Communication LAB 3rd class

EXPERIMENT NO:1 Part 1

Introduction/Generation of signals

AIM: To study the generation of different signals

To design any model using Matlab/Simulink, the following steps are considered:
1. Open the MATLAB tool.
2. From the home tap select Simulink

3. The following window is open. From the new tap of this window select blank model.

4. The following window is open and from the library browser select the required block.

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5. The library browser has many categories and toolboxes as shown in the figure below.

6. Select the required block by right click on the block and select >> add
block to new model (untitled or (name)).
7. Set the required parameter on each block and connect between them.
8. Run the model and observe the results

Example:
This example generates two signals using two different blocks. The first one
is sawtooth signal and the second one is sine wave. The following figures (1,
2, and 3) represent the model with the parameters.

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Figure. 1

Figure. 2

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Figure. 3

Example
% Generation of sinusoidal signals using script (as in Figure .4)
% 2sin( 2πt-π/2)/ figure below
t=[-5:0.01:5];
x=2*sin((2*pi*t)-(pi/2));
plot(t,x)

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Figure.4

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EXPERIMENT NO:1 Part 2

Low Pass Filter

AIM: Design a first order low pass filter in Simulink for the given
specifications; test the designed model for a sinusoidal input signal at
various frequencies.

Description: The time response of a low-pass filter is found by solving the

response to the simple low-pass RC filter. The circuit is shown in figure 1
with the response of the filter.

Figure 1. A simple low-pass filter

Using Kirchhoff’s Laws we arrive at the differential equation

Figure 2 shows the design of LPF using MATLAB Simulink.

Figure 2. Low-pass filter using Simulink

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Figure 3 clarifies the components of the subsystem.

Figure 3. Subsystem of LPF

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EXPERIMENT NO:2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation

Part 1: Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)

𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞× 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓

Figure 1 shows the design of DSB-SC using MATLAB Simulink.

Figure 1
Figure 2 represents the required parameters.

Figure 2
Figure 3 clarifies the signals at the transmitter and Figure 4 clarifies the signals at the
receiver

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Figure 3

Figure 4

➢ What is the order of the filter?

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Part 2: Double Side Band Large Carrier (DSB-LC)

𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝐀(𝟏 + 𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐠𝐞) × 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 where A is the Amplitude

The same parameters for DSB-SC with simulation time equal to 0.1. Figure 5 shows the
design of DSB-LC.

Figure 5

Figure 6 clarifies the signals at the transmitter (DSB-LC) and Figure 7 clarifies the signals
at the receiver (DSB-LC).

Figure 6

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Figure 7
What is the difference between DSB-SC and DSB-LC?

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EXPERIMENT NO:3
SINGLE SIDE BAND MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the function of Single Side Band modulation (SSB) &
Demodulation
The block diagram of single side band modulation is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Figure 2 shows the model of SSB in Simulink for both modulation and
demodulation and Figure 3 shows the parameters for each block in the
model.

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Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4 clarifies the output of the demodulated signal of SSB with the
message signal.

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Figure 4

The spectrum analyzer and zero-order hold are added to the model in Figure
2 to show the frequency domain of the signals. The zero-order hold block
use to sample the analog signal in its input (so the sampling time must be
setting) to create a discrete signal on its output. the sampling time of zero-
order hold is set to 0.00005. the frequency domain of SSB is shown in
Figure 5

Figure 5

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Now, we design a low pass filter using transfer function block instead of
analog filter design block as in Figure 6. First, one transfer function is added
to model then the second transfer function added to improve the
demodulated signal (parameters are set in Figure 7). The output of scope4 is
shown in Figure 8 that compare the demodulated signal with the message
signal.

LPF
Figure 6

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Figure 7

Figure 8

Note: Low Pass Filter Circuit

A common low pass filter can be made from a simple RC circuit with the
capacitor as the output. Thus, a passive low pass filter is mentioned as a low

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pass filter RC circuit. The example of low pass filter RC can be seen in
Figure 9.

Figure 9
The transfer function in s domain:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑐 1
𝐻(𝑠) = = ; 𝑤𝑐 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑠 + 𝑤𝑐 𝑅𝐶

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EXPERIMENT NO:4
FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the generation and demodulation of FM signals.

FREQUENCY MODULATION
We saw in AM that the information contents of 𝑚(𝑡) (information signal) is
transmitted through changing the amplitude of the carrier in proportion to
the amplitude of 𝑚(𝑡). In the angle modulation, the information content is
transmitted through changing the frequency of the carrier instead. The
instantaneous frequency of the carrier is determined by the value of the
baseband signal. In this modulation type, the carrier frequency varies in a
proportion to the amplitude of the message signal 𝑚(𝑡) as in Figure 1.

Figure 1

𝑭𝑴 = 𝑨𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬[∫ 𝒘𝒄 𝒕 + 𝒌𝒇 𝒎(𝒕)𝒅𝒕]

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Where 𝑘𝑓 is the constant called frequency sensitivity of the frequency

modulator, unit: Hz/volt. The Simulink of FM signal modulation and
demodulation is shown in figure 2. For example, the signal as:
X(t) = 2 cos[∫ 2𝜋 × 100 + 50𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 × 10 𝑑𝑡]

Figure 2

Figure 3 shows the modulated signal and Figure 4 presents the demodulated
signal compared with information signal.

Figure 3

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Figure 4

The parameters of the necessary blocks are presented in Figure 5.

Continuous-Time VCO: Generate a continuous-time output signal whose
frequency changes in response to the amplitude variations of the input
signal. The input signal must be a sample-based scalar. The sensitivity
parameter of continuous-time VCO represents the 𝒌𝒇 .

Figure 5

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