BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

CEPC1403  Foundation Engineering

Engr. HANZ ANDREI C. SIASAT, CE

Instructor, Department of Civil Engineering
hacsiasat@bpsu.edu.ph
 FOUNDATION

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 Isolated Footing
FOUNDATION
Wall Footing
Shallow
Foundation Combined

Types of Foundation
FOUNDATION is the (𝑫𝒇 ≤ 𝑩) Footing
element of a structure which
Matt Footing
connects it to the ground and
transfers load from the
Pile Foundation
structure to the ground.
Deep
Pier Foundation
G.S. Foundation
(𝑫𝒇 > 𝑩) Caisson
Foundation
𝑫𝒇
where Df is the depth of embedment
B is the smaller width footing dimension
𝑩

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 ISOLATED FOOTING

An ISOLATED FOOTING, also

known as a pad or spread
footing, is a type of shallow
foundation that supports a single
column or pillar, transferring
loads to the soil without exceeding
its bearing capacity or causing
excessive settlement.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 WALL FOOTING

A WALL FOOTING, also known

as a strip footing or continuous
footing, is a concrete foundation
that supports a load-bearing wall
by distributing the weight of the
wall and any superimposed loads
across a broader area of soil.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 COMBINED FOOTING

A COMBINED FOOTING is a
single concrete foundation that
supports two or more columns,
typically used when columns are
closely spaced or when
individual footings would overlap
or be restricted by property
lines

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 MATT FOOTING

A MATT FOOTING, also known

as a raft or mat foundation, is a
thick concrete slab that covers
the entire area beneath a
structure, acting as a single unit to
support multiple columns or
walls, particularly when dealing
with heavy loads or poor soil
conditions.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 PILE FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATIONS are deep

foundations that use long, slender
columns (piles) made of materials
like steel or concrete to transfer
structural loads to a deeper,
more stable soil or rock layer,
especially when shallow soil is
unsuitable for supporting a
structure.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 PIER FOUNDATION

A PIER FOUNDATION is a collection

of large-diameter cylindrical
columns to support the
superstructure and transfer large
super-imposed loads to the firm strata
below. It stood several feet above the
ground. A pier is a raised structure that
rises above a body of water and
usually juts out from its shore, typically
supported by piles or pillars, and
provides above-water access to
offshore areas.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 CAISSON FOUNDATION

A CAISSON FOUNDATION is a
deep foundation system used in
challenging soil conditions or
areas with water, employing
watertight structures (caissons)
that are sunk into the ground
and filled with concrete, forming a
robust base for structures.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 QUESTION?

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 BEARING CAPACITY

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 BEARING CAPACITY

BEARING CAPACITY is the maximum pressure that the

soil can support at foundation level without failure. This is a
key design parameter for foundation design and also for design
of retaining walls at the base level.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 THREE MODES OF FAILURE
(Shallow Foundation)

1. GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE

A gradual increase in the load on
the foundation will increase the
settlement of the footing and
increases the pressure under the
foundation. When the pressure
under the foundation reaches the
ultimate pressure that soil can
bear, the foundation will fail
suddenly.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 THREE MODES OF FAILURE
(Shallow Foundation)

1. GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE

• This types of shallow foundation
failure occur in dense sand or
stiff cohesive soil.
• Dense and stiff soils are low
compressible leads to shear
failure.
• Tilting of foundation occurs
when fail.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering
 THREE MODES OF FAILURE
(Shallow Foundation)

2. LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE

Local shear failures occur in
medium compaction soil. An
increase in the pressure in the
foundation increases the
settlement of the foundation and
the failure surface in the soil
gradually extent outwards from
the foundation. Typical in sand
or clayey soils.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 THREE MODES OF FAILURE
(Shallow Foundation)

3. PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE

This type of shallow foundation
failure occurs when the
foundation is rested on fairly
loose soil where the settlement
of the foundation is higher. Shear
surfaces are not developed due to
the compressibility of soil. The
soil under the foundation
compressed and it cannot bear
the pressure applied from the
foundation.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

KARL VON TERZAGHI was an

Austrian mechanical engineer,
geotechnical engineer, and
geologist known as the "father
of soil mechanics and
geotechnical engineering".

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

Terzaghi's bearing capacity

theory (1943), a foundational
concept in geotechnical
engineering, provides a method
to calculate the ultimate
bearing capacity of shallow
foundations, considering soil
properties, foundation
geometry, and overburden
pressure.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

Terzaghi obtained the following equation to determine the

ultimate bearing capacity 𝒒𝒖 as

𝟏
𝒒𝒖 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸
𝟐

cohesion dimension
surcharge/overburden pressure
where 𝑁𝑐 , 𝑁𝑞 , 𝑁𝛾 are bearing capacity factors
(functions of the effective angle of internal friction, 𝜙 ′ )
q is the effective stress at the footing base level.
𝛾𝐵 is the effective stress below the base level

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING General Shear Failure
CAPACITY THEORY

Rectangular Footing

𝟎. 𝟑𝑩 𝟎. 𝟐𝑩
𝒒𝒖 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 𝟏+ + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸 𝟏 −
𝑳 𝑳

where 𝒒𝒖 = ultimate bearing capacity

𝒄 = cohesion
𝑩 = width of the footing (shorter side)
𝑳 = length of the footing (longer side)
𝒒 = effective stress at the footing base level = 𝛾1 𝐷𝑓
𝜸𝑩 = effective stress B depth from the footing base
𝑵𝒙 = bearing capacity factors

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING General Shear Failure
CAPACITY THEORY

Square Footing 𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸

Circular Footing 𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸

Strip Footing 𝒒𝒖 = 𝒄𝑵𝒄 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING Local Shear Failure
CAPACITY THEORY

Cohesion Angle of Internal Friction

′
𝟐 ′
𝟐
𝒄 = 𝒄 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝓 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝓
𝟑 𝟑

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering
 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

Bearing Capacity Factors

(if no table or chart is given)

𝒆 𝟏.𝟓𝝅−𝝓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝓
𝑵𝒒 =
𝝓
𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝟒𝟓 + )
𝟐

𝑵𝒄 = (𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝝓

𝑵𝜸 = 𝟏. 𝟏(𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏. 𝟑𝝓)

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

Modification of Bearing Capacity Equation

due to the presence of ground water table
CASE 1 CASE 2

Df Df
D

B B
B B
Point of Interest Point of Interest

𝜸𝑩 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 ∙ 𝑩 𝜸𝑩 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 ∙ 𝑩

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 TERZAGHI’S BEARING
CAPACITY THEORY

Modification of Bearing Capacity Equation

due to the presence of ground water table
CASE 3 CASE 4

Df Df

d<B B B
B d>B B
Point of Interest Pt. of Interest

𝜸𝑩 = 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚 ∙ 𝒅 + 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑩 − 𝒅) 𝜸𝑩 = 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚 ∙ 𝑩

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 EXAMPLE 4.1

A square footing has a dimension of 1.50 m has its bottom

1.2 m below the ground surface. Determine the Ultimate
Bearing Capacity of the foundation if: 𝛾 = 18.11 kN/m3,
𝑐 = 15.75 kPa, 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.28 kN/m3 and the water table is:
(Nc = 7.34, Nq = 1.64, Ny = 0.14)

a. 1.5 m below the ground surface.

b. at the bottom of the footing.
c. 0.5 m below the ground surface.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 EXAMPLE 4.2

A footing 1.5m square carries a total load 1500kN. The base

of the footing is at a depth of 1.0 m below the ground
surface. The soil has a unit weight of 17 kN/m3 and cohesion
of 50 kPa. The soil investigation shows that the angle of
friction is 18 degrees.

a. Determine the gross foundation pressure.

b. Determine the net foundation pressure.
c. Determine the factor of safety (both gross and net)

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering
 EXAMPLE 4.3

A circular footing carries an allowable axial load of 1200kN

with its bottom resting on a ground water table at a depth of
2 m below the ground surface. (Nc = 35, Nq = 22, Ny = 19).
Take 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 18.10 kN/m3 and 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.50 kN/m3, c = 15.74
kPa.

a. Determine the dimension of the footing using a

factor of safety of 2.5.
b. Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil.
c. Determine the net bearing pressure of the footing.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering

 EXAMPLE 4.4

For a certain soil, the cohesion is 50 kPa; the unit weight is 19.2 kN/m3.
Assuming local shear failure: (Nc = 7.5, Nq = 1.80, Ny = 0.48) for local
shear failure (Nc = 9, Nq = 2.50, Ny = 1.20) for general shear failure.

a. Calculate the net ultimate bearing capacity for a strip footing of

width 1.25 m and depth of 4.5 m
b. Calculate the safe bearing capacity on a footing 6 m long and
𝑞𝑢(𝑛𝑒𝑡)
1.25 m wide and a factor of safety of 2.5. Use 𝑞𝑠 = + 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝐹.𝑆.
and consider general shear failure.
c. Calculate the safe load that the rectangular footing could carry.

College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Civil Engineering