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Morphological Models NLP Notes

The document discusses various morphological models in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including Dictionary Lookup, Finite-State Morphology, Unification-Based Morphology, Functional Morphology, and Morphology Induction. Each model is defined, explained in terms of its working mechanism, and illustrated with examples, highlighting their structures and applications. These models are essential for tasks such as spell checking, grammar analysis, and machine translation.

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46 views5 pages

Morphological Models NLP Notes

The document discusses various morphological models in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including Dictionary Lookup, Finite-State Morphology, Unification-Based Morphology, Functional Morphology, and Morphology Induction. Each model is defined, explained in terms of its working mechanism, and illustrated with examples, highlighting their structures and applications. These models are essential for tasks such as spell checking, grammar analysis, and machine translation.

Uploaded by

vasanthi.kota17
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Morphological Models in NLP

Dictionary Lookup

**Definition:**

A morphological model where words and their forms are stored in a dictionary or database, allowing fast

look-up of grammatical and lexical information.

**Working:**

It works by storing precomputed word forms and their analyses. When an input word is encountered, it is

looked up in the dictionary for its features such as part-of-speech, tense, etc.

**Example:**

E.g., 'unhappiness' -> dictionary entry: root='happy', prefix='un', suffix='ness'.

**Structure or Components:**

Typically uses data structures like tries, hash tables, or binary search trees. Entries are stored as key-value

pairs linking word forms to their morphological descriptions.

**Applications or Advantages:**

Spell checking, rule-based NLP systems, low-complexity language tools. Fast and efficient for static word

databases.
Morphological Models in NLP

Finite-State Morphology

**Definition:**

This model uses finite-state automata (FSA) and transducers (FST) to analyze and generate word forms by

applying rules and transitions over character sequences.

**Working:**

FSMs read characters and change states accordingly. FSAs recognize valid words; FSTs convert between

lexical and surface forms.

**Example:**

E.g., 'running' -> FST converts to 'run + ING'. 'dogs' -> 'dog + PL'.

**Structure or Components:**

Lexicon + Rule Set. Automata use states, transitions, and symbols. Rules handle affixation, compounding,

etc.

**Applications or Advantages:**

Spell checking, speech synthesis, morphological analysis, widely used in NLP tools like XFST, FOMA.
Morphological Models in NLP

Unification-Based Morphology

**Definition:**

A feature-structure based model where morphological analysis is done by unifying feature sets that describe

lexical and grammatical properties.

**Working:**

Combines feature structures using a unification engine. Incompatible structures result in failure. Supports

complex morphotactics.

**Example:**

'walk' + '-s' = 'walks' -> unifies [verb, person:3, number:singular] across components.

**Structure or Components:**

Lexicon (with feature structures), Morphotactic Rules, Phonological Rules, Unification Engine.

**Applications or Advantages:**

Grammar checking, machine translation, morphologically rich languages, and NLP parsers.
Morphological Models in NLP

Functional Morphology

**Definition:**

Focuses on identifying the grammatical function (like tense, plurality) of a word or morpheme rather than its

form.

**Working:**

Uses rule-based analysis or ML to identify roles such as tense, aspect, or number.

**Example:**

'running' -> present participle; 'fastest' -> superlative adjective.

**Structure or Components:**

Rule set for grammatical roles. May use ML models or symbolic rules to detect morpheme functions.

**Applications or Advantages:**

Grammar analysis, language learning tools, function tagging in POS taggers.


Morphological Models in NLP

Morphology Induction

**Definition:**

An unsupervised model that automatically learns word formation rules and morphemes (prefixes, suffixes,

roots) from large datasets.

**Working:**

Analyzes large corpora to find recurring patterns and word segments using statistical or ML approaches.

**Example:**

From 'play', 'played', 'playing' -> infers root='play', suffixes='-ed', '-ing'.

**Structure or Components:**

Corpus + Pattern Miner. Tools analyze suffixes, prefixes, and root-word correlations.

**Applications or Advantages:**

Useful in low-resource languages, ML-based NLP tasks, and adaptive learning systems.

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