Because learning changes everything.

Chapter 8
Communication and Networks

Computing Essentials 2023

O’Leary

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 Learning Objectives
1. Explain connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems.
2. Describe physical and wireless communications channels.
3. Differentiate between connection devices and services, including dial-up,
DSL, satellite, and cellular.
4. Describe data transmission factors, including bandwidth and protocols.
5. Define networks and key network terminology, including network
interface cards and network operating systems.
6. Describe different types of networks, including local, home, wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Describe network architectures, including topologies and strategies.
8. Explain the organization issues related to Internet technologies and
network security.

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 Introduction
We live in a truly connected society.
Increased connectivity potentially
means increased productivity,
especially in business.
You will learn more about the
concept of connectivity and the
impact of the wireless revolution in
this chapter.

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 Communication
Computer communications is the process of sharing data, programs,
and information between two or more computers.
Numerous applications depend on communication systems, including.
• Texting.
• E-mail.
• Videoconferencing.
• Electronic commerce.

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 Communications
Digital communications describes a process in which two or more computers or
devices transfer data, instructions, and information

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 Connectivity
Connectivity uses computer networks to link
people and resources.
Connects your personal computer to other
computers and resources on a network and the
Internet.
The Wireless Revolution.
• Single most dramatic change in connectivity
since the development of the Internet.
• Allows individuals to connect to the Internet
and share information from almost
anywhere in the world.

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 Basic Elements of Communication
Sending and receiving devices.
• Computer or a specialised communication device.

Connection devices.
• Interface between sending and receiving device.

Communication channel.
• Carries the message.

Data transmission specifications.

• Rules and procedures that coordinate the devices.

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 Communication Systems
Electronic systems that transmit data from one location to another
• Sending and receiving devices
• Connection devices
• Communication channel
• Data transmission specification

Figure 8-2

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Communication Technology

9
 Connection Device Signals
Types of signals.
• Analog (telephone).
• Digital (computer).

Transfer rates.
• Kbps – thousand bits per second
• Mbps – million bits per second.
• Gbps – billion bits per second.
• Tbps – trillion bits per second.

Figure 8-9

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 Connection Devices
Modem – modulator-demodulator.
• Modulation is the process of converting from digital to analog.
• Demodulation is the process of converting from analog to digital.

Transfer rate.
• Speed in which modems transfer data.
• Usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps).

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 Types of Modems
Digital subscriber line (DSL).
• High-speed telephone lines.

Cable.
• Uses coaxial cable.

Wireless.
• Also known as WWAN.

(left): AlexLMX/Getty Images; (middle): iko/Shutterstock;

(right): Alex Melnick/Shutterstock

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 Connection Services
Leased lines. Cellular service providers.
• a dedicated, point-to-point • First Generation 1G, only voice.
telecommunications circuit that • Second Generation 2G, used radio
provides a guaranteed bandwidth signals and introduced texting.
connection between two or more
locations. • Third Generation 3G, improved data
speed, introduced Internet on phones.
• 24 combined T1 (1.544 Mbps) forms
T3 (44.736 Mbps) utilising DS3 signal. • Fourth Generation 4G, increased speed,
streaming video and music.
• Have been replaced by OC lines, a
faster optical carrier lines. • Fifth Generation 5G, speeds
approaching those of a home Internet
• Higher capacity. connection. Enabled IoT.
• Not affordable for individuals.

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 Connection Services - Individual
Digital subscriber line (DSL). Fiber Optic Service (FiOS).
• Uses phone lines. • Uses fibre-optics cable
• ADSL is the most widely used type • The modern-day Internet connections
of DSL.

Satellite connection services.

Cable. • Use almost anywhere.
• Uses existing TV cable.
• Faster than DSL.
• Shared bandwidth

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 Factors that Affect Data Transmission
Bandwidth is how much information can move across the communication
channel in a given amount of time.
• Measurement of the width or capacity of the communication channel.

Categories of bandwidth.
• Narrowband – very old technology, pager (beeper)
• Voiceband (or low bandwidth) – standard telephone.
• Medium band – leased lines for high-speed.
• Broadband – DSL, cable, satellite connections to the Internet.
• Baseband – individual connections for computers in close range, LAN

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 Bandwidth
Type Bandwidth Use Case Example

Narrowband Very low Text/low-speed data Beepers, weather station sensors

Voiceband 300 Hz – 3400 Hz Analogue voice Telephone calls, dial-up modems

Medium Band Moderate Mid-capacity communications Microwave links (older systems)

Broadband High High-speed internet/multimedia Fibre internet, 4G/5G, cable TV

Baseband Full channel Digital data over a single channel Ethernet, HDMI

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Communication Devices

17
 Communication Devices

A communications device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting

data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a
receiving device.
A broadband modem sends and receives data and information to and from
a digital line.
• Cable modem
• DSL modem

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 Cable Modem

Figure 10-12 A typical cable modem installation.

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 DSL Modem

DSL leverages existing telephone lines to transmit digital data, allowing you to access the internet without tying up your phone line.

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 Wireless Modem
A wireless modem uses a mobile phone provider’s network to connect to
the Internet wirelessly from a computer or mobile device

Figure 10-13 Wireless modems allow users to access the Internet wirelessly
using a mobile service provider's network. Some manufacturers refer to the
type of wireless modem shown in this figure as a USB modem.

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 Mobile Broadband Wireless Router
Through a mobile broadband wireless router, users
can create a mobile hotspot via 3G, 4G or 5G mobile
broadband Internet service.

Figure 10-16 A Mobile broadband wireless router or MiFi is a mobile router

that, when equipped with a SIM card, connects to a provider of mobile
internet.
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 Wireless Access Point
A wireless access point (WAP) is a device that extends Wi-Fi coverage, enabling
wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
NOTE: WAP is NOT a wireless router!

Figure 10-14 Wireless access point.

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 Wireless Router
A router connects multiple computers or other routers together and
transmits data to its correct destination on a network

Figure 10-15 Through a router, home and small business networks can
share access to a broadband Internet connection, such as through a
cable or DSL modem.
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 Network Adaptor

A network card (adaptor) enables a computer or device that does not have
built-in networking capability to access a network
Available in a variety of styles

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 Network Interface Card

Figure 10-17 Network card for a

desktop computer.

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 Network Switch/Hub
A hub or switch is a device that provides a central point for
cables in a network

Figure 10-18 A hub or switch is a central point that connects several devices in a
network together, as well as connects to other networks, as shown in this
simplified diagram.
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Transmission Media
 Transmission Media

• Transmission media carries one or more communications signals

• Broadband media transmit multiple signals simultaneously
• The amount of data, instructions, and information that can travel over
transmission media is sometimes called the bandwidth
• Latency is the time it takes a signal to travel from one location to
another on a network

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 Transmission Medias

This figure shows a simplified example

of sending a request over the Internet
using a variety of transmission media.

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Physical Connectivity

31
 Communication Channels
• Physical Connections using wire or cable.
• Wireless Connections.

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 Physical Connections
Physical connection between the sending and receiving device include.
Twisted pair cable: two pairs of copper wire twisted together.
• Telephone lines.
• Ethernet cables.

Fiber-optic cable: tiny glass tubes.

• Faster and more reliable than coax.
• Speeds as high as 1 petabit per second.

Kamolrat/Shutterstock; Flegere/Shutterstock; Hugh

Threlfall/Alamy Stock Photo

Coaxial cable: single solid copper core.

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 Physical Transmission Media
Twisted-pair cable

Figure 10-20 A twisted-pair cable consists of one or more twisted-pair wires. Each
twisted-pair wire usually is color coded for identification. Landline phone
networks and LANs often use twisted- pair cable.

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 Physical Transmission Media
Coaxial cable

Figure 10-21 On coaxial cables, data travels through a copper wire. This
simplified illustration shows a computer connected to a modem, which also is
connected to the CATV network through a coaxial cable.
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website, in whole or in part.
 Physical Transmission Media
Fiber-optic cable

Figure 10-22 A fiber-optic cable consists of hair-thin strands of glass or plastic

that carry data as pulses of light, as shown in this simplified example.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Physical Transmission Media
Table 10-3 Transfer Rates for Physical Transmission Media
Used in LANs
Type of Cable and LAN Maximum Transfer Rate

Twisted-Pair Cable
• 10Base-T (Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 100Base-T (Fast Ethernet) 100 Mbps
• 1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet) 1 Gbps
• Token ring 4 Mbps to 16 Mbps
Coaxial Cable
• 10Base2 (Thin Wire Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 10Base5 (Thick Wire Ethernet) 10 Mbps
Fiber-Optic Cable
• 10Base-F (Ethernet) 10 Mbps
• 100Base-FX (Fact Ethernet) 100 Mbps
• FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) token ring 100 Mbps
• Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbps
• 10-Giqabit Ethernet 10 Gbps
• 40-Gigabit Ethernet 40 Gbps
• 100-Gigabit Ethernet 100 Gbps
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website, in whole or in part.
 Figure 10-19 This figure shows a simplified
example of sending a request over the
Internet using a variety of transmission
media.
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Wireless

39
 Primary Wireless Technology
Cellular. WiMax (extends Wi-Fi).
• New standard that uses microwave
• Use multiple antennae to to extend WiFi.
communicate.
Satellite.
Bluetooth (short-range). • Uses satellites as microwave relay
• Radio communication standard. stations.
GPS.
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity).
• Determine the geographic location
• Uses high-frequency radio. of the devices.

Microwave. Infrared.
• Uses high-frequency radio wave • Uses infrared light for data
communication over short
signals. distances.

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© McGraw Hill, LLC
 Broadcast Radio
Broadcast radio is a wireless transmission medium that distributes radio
signals through the air over long distances
Cellular radio is a form of broadcast radio that is in wide use for mobile
communications

Figure 10-23 As a person with a mobile phone drives from one cell to another, the radio
signals transfer from the base station (microwave station) in one cell to a base station in
another cell.

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 Microwaves
Microwaves are radio waves that provide a high-speed
signal transmission

Figure 10-24 A microwave station is a ground-based reflective dish that contains the
antenna, transceivers, and other equipment necessary for microwave
communications.

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 Satellites
A communications satellite is a space
station that receives microwave signals
from an earth-based station, amplifies it,
and broadcasts the signal over a wide
area to any number of earth-based
stations

Figure 10-25 Communications satellites are

placed about 22,300 miles above the Earth’s
equator.

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 Global Positioning System

A GPS (global positioning system) is a navigation system that consists of one

or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyse signals sent by
satellites in order to determine the receiver’s geographical location

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 Global Positioning System

Figure 10-26 This simplified figure shows how a GPS works.

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 Wireless Transmission Media
Table 10-4 Wireless Transmission Media Transfer Rates

Medium Maximum Transfer Transmission Rate

Infrared 115 Kbps to 4 Mbps
Broadcast radio Bluetooth 1 Mbps to 24 Mbps
802.11b 11 Mbps
802.11a 54 Mbps
802.11g 54 Mbps
802 11n 300 mhps
802.11ac 500 Mbps to 1 Gbps
802.11ad up to 7 Gbps
UWB 110 Mbps to 480 Mbps
Cellular radio 2G 9.6 Kbps to 144 Kbps
3G 144 Kbps to 3.84 Mbps
4G Up to 100 Mbps
Microwave radio Up to 10 Gbps
Communications Up to 2.56 Tbps

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Mobile Phones
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Network Communications
Technologies

53
 Network Communications Standards and Protocols
Ethernet - ethernet is a wired technology that allows
devices to connect and communicate on a network

Token ring - A token ring is a data link for a local area

network (LAN) in which all devices are connected in a ring
or star topology and pass one or more tokens from host to
host. A token is a frame of data transmitted between
network points.

TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,

is a set of communication protocols that allow devices to
transmit data over the internet

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 Wireless Network Communications
Wi-Fi identifies any network based on the 802.11 standard that specifies how
two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other
LTE is a network standard that defines how high-speed cellular transmissions
use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile communications
Bluetooth is a network protocol that defines how two Bluetooth devices use
short-range radio waves to transmit data
UWB (ultra-wideband) is a network standard that specifies how two UWB
devices use short-range radio waves to communicate at high speeds with each
other
IrDA transmits data wirelessly via infrared (IR) light waves
RFID is a protocol that defines how a network uses radio signals to
communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a
person

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 Radio Network Communications
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices
such as computers (laptops and desktops), mobile devices (smart
phones and wearables), and other equipment (printers and video
cameras) to interface with the Internet.

LTE stands for Long Term Evolution, a wireless standard for

mobile devices and data terminals that provides faster speeds
and increased network capacity; LTE is a fourth-generation (4G)
wireless standard that uses a different radio interface and core
network improvements to improve on the capacity and speed

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 Short-distance Communication
UWB, which stands for ultra-wideband, is used as a short-range
wireless communication protocol to track the location of objects,
accurate to less than half an inch distance.

Infrared Data Association (IrDA) is a protocol suite designed

to provide wireless, line-of-sight connectivity between devices. IrDA
provides specifications for a complete set of protocols for wireless
infrared communications, and the name "IrDA" also refers to that set
of protocols. The main reason for using the IrDA protocols had
been wireless data transfer over the "last one meter" using point-
and-shoot principles.

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 Short-distance Communication
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology uses radio waves to
identify people or objects. There is a device that reads information
contained in a wireless device or “tag” from a distance without making
any physical contact or requiring a line of sight.

NFC stands for Near Field Communication, a short-range wireless

technology that allows devices to communicate with each other when
they are within a few centimeters of each other.

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 Bluetooth Communications
Bluetooth - is a technology standard used to enable short-range
wireless communication between electronic devices.

Devices connected in a Bluetooth network communicate with each

other using ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves

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 Network Communications
Figure 10-8 This figure
illustrates how Internet
communications use TCP/IP
and Ethernet to ensure that
data travels correctly to its
destination.

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 RFID

Figure 10-9 This

figure shows how
electronic RFID toll
collection works.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Near Field Communication (NFC)
NFC (near field communication) is a protocol,
based on RFID, that defines how a network
uses close-range radio signals to
communicate between two devices or objects
equipped with NFC technology

Figure 10-10 Some objects, such as credit cards, are NFC

enabled. You also can program NFC tags yourself.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Network Protocols
Network protocols are communication rules for exchanging data between
computers.
• HTTP or HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secured).
• The foundation of data exchange on the World Wide Web
• HTTPS is widely used to protect the transfer of sensitive data.
• TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol).
• Each computer is identified with a unique IP (Internet Protocol) address.
• DNS – Domain Name Service resolves domain names to IP addresses.
• Packetisation – data broken down into small parts (packets) to send over a network and
then reassembled at the receiving end.

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 Making IT Work for You ~ The Mobile Office
Can telecommute from anywhere.
Become a one-man workforce.
• Moble Hotspot Device.
• Personal Hotspot.
• Public Wi-Fi.
• Cloud Storage.
• Videoconferencing.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 64

Network Topology

65
 Networks

A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via

communications devices and transmission media
Advantages of a network include:
• Facilitating communications
• Sharing hardware
• Sharing data and information
• Sharing software
• Transferring funds

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 Networks
A communication system
that connects two or more
computers so they can
exchange information and
share resources.

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Networks

Figure 10-2 Networks facilitate communications; enable sharing of hardware,

data and information, and software; and provide a means for transferring funds.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Network Topology: Ring Network

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 Star Network

© McGraw Hill, LLC Gravvi/Shutterstock 70

 Tree Network

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 Mesh Network

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 Network Terminology
Nodes. Router.
• Any device connected to a network. • Node that forwards or routes data packets.

Client. Switch.
• A node that requests and uses resources from • Central node that coordinates the flow of data.
other nodes. Network Interface Cards (NIC).
Server. • Expansion card that connects a computer to a
network.
• A node that shares resources with other nodes.
Network Operating System.
Directory Server.
• Control activities of all computers on the network.
• Specialised server that managers resources.
Network Administrator.
Host. • Computer specialists responsible for network
• Computer system that can be accessed over a operations.
network.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 73
Network Types

74
 Network Types

Type Description

LAN Local area network; located within close proximity.

Home Local area network for home use; typically wireless.

WLAN Wireless local area network; all communication passes through an

access point.

PAN Personal area network; connects digital devices , such as PDAs.

MAN Metropolitan area network; typically spans cities with coverage up

to 100 miles.

WAN Wide area network for countrywide or worldwide coverage.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 75

 Local Area Network (LAN)
A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects
computers and devices in a limited geographical area
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that uses no physical
wires

Figure 10-3 Computers and devices on different floors access the same LAN in an office building. Computers
and devices on the network often are identified as nodes. Xtuv Photography / Shutterstock.com

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website, in whole or in part.
 Home Networks

Many home users connect multiple computers and

devices together in a home network

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website, in whole or in part.
 Wireless LAN

Figure 10-4 Computers and mobile devices on a WLAN may communicate via a
wireless access point with a wired LAN to access its hardware, software,
Internet connection, and other resources.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Wide Area Networks

Figure 10-5 A simplified example of a WAN.

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website, in whole or in part.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a
computer network that connects devices within a
large geographical area, typically a city or a
large campus.
It is larger than a Local Area Network (LAN) but
smaller than a Wide Area Network (WAN).
MANs are used by organisations and cities to
interconnect multiple buildings or facilities,
providing high-speed connections for data
transmission.

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 Personal Area Network (PAN)

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a

small computer network connecting
devices within a person's immediate
workspace, typically within a few
meters.
It enables devices like smartphones,
tablets, laptops, and wearables to
communicate and share resources.
PANs can be wired or wireless, using
technologies like Bluetooth or USB.

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 Network Type Specifications

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Network Architectures

83
 Networks Architecture

The configuration of computers, devices, and media on a network is

sometimes called the network architecture
How the network is arranged and how its resources are shared.
Network Strategy.
• How the information and resources are shared.
• Physical arrangement of the network.

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 Network Strategies
Client/Server Network.
• Central computers coordinate and supply services to other
nodes on the network.
• Server provides access.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network.
• All nodes have equal authority.
• Can act as both client and server.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 85

Client-server Network
Figure 10-6 As illustrated by the
communications in this simplified
diagram, on a client/server
network, one or more computers
act as a server, and the client
computers and mobile devices
access the server(s). Connections
can be wired or wireless and may
occur through a communications
device.

Client/server network

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 Peer-to-peer Network
Figure 10-7 As illustrated by the
communications in this simplified
diagram, each computer or mobile
device on a P2P network shares its
hardware and software with other
computers and mobile devices on the
network. Connections can be wired or
wireless and may occur through a
communications device.

Peer-to-peer network

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 Organisational Networks
Internet technologies support effective communication
within and between organisations.
• Intranet.
• Private network within an organisation.
• Works like the Internet.
• Extranet.
• Private network that connects more than one
organisation.
• Works like the Internet, but provides suppliers and
other trusted partners with limited access to the
organisation’s networks.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 88

 Network Security
Commonly used technologies to ensure network
security.
• Firewall.
• Hardware and software that controls access to network.
• Proxy server provides pass-through access.
• Protects against external threats.
• Intrusion detection system (IDS).
• Works with firewall to protect organisation's network.
• Analyses all incoming and outgoing network traffic.
• Virtual private network (VPN).
• Creates a secure private network connection between
your computer and the organisation.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 89

© McGraw Hill, LLC 90
 Network Security Graphic

© McGraw Hill, LLC Gravvi/Shutterstock 91

 Summary
Networks and communications technologies
Various types of network architectures and standards and
protocols
Communications software
Several types of communications lines and communications
devices
How to create a home network
Variety of physical transmission media and wireless transmission
media

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 A Look to the Future
Telepresence.
• Seeks to create the illusion that
you are actually at a remote
location.
• Early implementations mainly focus
on an extension of video-
conferencing.

© McGraw Hill, LLC Egor Kotenko/123RF 93

 Careers in IT
Network Administrator.
• Manages a company’s LAN and WAN networks.
• Maintains networking hardware and software, diagnosing and repairing problems that
arise.
• Candidates usually have a bachelor’s or associate’s degree in computer science,
computer technology or information systems.
• Practical networking experience.
• Annual salary is typically between $43,000 and $84,000.

© McGraw Hill, LLC 94

 Open Ended Questions
1. Define communications including connectivity, the wireless revolution, and communication systems.
2. Discuss communication channels, including physical connections and wireless connections.
3. Discuss connection devices including modems (DSL, cable, and wireless modems) and connection services (DS
L, ADSL, cable, satellite, and cellular connection services).
4. Discuss data transmission including bandwidths (voiceband, medium band, broadband, and baseband) as well
as protocols (IP addresses, domain name servers, and packetization).
5. Discuss networks by identifying and defining specialized terms that describe computer networks.
6. Discuss network types including local area, home, wireless, personal, metropolitan, and wide area networks.
7. Define network architecture including topologies (bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh) and strategies (client/server
and peer-to-peer).
8. Discuss organization networks including Internet technologies (intranets and extranets) and network security
(firewalls, proxy servers, intrusion detection systems, and virtual private networks).

© McGraw Hill, LLC 95

 Because learning changes everything. ®

www.mheducation.com

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