. ery 2 TRE ENGINEER TL CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION At the outset, before anything else is written, we need first to openly acknowledge the magnificent and noble contributions of Engineering to world Civilisation. Engineering has been an integral part of civilization and has a long tradition of innovation and excellence dating back from early civilization as manifested by simple tools to the era of instruments and machines and to our modern day electronic and Physiochemical processes. We must acknowledge the Pioneering works of: - Abraham Darby, James Watt, \ Sir. Charles Parsons, Lord Kelvin, Nicholas August Otto, Macquorn Rankine to mention a. few, iho applied their cumulative knowledge, “skills and Inventiveness to improve our quality of life and to Create an environment much more comfortable to day than the one of our parents. The profession of Engineering has carried along a certain consistency and integrity that cannot be ignored or denied. Engineering is all around us ang a art of virtually everything we see and use, The } strength of its success lies in its diversity and in its Na! Subsequent interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary nature. The field of Engineering is really broad and t fa Adocovers a whole variety of interrelated and interdependent disciplines such as Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Agricultural, Chemical, Aeronautical and Mining Engineering etc, A team of Engineers working together represent an Integrated unit sharing common Collective experiences and using tools that work “interoperable to Support production. Solutions to a Particular problem could be provided through the applications of one or the combination of more of the Various disciplines, Engineering Is so interwoven that it may be difficult to find one unique definition for it. Some Authors have defined Engineering as the profession which apply knowledge of the mathematical and Natural science with judgement to develop ways, to utlise economically the matetials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. Other Authors depending upon thelr perception defined Engineering as an art of efficient utiization of human and natural resources far man’s_benefit, Thus, whatever the definition of Engineering is, what is implicit is the efficient and safe utilizations of resources for man’s benefit is all about design under application of knowledge to th Problems. The strong finks bet Physics allows for research, it. Engineering Constraint and the 1 solution of human ‘tween Engineering and inter disciplinary work andThe pace of progress in Engineering has accelerated tremendously over the last few decades with increasing challenges ahead for Engineers working in the field. The moder era has seen the application of Engineering in almost every sphere of development. The level of Engineering development of any nation is a measure of its economic independence and security. No modern State can . truly lay credence to development no matter how well it develops other sectors, if it jettisons the professional practice of Engineering. The advanced societies, America, Japan, Britain and Germany etc have become advanced because of the rapid advances and spectacular developments in their Engineering and technology. we Nigeria has not yet attained the -much desired technological advancement, the reasons being: - i. The non-optimal utilization of the abundant human and material resources available in the Engineering field. ii, The untapped magnificent capacities of our intellectuals in other fields. fii, Heavy dependence on imported technology. iv. Uneconomic scales of manufacture, v. Rigidity of our labour laws. vi. Low productivity.vii, Rapid setting of obsolescence. Tt Is presumable also that the Federal Government of Nigeria has used the field of “technology” in the national policy on science .and technology produced for the first time in 1986 to embrace Engineering which is quite unhealthy. Engineering and technology though related in a way differ in their scope and contribution to human social developments#While technology ison the methods of Production, Enaineering centres on the design and Construction of machinery through which the methods. Of production can be applied. fe” _theThe Engineer is any one who has received a and_who is expected to_utllize the knowledge so_ : ~Acquired for the safe and efficient utlization of _ Tesources, The principle on which the Engineer bases his activity is the most adequate utlization of technology. He must understand and be conscientious that he is responsible, in large measure, of how the society is to be configured to achieve a better quality of life. The Engineer has a very noble profession and if he must altruistically harness the abundant resources for man’s benefit, he needs to extend the limits of his enquiries beyond the pure and applied Sciences to cover the crafts and artefacts, cultural Patterns, natural resources and the technology of the society, indigenous 4“The Engineer in His Society” will become very important if the Engineer must contribute towards a better and sustained upliftment in the general quality of life and national security, The Engineer in His Society is concerned with the optimal utilization of the nation resources through self-reliance compatible with the nation cultural patterns, The book “The Engineer in His Society” is fashioned out to meet the need of the Engineering Student. It deals with the contemporary issues of _ © society af affects the Engineer. The first part of the book traces the historical development of the modern impact of the industrial revolution to the modern day information and Communication Technology (ICT) 2) ~29e. The second part_of the book deals” with Controversial issue of the transfer of technology, Can fechnology really be transferred? The phenomenon Gries out for extensive review especially in the light of the Aftice perspective of the transfer, which is the Girect importing and implanting of the machines Simply_as_problem solving devices. “The continued ependence on advanced nations for technology can Hever succeed ina technology apartheid regime, being practiced by the advanced nations In their own economic interest. Economic interest. *The African nations must take a clue fi Japan by initiating, promoting, and __sustainina programmes that will enhance technology generation through copy-technology_by un-packaging,analysing_ and_adapting_imported_technol technology development from local research activities. It Is only this way that they will succeed in evolving an in-built or indigenous technology. (B ___ The third part of the book strategies on the development of Nigeria and the problem of Technical Education. The book suggests the way forward ‘Although the suggested ways may or may not go that far, but at least certain solutions are implicit in a correct ‘Engineering evaluation just as given medical remedies are Indicated or contraindicated by a correct diagnosis of a patient condition and an accurate case Jhistory.: ~~ ff The concluding part of the book centres on the @ Engineering Societies and the major disciplines of Engineering. There is also reasonable material on the emerging new fields of Engineering such as (Biomedical Engineering - which is the application of the principles of Engineering to_the solution of problems in Biology and Medicine, with particular reference to the techniques, devices and procedures used to diagnose and treat patients with disease, and (i) Nanotechnology - which is the abllity tosynthesize, manipulate and characterize matter at the. The 21* century would definitely be characterized by computer revolution, shorter product life cycles and continued advances in biotechnology, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and of course Culture Technology (CT). The challenges are increasing by the second and for the moment, ‘there seems to be no limit to what Engineering could do further in keeping abreast the * technology craze! Perhaps it will be illustrative in this context to mention the opinion that unless a sustainable approach is adopted for our technological adventures and our over exploitation of the space ship “earth",, we will soon Feach a catastrophic climax, as mankind will inflict ecological damages to our wild. life habitats, human settlements, ground _water resources and other _negativé environmental effects which may bring irreversible consequences to man.rai ANS we w INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO WORLD TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS THROUGH SCIENTIFIC INQUIRIES: 1, Johannes Gutenberg (1397-1468) German printer who Invented the printing press in 1436 Galileo (1564-1642) Italian physicist and astronomer who discovered the Isochronism’s of the pendulum and constructed the telescope. . Sir Isaac..Newton (1642-1727) English mathematician cum physicist who proposed the idea of mass, &cceleration force and momentum x 4. Abraham Darby (1677-1717) English Engineer and iron manufacturer. He was the first to use coke to smelt iron in 1709 Robert ~ Hook (1635-1709) English Scientist who formulated the Hook's Law “which is on the elastic Property of spring” Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Dutch biologist who invented the microscope to observe bacteria. . Robert Boyle (1627-91) British-Irish Scientist who established the relationship between the volume and pressure of gasses in physical chemistry In 1662 8. Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) British Scientist and clergyman who discovered oxygen in 1774. He also invented soda water in 1772 2 “ames Watt (1736-1819) Scottish Engineer who made /7ndamental improvement to the steam engine in 1765. funt gl b.wiliam Harvey (1578-1657) English physician who | discovered and convincingly demonstrated the circulation of the blood 11.Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) English metallurgist who invented the Blast furnace for converting cast iron into steel in 1856. i #12.Nicholas August Otto (1832-1891) German Engineer who built the first internal combustion engine. #13. Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) Invented the Diesel engine 14. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) Swedish chemist and Engineer who invented the dynamite in 1866. 15.Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) American inventor of the phonograph in ,1877, also’ discovered the electric lamp and other electronic devices $#16.Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) Scottish-American who invented the telephone in 1876. 17.Christian Barnard (4922-) South African Surgeon who performed the first successful heart transplant in 1967. “18.Sir Charles Parsons (1854-1931) British Engineer who invented the steam turbine in 1884. 19.Friedrich Carl Benz (4844-1929) German Engineer who constructed the most efficient gasoline-driven motor vehicles in 1885.“€20. Albert Einstein (1878-1955) German-American who enunciated the relativity theory in 1916. Acclaimed as gne of the most important personalities to ‘have ever set foot on planet earth. Also renowned for his equation =mc? where E = energy, m = mass and c = velocity of light in candela units ; 21, Orville Wright (1871-1948) and his brother Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) American aircraft Engineers who built the first stable and controllable heavier than air machine. ‘They made their first flight (852ft) at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903. 1.1 CONTRAST BETWEEN THE ENGINEER AND THE SCIENTIST Scientist Engineer a) A scientist may a) The Engineer investigate @ problem merely performs his In order to discover; functions using or to find out available tools and information b) The results of this b) _~— When the system investigations goes contrary to set enables the scientist predictions the Engineer to make predictions is expected to solve and proffer solutions ©). The predictions ©) The Engineer is at arrived at by the liberty to explore these scientist add to the data base of theory and 10data base of theory bring them to bear on that is available, real practical problems 4d) The scientist may d) The Engineer / Select randomly such most often is restricted Problems that he to solving problems as finds attractive to they arise investigate ©) The results of the ©) The Engineer scientific must conceive original investigations may solutions to problems not necessarily satisfy conflicting requirement A) The scientist most) The work of the Often is required to Engineer is categorised, cary out his résearch the Engineer is « _ from inception to concemed with making conclusion designs while the technologist carries out the designs with the help of the technicians and artisans. fj 12 ROLES OF THE ENGINEER IN TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING Engineers - contribute to the decision-making Processes at many different levels from public policy u nye ner“13 be frofesuilConsukuy, ana in the realm of many different activities, Viz: - @) Project Research: The Engineer carries out, systematic search for ‘facts, using scientific methods and analysis b) Project Development: The product of the investigation may result In the discovery of a more efficient method or equipment ©) Project Design: The Engineer prepares the plans, sketches or models which will meet performance specifications ) Construction: organising the materials and Personnel in a manner that will give desired quality and results ) Production: The Engineer is involved right from the installation of equipnient, testing, material selection, production and inspection ~f) Operations: Organising the work and personnel capabilities (Ergonomics) choosing the procedure for the work and giving support services 9) Management: Responds to consumer taste and ensuring that production is cost effective. QUALITIES OF A GOOD ENGINEER ) An Engineer must be mentally alert all the time») Perseverance. An Engineer must have the capacity to persevere no matter the condition ) He must be able to take initiative. He must have capacity for independent work (i.e. work without supervision) ) Sound interpersonal relationship €) He must be able to communicate freely and effectively f) He must be honest in all his dealings 9) An Engineer must be dependable h) He must have a high curiosity i) He must have ability and willingness to accept responsibility J) He must have good health and must be medically fit and sound k) He must have a high mechanical aptitude. He must be able to troubleshoot effectively and brainstorm on possible solution to societal problems. QUESTION 1 1.1 Distinguish between an Engineer and a Scientist (FUTMX) 1.2 Discuss the role of the Engineer in the technological development of Nigeria 1BoO 4.3. The level of Engineering development of a nation is a measure of its economic independence and security. Discuss 1.4 Distinguish between technology and Engineering 1.5 Outline the qualities of a good Engineer2.0 24 2.2 CHAPTER TWO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIETY Historians .have adduced several reasons for the historical development of modern societies. These. developments have followed an evolutionary trend, from the early man stage (Stone Age), to the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) age of the 21% century. THE STONE AGE OR THE EARLY'MAN STAGE: This is the primitive age of human society (pre- historic) period that depended mostly on bare hand and simple implements of stones, sticks, bows and arrows for hunting, fishing, farming, etc. THE BRONZE AGE This is the era when bronze (an alloy of Tin and copper) was used for tools and weapons. It started in the east around the S" millennium and soon spread to Europe, India and China by the 1500BC. It is important to note that writing and Arithmetic and many other inventions,” which profoundly “altered society e.g., the plough, wheeled vehicles and the use of animal for pulling and riding, all date from this age. 1523 24 Life became more settled and organised. Townships were formed, men became specialised in their work, and trading and shipping began their civilising effects. THE IRON AGE: This is the age of human culture following the Bronze Age and characterised by the smelting and use of iron. It began among the Hittites around 1400BC and reached S. Europe in 1000BC. The era also witnessed the emergence of Smith-Men (the black and white smith). The use of heavy Iron and steel casting for the production of tools and weapons received a wider acceptance than bronze, which was costly and scarce. ‘THE MIDDLE AGE (FEUDAL AGE) This is the age of Feudal Lords who wielded influence ‘on account of their acquisition of lands, ploughs and harrows which they rented out for farming to non- land owners. They do so for-a fee. They also employ cheap labour from non-landowners and from slaves. ‘The era was to serve as pedestal for the industrial revolution, which was to come later. The products of this era include water wheel, windmills, steering ships, ploughs, clocks and printing technology. ‘The industrial revolution started in the 19° century. The era witnessed a rise in the standard of living. There was a shift from theories to research and development.25 2.6 THE ATOMIC (NUCLEAR),/JET (SPACE) AGE OF THE 20™ CENTURY At the beginning of the 20" century, emphasis shifted from basically industries alone to Atomic Nuclear Power and space shuttles, culminating in man successfully landing on the moon on the 20" of July 1969. The Moon landing is probably the most complex and ambitious Engineering project ever attempted. The Moon landing perhaps remains man’s greatest scientific achievement’ to date. Space explorations have led to tremendous advances in space technology, rapid advances in digitalization and the initiation of the: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution, ‘The Atomic (Nuclear) energy has been a sort Of @ mixed bag; it has” been utilized constructively in the area of electricity generation and destructively in the dtea of the Nuclear Atomic Bomb yihich exploded in two Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War in 1945 COMPUTER AND INFO RMATION AGE OF THE 21° CENTURY ‘The present day computers started about 55 years ago. Although the early com analogue, the modern digital computers are versatile electronic devices expressing number in digital binary scale In the last few years, the computers have puters were mainly 7been interconnected into networks, which are unified universally to form the Internet, Through the Internet, information is exchanged worldwide, The Internet has reduced the world to a global village. “The privacy of the Internet is like the privacy of the hot-mail: by utilising your password, you can have a limitless assess to the world, The new Information and Communication Technology (ICT) makes it possible to transmit and recelve even terabytes of information anywhere on our planet. ICT revolution has spearheaded the growth of knowledge societies breaking all geographical boundaries and barriers and bringing even remote areas into the mainstream by connecting them to information super high ways. With information being generated at the rate of 20 trilion bits @ day, the comparative advantage has inevitably shifted to those: nations and societies, which can instantaneously access, analyse, synthesize and disseminate the vast data bank of information avaliable from multiple sources to enable them to effectively compete in the knowledge based global economy, Research Is currently on in the United States to produce a universal computer and allow the Intemet to serve, The design is to move all the software of the computer to a server in the Internet, this way our present computers-will become obsolete, We need not spend money to purchase a computer any 82a more, for it will be of no use to us, All one need do is to hack on to the universal computer in the U.S for every detail information. Therefore, like the electric generator, you would have electricity but you would not know where it is coming from. All you want to do is turn it on and off and pay your bills. QUESTIONS TWO “Outline the major characteristics of the evolutionary stages of the human societal development from the historical perspective (FUTMX) 19ou wei 3.0 Ba CHAPTER THREE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The industrial revolution is @ term in economic history used to describe the period of transition from manual “production to _machine production... Industrial revolution began in Great Britain in about 1760 and soon became a global phenomenon." It completely revolutionalises the technique and the organisation of _ manufacturing, Factory ~ manufacture emerged 2s @ central characteristic of Industrialization and factory productivity was exploited to the fullest through specialization, dlvision of labour and internal of scale, The impact of the Industrial revolution will be considered in the light of the favourable and _unfavourable impact of the revolution. FAVOURABLE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (2) Attracted a large urban working class With the attendant increase in factory manufacture, led to several industries springing up virtually all over Europe, some of these industries were servicing industries employing a chunk of the fabour force. Factory workers were in high demand at the sites of industries. Workers abandoned. their 20Previous areas of settlements for the new industrial sites and soon forms a large urban working class. (b) Raise production and attracted an increase in income With specialisation and division of labour production increased tremendously. Industries were able to record a high turnover of goods and profits. With increased profits, salaries of workers were elevated leading to a rise in the standard of living of the people (c) Increase in scientific research and business interactions ' With industrialisation, factory owners began to ' think of more Cost-effective methods of production. | Funds were made available for research in methods, Products and machine designs. — Industrialisation brought about a lot of business interactions. The businesses were either directly or service oriented business. (4) Shift in emphasis from agriculture to industries Industrial_revolution almost completely shifted attention from Agriculture to Industries, The ariculture_{o Industries. The industries recorded huge profits turnover within hort intervals as compared to Agriculture, which became. unattractive and painstaking. —ettractive and painstaking. 21