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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

This chapter covers the following subjects:

BGP Fundamentals: This section provides an overview of the fundamentals of the BGP routing
protocol.

Basic BGP Configuration: This section walks through the process of configuring BGP to establish
a neighbor session and how routes are exchanged between peers.

Route Summarization: This section provides an overview of how route summarization works
with BGP and some of the design considerations with summarization.

Multiprotocol BGP for IPv6: This section explains how BGP provides support for IPv6 routing
and configuration.

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Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs)

What is Autonomous System?

 An organization requiring connectivity to the Internet must obtain an autonomous system
number (ASN).
 An Autonomous System (AS) is essentially a group of IP networks and routers controlled by
one organization and managed according to a specific routing policy.
 The AS can be an Internet Service Provider (ISP), a large corporation, a university, a
government agency, or even an internet exchange point.

The purposes of Autonomous System is:

 To control Public IP Addresses.
 To announce Public IP Block to Internet. (via BGP)
 To connect Internet.
 Apply Routing Policies to control traffics.

Types of Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs)

 AS (2Bytes or 16bits) [0 - 65535]
 AS (4Bytes or 32bits) [0 – 4294967296]
 Private AS and Public AS

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ASNs Bit Specifications

0 16 Reserved
1 – 23455 16 Public AS
23456 16 Reserved for AS Pool
Transition
23457 – 64534 16 Public AS
64000 – 64495 16 Reserved by IANA
64496 – 64511 16 Reserved for simple
code
64512 – 65534 16 Reserved for private
use
65535 16 Reserved
65536 – 65551 32 Reserved for simple
code
65552 – 131071 32 Reserved
131072 – 4199999999 32 Public AS
4200000000 – 4294967294 32 Reserved for private
use
429467295 32 Reserved

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BGP Features
 Open Standard.
 Path Vector Protocol.
1  Exterior Gateway Protocol.
 Classless Routing Protocol.
 Incremental Updates.
 Design for Inter-AS Domain Routing.
 Metric is Attribute.
 Announce Public IP Address to Internet.
 BGP is a application layer protocol uses TCP for reliability, TCP port 179.

AS – Path

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BGP Peering
BGP Peering refers to the establishment of a logical connection between two BGP-speaking
routers, known as BGP peers or neighbors, for the purpose of exchanging routing information.
This is done using the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), which is the protocol responsible for
making routing decisions between different networks, or Autonomous Systems (AS), across the
internet.
There are two types of BGP Peerings:
(1) eBGP Peering
(2) iBGP Peering

eBGP (external BGP) Peering

eBGP (External Border Gateway Protocol) Peering is the process of establishing a BGP session
between two routers that belong to different Autonomous Systems (AS). It is used to exchange
routing information between organizations, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), or any separate
networks on the internet.

- TTL = 1
- Peering between different AS.
- Only need to connect directly connected another AS router.
- Administrative Distance (AD) is 20.

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eBGP Loop Pervention Mechanism

BGP is a path vector routing protocol and does not contain a complete topology of the network, as
link-state routing protocols do. BGP behaves like distance vector protocols, ensuring that a path is
loop free. The BGP attribute AS_Path is a well-known mandatory attribute and includes a complete
list of all the ASNs that the prefix advertisement has traversed from its source AS. AS_Path is used as
a loop-prevention mechanism in BGP. If a BGP router receives a prefix advertisement with its AS
listed in the AS_Path attribute, it discards the prefix because the router thinks the advertisement
forms a loop.

Path Vector Loop Prevention

- AS 100 advertises the 10.0.0.0/24 prefix to AS 200.

- AS 200 advertises the prefix to AS 400, which then advertises the prefix to AS 300.
- AS 300 advertises the prefix back to AS 100 with an AS_Path of 300 400 200 100. AS
100 sees itself in the AS_Path variable and discards the prefix.

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iBGP (internal BGP) Peering

iBGP is a type of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) used to exchange routing information between
routers within the same Autonomous System (AS). It allows internal routers to share routes learned
from external BGP (eBGP) peers or other iBGP peers, helping maintain consistent routing decisions
across the entire network.
- TTL = 255
- Peering between different Different AS.
- A full mesh of iBGP peering is required.
- Administrative Distance (AD) is 200.

iBGP Loop Prevention Mechanism

The main loop prevention mechanism in iBGP is the rule that iBGP-learned routes are not advertised
to other iBGP peers.

Split-Horizonal Rule

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Types of ISP connections

(1) Single Homed
(2) Dual Homed
(3) Multi Homed
(4) Dual Multi Homed

Single Homed
Single-homed BGP refers to a network setup where an organization connects to only one
Internet Service Provider (ISP) using one BGP session. In this setup, the organization has a
single point of entry to the internet through one external BGP (eBGP) peer.

Dual Homed
Dual-homed BGP refers to a network setup where an organization connects to the same
Internet Service Provider (ISP) using two separate links. This provides redundancy in case
one link fails, but both connections go through one ISP.

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Multi Homed
Multi-homed BGP is a network setup where an organization connects to two or more different
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) using BGP sessions. This provides maximum redundancy,
reliability, and path diversity, making it a common choice for businesses that need high
availability and performance.

Dual Multi Homed

Dual multi-homed BGP is a highly redundant network setup where an organization connects to
two or more different ISPs, and to each ISP through two or more links. This setup combines the
benefits of multi-homing (multiple ISPs) and dual-homing (multiple links per ISP) to ensure
maximum availability, fault tolerance, and routing flexibility.

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Route Reflector
In BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), a Route Reflector (RR) is a mechanism used to reduce the
number of BGP connections (i.e., full mesh) required within an iBGP (internal BGP) environment. A
Route Reflector is a BGP router that allows iBGP routers (clients) to share routing information
without requiring a full mesh of iBGP peering.

Before Route Reflector After Route Reflector

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