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The document provides comprehensive notes on quadratic equations, including their general form, roots, methods of solving, and the nature of roots based on the discriminant. It also covers the formation of quadratic equations from given roots, special cases, conditions for common roots, and the graphical representation of quadratic equations. Additionally, it includes exercise questions with answers to reinforce understanding of the concepts.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views11 pagesQuadratic Equations Notes Imucet
The document provides comprehensive notes on quadratic equations, including their general form, roots, methods of solving, and the nature of roots based on the discriminant. It also covers the formation of quadratic equations from given roots, special cases, conditions for common roots, and the graphical representation of quadratic equations. Additionally, it includes exercise questions with answers to reinforce understanding of the concepts.
Uploaded by
bsvignesh2003Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quadratic Equation Notes
A quadratic equation is a second-degree equation. The general form
of the quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0. For example, 5x2 + 4x + 4 = 0.
A polynomial of degree two of the form ax2 + bx + c ( a ≠ 0) is called a
quadratic expression in x.
We can also say that a quadratic polynomial f(x), when equated to
zero, is called a quadratic equation.
Roots of a Quadratic Equation (Solution of quadratic equation)
The values of x that make a quadratic equation true are known as its
roots, zeros, or solutions.
Roots of Quadratic Equation The values of x which satisfy the
quadratic equation are called the roots of the quadratic equation.
Roots are also called zeros or solutions of a quadratic equation.
Solving Quadratic Equation
a) Using the quadratic formula:
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the given quadratic equation, the roots are
given by
x = [-b ± √(b2 - 4ac)]/2(a.b).
b) Factorisation method:
Let ax2 + bx + c = a(x - α)(x - β) = 0, then x = α and x= β will
satisfy the given equation.
Sum and Product of Roots
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c
=0, then:
Sum of roots
α + β = -b/a
Product of roots
αβ = c/a
c) Discriminant of Quadratic Equation :
The discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
given by D = b2 - 4ac.
It is also denoted by ∆.
Nature of Roots:
If D = 0, the roots are real and equal.
If D > 0, the roots are real and unequal.
If D < 0, the roots are imaginary and unequal.
If D > 0 and D is a perfect square, the roots are rational and
unequal.
If D > 0 and D is not a perfect square, the roots are irrational
and unequal.
Formation of Quadratic Equation with given roots:
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, then (x - α)(x - β)
=0
=> x2 - (α + β)x + αβ = 0
=> x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
Conjugate Roots:
The irrational and complex roots of a quadratic equation with a
rational coefficient always occur in pairs.
So if one root is α + iβ, then the other root will be α – iβ.
Where i=√(-1)
Roots under special cases
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(i) if c = 0, then one root is zero. Other root is -b/a.
(ii) If b = 0, the roots are equal but opposite in sign.
(iii)If b = c = 0, then both roots are zero.
(iv) If a = c, then the roots are reciprocal to each other.
(v) If a + b + c = 0, then one root is 1 and the second root is
c/a.
(vi) If a = b = c = 0, then the equation will become an identity
and will satisfy every value of x.
Condition for Common Roots
Only one common root
Consider the following quadratic equations
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
Let α be the common root of the above quadratic equations. So we
can write
a1α2 + b1α + c1 = 0
a2α2 + b2α + c2 = 0
The condition for only one root common is
(c1a2 - c2a1) 2 = (b1c2 - b2c1)(a1b2 - a2b1)
Both roots are common
The condition for both roots are common is
a1 /a2 = b1 /b2 = c1 /c2
Graph of Quadratic Equation
Consider a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, and c are real and a ≠ 0.
The graph of a quadratic equation is a parabola.
If a > 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be concave
upwards.
If a < 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be concave
downwards.
The value of the discriminant determines whether the graph of a
quadratic equation will:
Intersect the x-axis at two points i.e. b2 – 4ac > 0
Just touches the x-axis i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0
Never intersects the x-axis i.e. b2 – 4ac < 0
Maximum and Minimum Value
Consider the quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c
a) If a < 0, then the expression has the greatest value at x = -b/2a. The
maximum value is -D/4a.
b) If a > 0, then the expression has the least value at x = -b/2a. The
minimum value is -D/4a.
Quadratic Expression in Two Variables
The general form of a quadratic equation in two variables x and y is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c.
To resolve the above expression into 2 linear rational factors, the
condition is ∆ = 0
| |
ahg
∆= hb f =0
gf c
Would imply
abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2 = 0 and h2 - ab > 0
This is called the discriminant of the given expression.
• Every equation of nth degree has exactly n roots (n >= 1) and if it
has more than n roots then equation becomes an identity.
• If there are two real numbers 'a' and 'b' such that f(a) and f(b) are
of opposite signs. Then f(x)=0 must have at least one real root
between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
( Example : Suppose we have a function f(x) = x2- 4, and we evaluate
it at
x= 0 and x = 3:
f(0) = -4 (negative)
f(3) = 5 (positive)
Since f(x) changes sign between x = 0 and x = 3, there must be at
least one real root between 0 and 3. Indeed, the root is x=2, since
f(2) = 0. )
• Every equation f(x) = 0 of odd degree has at least one real root of a
sign opposite to that of its last term.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS
1. Solve the quadratic equation x^2 + 4x + 4 = 0.
A) x = -2, x = -2
B) x = 2, x = -2
C) x = -1, x = -3
D) x = 1, x = 3
Answer: A) x = -2, x = -2
2. Find the roots of the quadratic equation x^2 - 7x + 12 = 0.
A) x = 3, x = 4
B) x = 2, x = 5
C) x = 1, x = 6
D) x = 3, x = 5
Answer: A) x = 3, x = 4
3. Solve the quadratic equation 2x^2 + 3x - 1 = 0 using the quadratic
formula.
A) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 8)) / 4
B) x = (-3 ± √(9 - 8)) / 4
C) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 16)) / 4
D) x = (-3 ± √(9 - 16)) / 4
Answer: A) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 8)) / 4
4. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0 are 2 and 3,
find the values of a, b, and c.
A) a = 1, b = -5, c = 6
B) a = 2, b = -5, c = 6
C) a = 1, b = 5, c = -6
D) a = 2, b = 5, c = -6
Answer: A) a = 1, b = -5, c = 6
5. Solve the quadratic equation x^2 - 6x + 8 = 0 and find the sum and
product of its roots.
A) Sum = 6, Product = 8
B) Sum = -6, Product = 8
C) Sum = 6, Product = -8
D) Sum = -6, Product = -8
Answer: A) Sum = 6, Product = 8
6. Find the equation of the quadratic whose roots are 1 + √2 and 1 -
√2.
A) x^2 - 2x - 1 = 0
B) x^2 - 2x + 1 = 0
C) x^2 + 2x - 1 = 0
D) x^2 + 2x + 1 = 0
Answer: B) x^2 - 2x + 1 = 0
7. If the roots of the quadratic equation x^2 + bx + c = 0 are equal,
find the value of b^2 - 4ac.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 4
D) -4
Answer: A) 0
8. Solve the quadratic equation x^2 + 2x + 2 = 0 and find its complex
roots.
A) x = -1 ± i
B) x = -1 ± 2i
C) x = 1 ± i
D) x = 1 ± 2i
Answer: A) x = -1 ± i
9. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x^2 + bx + c = 0,
find the value of α^2 + β^2.
A) b^2 - 2c
B) b^2 + 2c
C) -b^2 + 2c
D) -b^2 - 2c
Answer: A) b^2 - 2c
10. Find the equation of the quadratic whose roots are the
reciprocals of the roots of x^2 + bx + c = 0.
A) x^2 + (c/b)x + c/b = 0
B) x^2 - (c/b)x + c/b = 0
C) x^2 + (b/c)x + b/c = 0
D) x^2 - (b/c)x + b/c = 0
Answer: A) x^2 + (c/b)x + c/b = 0
11. Solve the quadratic equation x^2 - 6x + 13 = 0 and find its
complex roots.
A) x = 3 ± 2i
B) x = 3 ± i
C) x = 2 ± 3i
D) x = 2 ± i
Answer: A) x = 3 ± 2i
12. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0 are in the
ratio 2:3, find the value of b^2 - 4ac.
A) 0
B) 1
C) 4
D) -4
Answer: A) 0
13. Find the equation of the quadratic whose roots are the squares of
the roots of x^2 + bx + c = 0.
A) x^2 + (b^2 - 2c)x + c^2 = 0
B) x^2 - (b^2 - 2c)x + c^2 = 0
C) x^2 + (b^2 + 2c)x + c^2 = 0
D) x^2 - (b^2 + 2c)x + c^2 = 0
Answer: A) x^2 + (b^2 - 2c)x + c^2 = 0
14. Solve the quadratic equation 2x^2 + 3x - 1 = 0 and find its roots
using the quadratic formula.
A) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 8)) / 4
B) x = (-3 ± √(9 - 8)) / 4
C) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 16)) / 4
D) x = (-3 ± √(9 - 16)) / 4
Answer: A) x = (-3 ± √(9 + 8)) / 4
15. If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation x^2 + bx + c = 0,
find the value of α^3 + β^3.
A) -b^3 + 3bc
B) b^3 - 3bc
C) -b^3 - 3bc
D) b^3 + 3bc