11. Iceland 20. Portugal
(indicate regions outside Europe and North America) 3. Czech Republic 12. Ireland 21. Slovak Republic 3. G7, G8 & G20
– mostly (though not all) low-income and often politically or 4. Denmark 13. Italy 22. Slovenia » coalitions of nations that address significant international issues
culturally marginalized countries 5. Estonia 14. Latvia 23. Spain • started as G7
6. Finland 15. Lithuania 24. Sweden – a group of 7 nations that joined together in 1975 to resist the
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “GLOBAL SOUTH” and “THIRD WORLD” 7. France 16. Luxembourg 25. Switzerland 1973 oil embargo by the Arabs as a protest against the
• Third World 8. Germany 17. Netherlands 26. United Kingdom intervention of the United States and the United Kingdom
» used during the cold war era referring to non-alignment or 9. Greece 18. Norway during the Yom Kippur War
their rejection of colonialism from both USSR and USA AMERICA PACIFIC MIDDLE EAST – formally known as "Group of Seven Industrialized Nations"
» comprises of the alliance of those countries in Africa and in 27. Mexico 32. Japan 36. Turkey » renamed to the G8 in 1997, when Russia was added
Asia that became newly independent after WW2. 28. Chile 33. Australia 37. Israel
Later on joined by countries from Latin America. 29. Canada 34. New Zealand
• G7 and G8
30. United States 35. Korea
• First World – asserted several political and economic policies that affected
31. Colombia.
» capitalist, industrialized & democratic countries in the West other countries
• Second World • G20
» communist countries – latest installment of the G8
» alliance of the “Third World” countries – a greater coalition formed in 1999

• As time passes, after the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of Canada Argentina Australia Brazil
the Cold War, the term Third World has decreased in use France Italy China European Union India
» replaced with terms: developing countries, Russia
Japan USA Indonesia Mexico Saudi Arabia
least developed countries or "Global South" Germany UK South Africa South Korea Turkey
• conclusion: “Global South” and “Third World”
are simply the same, just used in different times