Assignment Title: The Evolution of

Digital Technology
Unit: Digital World

Student Name: Malek [Full Name]

NCC Education ID: [Your ID]

Word Count: [Will be calculated at final stage]

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Task 1 – Robot Floor Cleaner (Dexter)

a) Waterfall vs. Agile Methodology & Quality Assurance Practices

The Waterfall methodology is a traditional software development approach where the

process is divided into distinct and sequential stages: requirements analysis, design,
implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Each phase must be completed
before moving on to the next, and the process flows in a single direction—hence the name
"waterfall." This model is highly structured and works best when all project requirements
are known upfront and unlikely to change. However, in rapidly evolving technological
environments, it is often considered inflexible and unable to accommodate changes during
the development lifecycle.

In contrast, the Agile methodology has become the modern standard for software
development. Agile is iterative and incremental. Instead of one long development cycle,
Agile breaks the project into smaller cycles called sprints, typically lasting 2-4 weeks. In
each sprint, features are developed, tested, and potentially released, allowing for regular
feedback from stakeholders. This adaptability makes Agile especially suitable for projects
like Dexter, where requirements can evolve based on user feedback and technological
advances.

To ensure software quality, CleanSweep developers should follow structured quality

assurance practices. First, unit testing should be rigorously applied. This involves testing
individual components or modules to ensure they function correctly in isolation. Second,
walkthroughs are informal group reviews where developers present their code or design to
peers for feedback. This collaborative environment often uncovers issues early in
development. Third, formal inspections are detailed and systematic evaluations of code and
design documents aimed at identifying defects, ensuring compliance with standards, and
improving overall software quality.

b) Cloud Computing for Dexter

Dexter relies heavily on environmental sensing and artificial intelligence to navigate and
clean autonomously. The processing of data from cameras and sensors is computationally
intensive and benefits from advanced machine learning algorithms. CleanSweep chose to
use cloud computing instead of Dexter’s onboard processors due to several advantages.

First, cloud platforms offer scalability. As CleanSweep grows and gathers more data from
users worldwide, cloud infrastructure can handle the increase in data volume and
processing demand without requiring hardware upgrades to every Dexter unit. Second,
cloud solutions are cost-effective. By shifting computation to the cloud, CleanSweep reduces
the need for powerful and expensive processors in each Dexter unit, lowering
manufacturing costs. Third, cloud computing offers reliability and redundancy. Data can be
stored and backed up across multiple servers, minimizing the risk of data loss and ensuring
continuous service availability.

Despite these advantages, there are downsides. Security and privacy are major concerns.
Data transmitted between Dexter and the cloud could be intercepted if not properly
encrypted. Additionally, the system's performance relies on stable internet connectivity,
which may not be available in all user environments. Finally, CleanSweep becomes
dependent on third-party cloud service providers, introducing risks if those providers
experience outages or data breaches.

c) Global E-commerce Challenges & Legal Considerations

Expanding Dexter to a global market presents several challenges that CleanSweep must
address. One significant challenge is cultural differences. Preferences regarding design,
functionality, and customer support vary across countries. A one-size-fits-all approach may
not resonate with all consumers. For example, customers in Japan may expect more
compact designs due to smaller living spaces, while European customers may prioritize eco-
friendliness.

Another challenge is logistical complexity. Shipping Dexter globally involves dealing with
customs regulations, managing international warehousing, and ensuring reliable delivery
systems. Shipping costs, potential delays, and handling product returns all add complexity
to CleanSweep’s operations. Furthermore, payment infrastructure varies by region. While
credit cards are widely used in North America, digital wallets or even cash-on-delivery may
be more prevalent in parts of Asia or Africa. CleanSweep must integrate multiple payment
systems to facilitate smooth transactions worldwide.

On the legal front, data privacy laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in
Europe mandate strict guidelines on how companies collect, store, and process customer
data. CleanSweep must ensure compliance to avoid heavy fines. Consumer protection laws
in many countries require transparent product descriptions, clear return policies, and
warranty coverage. Non-compliance can lead to lawsuits or bans on product sales. Lastly,
cybersecurity regulations are becoming stricter. CleanSweep must protect customer data
from breaches and ensure the safety of online transactions to build and maintain trust.

d) Social Media Marketing for Dexter

Social media is a vital tool for marketing Dexter globally. CleanSweep can leverage different
types of platforms to reach diverse audiences. Social networking platforms like Facebook
allow the company to build brand communities, engage with users, and share product
updates. Microblogging platforms like Twitter (now known as X) are ideal for quick
announcements, updates, and engaging in customer service. Video-sharing platforms like
YouTube enable the creation of detailed product demos, tutorials, and reviews that help
build trust and demonstrate value.

Modern marketing trends offer further opportunities. Influencer marketing involves

partnering with social media personalities who can showcase Dexter to their large
followings, thereby increasing brand awareness and credibility. Social commerce enables
users to purchase products directly within social media apps, simplifying the customer
journey. Ephemeral content, such as Instagram Stories or Snapchat posts, creates a sense of
urgency and promotes frequent engagement with the brand.
Several characteristics influence the success of social media campaigns. There is a
demographic shift where younger audiences are more active on video-based and ephemeral
content platforms. Platform features, such as Instagram’s shopping tools or YouTube’s
monetization options, allow for targeted marketing. Additionally, content consumption
patterns reveal that users prefer short, visual, and interactive media over long-form
content.

Artificial intelligence and algorithms also shape user experience on social media. These
technologies determine what content users see based on their behavior, increasing
engagement. However, they also raise concerns about filter bubbles, where users are only
exposed to viewpoints they agree with, and echo chambers, where misinformation can
spread unchecked. Algorithmic bias in content curation can influence public opinion and
consumer choices in subtle but powerful ways.

Task 2 – Global Security

a) Types of Security & Recommended Measures

As a security consultant, it's essential to address the different layers of security required by
the organization. The first type is online safety, which ensures the protection of digital
information. Recommended measures include installing updated antivirus software to
detect and neutralize threats, implementing two-factor authentication (2FA) to secure user
access, and applying regular software updates to patch vulnerabilities.

The second type is physical security. This involves securing the physical premises to
prevent unauthorized access. Suggested measures include controlling entry points using
access cards and biometric systems, deploying surveillance cameras throughout the
premises to monitor suspicious activity, and installing alarm systems to deter and detect
break-ins.

The third type is social awareness. Human error remains one of the leading causes of
security breaches. Training employees to recognize phishing attempts, using posters and
internal campaigns to keep security top-of-mind, and running simulated cyberattacks to test
readiness can significantly reduce risks. Each of these measures addresses a different aspect
of the security landscape, creating a comprehensive defense system.
b) Ethical Issues with Facial Recognition

The organization’s plan to use facial recognition technology raises significant ethical
concerns. One such issue is algorithmic bias. Studies have shown that facial recognition
systems often perform poorly on individuals with darker skin tones or non-male features,
leading to misidentifications. This could result in wrongful detainment or denial of access,
thereby perpetuating inequality.

Another issue is autonomous decision-making. By relying on machines to make access

decisions, there is a risk of removing human oversight, making it difficult to question or
correct errors. This lack of accountability can lead to unfair treatment and a loss of trust.

In terms of privacy, constant surveillance of public spaces and the collection of facial data
without explicit consent violates individuals’ rights to privacy. People passing by the
building may be unknowingly added to a database, which is ethically and legally
questionable, especially under laws like GDPR.

c) Vulnerability to Cyber-Attacks

The organization is highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to the sensitive nature of its data.
Hosting top-secret government information makes it a prime target for hackers, including
state-sponsored actors. Moreover, the use of portable laptops and remote work increases
the attack surface, as unsecured networks or lost devices can lead to data breaches.

Cyber-attacks could occur through phishing emails that trick employees into revealing login
credentials. Ransomware attacks could encrypt the organization’s data and demand a
ransom for its release. Spyware or advanced persistent threats (APTs) could infiltrate the
system undetected, collecting sensitive data over time.

The impact of such breaches extends beyond the organization. If digital infrastructure is not
properly secured, the consequences can be devastating: loss of public trust, compromised
national security, and widespread panic. Therefore, there is a critical need for strong legal
frameworks, robust policies, and ethical practices. Laws should enforce data protection and
penalize negligence. Policies must define acceptable use and response protocols. Ethical
design in technology ensures fairness, transparency, and accountability.

References
 - Sommerville, I. (2016). Software Engineering. 10th ed.
 - Pressman, R. S. (2014). Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach.
 - Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing.
 - European Commission. (2020). GDPR.
 - OECD. (2021). Global E-commerce Guidelines.
 - Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and
opportunities of Social Media.
 - Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble.
 - Schneier, B. (2015). Data and Goliath.
 - Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating Inequality.
 - AI Now Institute. (2019). Algorithmic Impact Assessments.
 - Clarke, R., & Knake, R. (2010). Cyber War.
 - UN Guidelines on Digital Security (2021).