Web Technology JavaScript Notes 49025828 2025 06-24-17 27
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ghanshyamprasad92Web Technology JavaScript Notes 49025828 2025 06-24-17 27
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ghanshyamprasad92Web Tech JavaScript Infeepedia By: Infee Tripathi
JavaScript
JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language primarily used to create interactive and dynamic content on
web pages. It is one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS.
Features of Javascript:
1. Lightweight and interpreted: JavaScript runs directly in the browser without needing compilation, making it fast and
efficient.
2. Object-oriented: It uses objects (with properties and methods) to organize and manipulate data.
3. Cross-platform: JavaScript works on all devices and operating systems that support web browsers.
4. Dynamically typed: You don’t need to declare variable types; they are determined at runtime.
5. Event-driven and asynchronous capabilities: It reacts to user actions (like clicks) and handles tasks without blocking
the rest of the code.
JavaScript is used for tasks like form validation, creating animations, handling user events, and more.
<!-- Example: Simple HTML with JavaScript -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to JavaScript!</h1>
<script>
console.log("Hello, World!");
</script>
</body>
</html>
History and Evolution of JavaScript
1995: JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich at Netscape in just 10 days. It was initially called Mocha, then renamed
LiveScript, and finally JavaScript.
1997: JavaScript was standardized as ECMAScript (ES) by ECMA International.
2009: Node.js was introduced, allowing JavaScript to run on servers.
2015: ES6 (ECMAScript 2015) was released, introducing modern features like let, const, arrow functions, and classes.
Present: JavaScript is continuously evolving with new versions like ES2023, making it more powerful and versatile.
Role of JavaScript in Web Development
JavaScript is essential for making web pages interactive and user-friendly. It works alongside:
HTML: Defines the structure of the web page.
CSS: Styles the web page.
JavaScript: Adds behavior to the web page.
Examples of JavaScript's Role:
1. Form Validation: Ensures user inputs are correct before submission.
2. Dynamic Content: Updates the page content without reloading (e.g., using AJAX).
3. Interactive Elements: Enables dropdown menus, sliders, and modals.
4. Animations: Adds motion to elements (e.g., fading effects, image carousels).
// Example: Changing the text of a heading dynamically
document.getElementById("heading").innerText = "JavaScript Changed This Text!";
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Differences Between JavaScript, Java, and Python
JavaScript is used for front-end interactivity, Java for backend enterprise applications, and Python for data science and
automation.
Feature JavaScript Java Python
Type Interpreted, lightweight Compiled, statically typed Interpreted, dynamically typed
Primary Use Web development Enterprise applications General-purpose programming
Syntax Flexible and dynamic Strict and verbose Simple and easy-to-read
Execution Runs in browsers (or Node.js) Requires JVM Requires Python interpreter
Learning Easy to start, challenging to master Steep learning curve Beginner-friendly
Curve
Example // JavaScript Example: Dynamic // Java Example: Backend # Python Example: Data
Web Page Application Processing
document.getElementById("demo") public class HelloWorld { print("Hello from Python!")
.innerHTML = "Hello from public static void main(String[]
JavaScript!"; args) {
System.out.println("Hello from
Java!");
}
}
JavaScript Syntax
Variables and Constants
JavaScript provides three ways to declare variables: var, let, and const. Each has distinct characteristics and use cases.
Comparison of var, let, and const
Feature var let const
Scope Function-scoped Block-scoped Block-scoped if (true)
{ var a = 10; // Function-scoped
let b = 20; // Block-scoped
const c = 30; // Block-scoped }
console.log(a); // Output: 10
console.log(b); // Error: b is not defined
console.log(c); // Error: c is not defined
Hoisting Hoisted to the Hoisted to the top, Hoisted to the console.log(x); // Output: undefined (var is
top, initialized but not initialized. top, but not hoisted)
as undefined. initialized. console.log(y); // Error: Cannot access 'y' before
initialization
console.log(z); // Error: Cannot access 'z' before
initialization
var x = 10;
let y = 20;
const z = 30;
Reassignment Allowed Allowed Not allowed var x = 10;
x = 15; // Allowed
console.log(x); // Output: 15
let y = 20;
y = 25; // Allowed
console.log(y); // Output: 25
const z = 30;
z = 35; // Error: Assignment to constant variable
console.log(z); // Output: 30
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Redeclaration Allowed within Not allowed within Not allowed var x = 10;
the same scope the same scope var x = 20; // Allowed
console.log(x); // Output: 20
let y = 30;
let y = 40; // Error:
Identifier 'y' has already been declared
const z = 50;
const z = 60; // Error: Identifier 'z' has already
been declared
Initialization Optional Optional Mandatory var x ; // Allowed
during let y ; // Allowed
declaration const z ; // not allowed must be initialized
Mutability Mutable Mutable Immutable
(value cannot
be reassigned)
Use Case For legacy code For variables that For constants
or function- may change in or fixed
scoped needs. value. values.
Data types ofJavaScript
JavaScript has 7 primitive data types and 1 non-primitive data type. The primitive types represent single values, while the
non-primitive type (object) can store collections of data.
Primitive Data Types
1. Number
Represents numeric values, including integers and floating-point numbers.
Special numeric values: Infinity, -Infinity, and NaN (Not-a-Number).
Example:
let num1 = 42; // Integer
let num2 = 3.14; // Floating-point number
let infinityVal = 1 / 0; // Infinity
let nanVal = "abc" / 2; // NaN
console.log(num1, num2, infinityVal, nanVal);
2. String
Represents textual data enclosed in single ('), double ("), or backticks (`).
Example:
let singleQuote = 'Hello';
let doubleQuote = "World";
let templateLiteral = `Hello, ${singleQuote}`;
console.log(singleQuote, doubleQuote, templateLiteral);
3. Boolean
Represents logical values: true or false.
Example:
let isJavaScriptFun = true;
let isJavaScriptHard = false;
console.log(isJavaScriptFun, isJavaScriptHard);
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4. Undefined
A variable declared but not assigned a value.
Example:
let undefinedVar;
console.log(undefinedVar); // undefined
5. Null
Represents an intentional absence of value.
Example:
let nullVar = null;
console.log(nullVar); // null
6. Symbol (Introduced in ES6)
Represents unique and immutable values, often used as object keys.
Example:
let sym1 = Symbol("id");
let sym2 = Symbol("id");
console.log(sym1 === sym2); // false
7. BigInt (Introduced in ES2020)
Represents integers larger than the Number type can safely store.
Example:
let bigIntVal = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
console.log(bigIntVal);
Non-Primitive Data Types
Object
A collection of key-value pairs.
Includes arrays, functions, and other objects.
Example:
let obj = { name: "Alice", age: 25 };
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
let func = function () { return "Hello"; };
console.log(obj, arr, func());
Important Points
1. Type Checking: Use typeof to check the type of a variable.
Example: console.log(typeof 42); // "number"
console.log(typeof "Hello"); // "string"
console.log(typeof true); // "boolean"
console.log(typeof undefined); // "undefined"
console.log(typeof null); // "object" (legacy bug)
console.log(typeof Symbol("id")); // "symbol"
console.log(typeof 123n); // "bigint"
console.log(typeof {}); // "object"
console.log(typeof NaN); // number
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2. Null vs Undefined:
undefined: A variable is declared but not assigned a value.
null: Explicitly set to indicate "no value."
3. Objects and Arrays:
Objects are mutable, and their properties can be modified.
Arrays are special types of objects.
Operators in JavaScript
Operators in JavaScript are used to perform operations on values and variables. They are categorized into several types
based on their functionality.
1. Arithmetic Operators
It is used to perform mathematical operations.
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition 5+2 7
- Subtraction 5-2 3
* Multiplication 5*2 10
/ Division 5/2 2.5
% Modulus (Remainder) 5%2 1
** Exponentiation 5 ** 2 25
++ Increment let x = 5; x++ 6
-- Decrement let x = 5; x-- 4
2. Assignment Operators
It is used to assign values to variables.
Operator Description Example Result
= Assign x=5 x=5
+= Add and assign x += 2 x=x+2
-= Subtract and assign x -= 2 x=x-2
*= Multiply and assign x *= 2 x=x*2
/= Divide and assign x /= 2 x=x/2
%= Modulus and assign x %= 2 x=x%2
**= Exponentiation and assign x **= 2 x = x ** 2
3. Comparison Operators
It is used to compare two values.
Operator Description Example Result
== Equal to 5 == '5' true
=== Strict equal to 5 === '5' false
!= Not equal to 5 != '5' false
!== Strict not equal to 5 !== '5' true
> Greater than 5>2 true
< Less than 5<2 false
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 5 true
<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 2 false
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4. Logical Operators
It used to combine conditional statements.
Operator Description Example Result
&& Logical AND true && false false
|| Logical OR true ||false true
! Logical NOT !true false
5. Bitwise Operators
It operate on binary representations of numbers.
Operator Description Example Result
& AND 5&1 1
` ` OR `5
^ XOR 5^1 4
~ NOT ~5 -6
<< Left shift 5 << 1 10
>> Right shift 5 >> 1 2
>>> Zero-fill right shift 5 >>> 1 2
6. String Operators
It used to manipulate strings.
Operator Description Example Result
+ Concatenation 'Hello' + 'World' 'HelloWorld'
+= Concatenate and assign let x = 'Hi'; x += '!' 'Hi!'
7. Type Operators
It used to check or convert data types.
Operator Description Example Result
typeof Returns the type of a value typeof 42 'number'
instanceof Checks if an object is an instance of a class obj instanceof Object true
8. Ternary Operator
Shorthand for conditional expressions.
Operator Description Example Result
?: Conditional operator Ex1: let x= 5 > 2 ? 'Yes' : 'No' Ex1: 'Yes'
Ex2:
let age = 18; Ex2: Adult
let result = age >= 18 ? "Adult" : "Minor";
console.log(result); // "Adult"
9. Other Operators
Operator Description Example Result
, Comma operator let x = (1, 2, 3); 3
delete Deletes a property from an object delete obj.key; true
in Checks if a property exists in an object 'key' in obj true
void Evaluates an expression but returns undefined void 0 undefined
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Conditional Statements and Loops
JavaScript provides Conditional Statements to handle decision-making and Loops to handle repetitive tasks.
Conditional Statements
Control structures that execute specific code blocks based on whether a condition evaluates to true or false.
1. Conditional Statements
Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
Statement Description Syntax Example
if
Executes a block of code if a specified condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{ code }
Example
if (x > 0)
{ console.log("Positive"); }
if-else
Executes one block of code if the condition is true, otherwise executes another block of code.
Syntax
if (condition) { code1 } else { code2 }
Example
if (x > 0)
{ console.log("Positive"); }
else
{ console.log("Negative"); }
if-else if-else
Tests multiple conditions, executing the block of code for the first true condition.
Syntax
if (condition1)
{ code1 }
else if (condition2)
{ code2 }
else
{ code3 }
Example
if (x > 0) { console.log("Positive"); }
else if (x === 0) { console.log("Zero"); }
else { console.log("Negative"); }
switch
Evaluates an expression, matching its value to multiple case clauses, and executes the matching block.
Syntax
switch(expression)
{ case value1: code;
break;
case value2: code;
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break;
default: code; }
Example
switch (day)
{ case 1: console.log("Monday");
break;
case 2: console.log("Tuesday");
break;
default: console.log("Invalid day"); }
Loops
Control structures that repeatedly execute a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true.
Loop Description Syntax Example
for Loops through a block of code a for (initialization; condition; for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++)
specified number of times. increment/decrement) { code } { console.log(i); }
while Loops through a block of code while (condition) { code } let i = 0;
while a specified condition is while (i < 5)
true. { console.log(i);
i++; }
do-while Executes the block of code do { code } while (condition); let i = 0;
once, and then repeats the loop do {
while the condition is true. console.log(i);
i++; }
while (i < 5);
for...in Loops through the properties of for (key in object) { code } let obj = { a: 1, b: 2 };
an object. for (let key in obj)
{ console.log(key, obj[key]);
}
for...of Loops through the values of an for (value of iterable) { code } let arr = [1, 2, 3];
iterable object (like an array or for (let value of arr)
string). { console.log(value); }
Functions in JavaScript
Functions are reusable blocks of code designed to perform a specific task. They help in modularizing and organizing code
efficiently.
1. Function Declaration and Invocation
A function declaration defines a named function with the function keyword. It can be invoked (called) anywhere in the
code after its definition.
Function declarations are hoisted, meaning they can be called before their definition in the code.
A function can take zero or more parameters and return a value.
Syntax
function functionName(parameters) {
// code to execute }
Example
function greet(name)
{
return ‘Hello, ${name}!’; }
// Function Invocation
console.log(greet("Alice")); // Output: Hello, Alice!
console.log(greet("Bob")); // Output: Hello, Bob!
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2. Function Expressions
A function expression defines a function as part of an expression. It can be anonymous or named and is often assigned to a
variable.
Function expressions are not hoisted, meaning they cannot be called before their definition.
Commonly used in callbacks and event handlers.
Syntax
const functionName = function(parameters) {
// code to execute };
Example1
// Anonymous function expression
const add = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
console.log(add(5, 3)); // Output: 8
Example2
// Named function expression
const multiply = function multiplyNumbers(a, b) {
return a * b;
};
console.log(multiply(4, 2)); // Output: 8
3. Arrow Functions
Arrow functions are a concise way to write functions using the => (arrow) syntax. They are especially useful for writing
shorter functions.
Arrow functions do not have their own this context; they inherit this from the surrounding scope.
For single-line functions, the return keyword can be omitted.
Syntax
const functionName = (parameters) => {
// code to execute };
Example
// Single-line arrow function
const square = (x) => x * x;
console.log(square(4)); // Output: 16
// Multi-line arrow function
const subtract = (a, b) => { return a - b; };
console.log(subtract(10, 3)); // Output: 7
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4. Parameters and Return Values
Functions can take input values (parameters) and optionally return an output value.
Parameters are placeholders for values passed into the function.
Functions can have default parameter values.
Example1
function greet(name = "Guest") {
return ‘Hello, ${name}!;’ }
console.log(greet()); // Output: Hello, Guest!
console.log(greet("Alice")); // Output: Hello, Alice!
Return Values
The return statement specifies the value to be returned by the function.
If no return is specified, the function returns undefined.
Example2
function multiply(a, b) {
return a * b; }
let result = multiply(3, 4);
console.log(result); // Output: 12
Introduction to DOM (Document Object Model)
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents. It represents the structure of a
webpage as a tree of objects, allowing developers to interact with and manipulate the content, structure, and style of the
document programmatically.
Property of the DOM
1. Tree Structure: The DOM represents the HTML document as a hierarchical tree structure where each element is a node.
2. Programming Interface: It provides methods and properties to interact with HTML and CSS programmatically.
3. Dynamic Updates: Using the DOM, you can dynamically update the content and structure of a webpage without
reloading it.
4. Language-Independent: The DOM can be used with various programming languages, though JavaScript is the most
commonly used language.
DOM Tree Structure
The DOM tree consists of different types of nodes:
Document Node: Represents the entire document.
Element Nodes: Represent HTML elements.
Text Nodes: Represent the text content within elements.
Attribute Nodes: Represent the attributes of elements.
Comment Nodes: Represent comments in the HTML.
Example:
For the following HTML: The DOM tree representation is:
<!DOCTYPE html> Document
<html> └── html
<head> ├── head
<title>My Page</title> │ └── title
</head> │ └── "My Page"
<body> └── body
<h1>Welcome</h1> ├── h1
<p>This is a paragraph.</p> │ └── "Welcome"
</body> └── p
</html> └── "This is a paragraph."
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Accessing elements
JavaScript provides the document object to interact with the DOM. Common methods include:
Method Description Example Output
getElementById()
Selects an element based on its unique id attribute.
Returns the first matching element or null if no element is found.
document.getElementById("title")
First element with id="title".
Example:
<h1 id="title">Welcome</h1>
<script> let element = document.getElementById("title");
console.log(element.textContent); // Output: Welcome </script>
getElementsByClassName()
Selects elements by class name.
document.getElementsByClassName("text")[0]
First element with class="text".
Example:
<p class="text">Paragraph 1</p>
<p class="text">Paragraph 2</p>
<script>
let elements = document.getElementsByClassName("text");
console.log(elements[0].textContent); // Output: Paragraph 1
</script>
getElementsByTagName()
Selects elements by tag name.
document.getElementsByTagName("p")[0]
First <p> element.
Example:
<div>Div 1</div>
<div>Div 2</div>
<script> let elements = document.getElementsByTagName("div");
console.log(elements[1].textContent); // Output: Div 2 </script>
querySelector()
Selects the first matching CSS selector.
document.querySelector(".text")
First element with class="text".
Example:
<p class="text">Paragraph 1</p>
<p class="text">Paragraph 2</p>
<script>
let element = document.querySelector(".text");
console.log(element.textContent); // Output: Paragraph 1
</script>
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querySelectorAll()
Selects all matching CSS selectors.
document.querySelectorAll(".text")
NodeList of all .text elements.
Example:
<p class="text">Paragraph 1</p>
<p class="text">Paragraph 2</p>
<script>
let elements = document.querySelectorAll(".text");
elements.forEach((el) => console.log(el.textContent));
// Output: Paragraph 1
// Output: Paragraph 2
</script>
document.forms
Accesses all <form> elements in the document.
document.forms["loginForm"]
Form with id="loginForm".
Example:
<form id="loginForm"></form>
<script>
let form = document.forms["loginForm"];
console.log(form.id); // Output: loginForm
</script>
document.images
Accesses all <img> elements.
document.images[0]
First <img> element.
Example:
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Example">
<script> let images = document.images;
console.log(images[0].alt); // Output: Example </script>
document.links
Accesses all <a> with href attributes.
document.links[0]
First <a> element with href.
Example:
<a href="https://example.com">Example Link</a>
<script>
let links = document.links;
console.log(links[0].href); // Output: https://example.com/
</script>
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Modifying Elements
Modifying elements in the DOM allows developers to dynamically change the content, attributes, styles, and structure of a
webpage.
Method/Property Description Example Output
innerHTML
Sets/retrieves HTML content inside an element.
Can be used to insert or replace content, including HTML tags.
element.innerHTML = "<b>Hi</b>";
output: <b>Hi</b>
Example:
<div id="content">Original Content</div>
<script>
let element = document.getElementById("content");
element.innerHTML = "<strong>Updated Content</strong>";
console.log(element.innerHTML); // Output: <strong>Updated Content</strong>
</script>
textContent
Sets/retrieves plain text content inside an element.
Ignores any HTML tags and treats them as plain text.
element.textContent = "Hi"; //Output: Hi
Example:
<div id="content">Original <strong>Content</strong></div>
<script>
let element = document.getElementById("content");
element.textContent = "Updated Content";
console.log(element.textContent); // Output: Updated Content
</script>
setAttribute()
Sets an attribute value on an element.
element.setAttribute("src", "new.jpg"); //Output: Attribute updated.
Example:
<img id="image" src="old.jpg" alt="Old Image">
<script>
let img = document.getElementById("image");
img.setAttribute("src", "new.jpg");
console.log(img.src); // Output: URL of new.jpg
</script>
getAttribute()
Retrieves the value of a specified attribute on an element..
element.getAttribute("alt"); //Output: Returns attribute value.
Example:
<img id="image" src="example.jpg" alt="Example Image">
<script>
let img = document.getElementById("image");
console.log(img.getAttribute("alt")); // Output: Example Image </script>
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removeAttribute()
Removes an attribute from an element.
element.removeAttribute("alt"); //Output: Attribute removed.
Example:
<img id="image" src="example.jpg" alt="Example Image">
<script>
let img = document.getElementById("image");
img.removeAttribute("alt");
console.log(img.hasAttribute("alt")); // Output: false
</script>
style
Modifies inline CSS styles of an element.
element.style.color = "red"; //Output: Style applied.
Example:
<p id="text">Hello, World!</p>
<script>
let text = document.getElementById("text");
text.style.color = "blue";
text.style.fontSize = "20px";
console.log(text.style.color); // Output: blue
</script>
classList
Manages classes of an element. Provides methods to add, remove, toggle, or check classes on an element.
element.classList.add("active");
Class added/removed/toggled.
Example:
<div id="box" class="red"></div>
<script>
let box = document.getElementById("box");
box.classList.add("blue");
box.classList.remove("red");
box.classList.toggle("green");
console.log(box.classList); // Output: DOMTokenList ["blue", "green"]
</script>
appendChild()
Adds a new child element.
parent.appendChild(child);
Child added to parent.
removeChild()
Removes a child element.
parent.removeChild(child);
Child removed.
replaceChild()
Replaces a child element with a new one.
parent.replaceChild(newChild, oldChild);
Child replaced.
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Events and Event Handling in JavaScript
Events in JavaScript are actions or occurrences that happen in the browser, such as user interactions (clicking, typing,
scrolling), loading resources, or other activities.
Event Handling refers to the process of responding to these events by executing code.
Event Types in JavaScript
JavaScript provides a wide range of events, categorized into different types based on their purpose:
Event Type Description Common Events
Mouse Events Triggered by mouse click: Triggered when an element is clicked.
actions. button.addEventListener("click", () => alert("Button clicked!"));
dblclick: Triggered when an element is double-clicked.
button.addEventListener("dblclick", () => alert("Button double-clicked!"));
mousedown: Triggered when the mouse button is pressed down.
div.addEventListener("mousedown", () => console.log("Mouse button
pressed!"));
mouseup:
Triggered when the mouse button is released.
div.addEventListener("mouseup", () => console.log("Mouse button released!"));
mousemove: Triggered when the mouse is moved over an element.
div.addEventListener("mousemove", () => console.log("Mouse moved!"));
mouseover: Triggered when the mouse enters the area of an element.
div.addEventListener("mouseover", () => console.log("Mouse over!"));
mouseout: Triggered when the mouse leaves the area of an element.
div.addEventListener("mouseout", () => console.log("Mouse out!"));
Keyboard Triggered by Keydown: Triggered when a key is pressed down.
Events keyboard document.addEventListener("keydown", (e) => console.log(e.key));
interactions.
Keyup: Triggered when a key is released.
document.addEventListener("keyup", (e) => console.log("Key released: " + e.key));
Keypress: Triggered when a key is pressed (deprecated in modern browsers).
document.addEventListener("keypress", (e) => console.log("Key pressed: " +
e.key));
Form Events Triggered by form submit: Triggered when a form is submitted.
actions. form.addEventListener("submit", (e) => { e.preventDefault(); alert("Form
submitted!"); });
change: Triggered when the value of an input, select, or textarea changes.
input.addEventListener("change", () => console.log("Value changed!"));
focus: Triggered when an element gains focus.
input.addEventListener("focus", () => console.log("Input focused!"));
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blur: Triggered when an element loses focus.
input.addEventListener("blur", () => console.log("Input blurred!"));
input: Triggered when the value of an input element is changed.
input.addEventListener("input", () => console.log("Input value updated!"));
Window Triggered by load: Triggered when the page is fully loaded.
Events actions related to window.addEventListener("load", () => console.log("Page loaded!"));
the browser
window. resize: Triggered when the browser window is resized.
window.addEventListener("resize", () => console.log("Window resized!"));
scroll: window.addEventListener("scroll", () => console.log("Page scrolled!"));
Triggered when the user leaves the page (deprecated).
unload: Triggered when the user scrolls the page or an element.
window.addEventListener("unload", () => console.log("Page unloading!"));
Touch Events Triggered by touch touchstart: riggered when a touch starts on a touch-enabled device.
interactions on document.addEventListener("touchstart", () => console.log("Touch started!"));
touch-enabled
devices. touchmove: Triggered when a touch moves across the screen.
document.addEventListener("touchmove", () => console.log("Touch moved!"));
touchend: Triggered when a touch ends.
document.addEventListener("touchend", () => console.log("Touch ended!"));
Clipboard Triggered by copy: Triggered when content is copied to the clipboard.
Events clipboard document.addEventListener("copy", () => console.log("Content copied!"));
operations.
cut: Triggered when content is cut to the clipboard.
document.addEventListener("cut", () => console.log("Content cut!"));
paste: Triggered when content is pasted from the clipboard.
document.addEventListener("paste", () => console.log("Content pasted!"));
Drag Events Triggered by drag- drag: Triggered when an element is being dragged.
and-drop element.addEventListener("drag", () => console.log("Dragging!"));
interactions.
dragstart: Triggered when dragging starts.
element.addEventListener("dragstart", () => console.log("Drag started!"));
dragend : Triggered when dragging ends.
element.addEventListener("dragend", () => console.log("Drag ended!"));
drop: Triggered when an element is dropped.
element.addEventListener("drop", () => console.log("Dropped!"));
Media Events Triggered by media play: Triggered when media playback starts.
(audio/video) video.addEventListener("play", () => console.log("Playing!"));
playback.
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pause: Triggered when media playback is paused.
video.addEventListener("pause", () => console.log("Paused!"));
ended: Triggered when media playback ends.
video.addEventListener("ended", () => console.log("Playback ended!"));
volumechange: Triggered when the volume is changed.
video.addEventListener("volumechange", () => console.log("Volume changed!"));
Focus Events Triggered when an focus: Triggered when an element gains focus.
element gains or input.addEventListener("focus", () => console.log("Input focused!"));
loses focus.
blur: Triggered when an element loses focus.
input.addEventListener("blur", () => console.log("Input blurred!"));
Animation Triggered by CSS animationstart : Triggered when a CSS animation starts.
Events animations. element.addEventListener("animationstart", () => console.log("Animation
started!"));
animationend: Triggered when a CSS animation ends.
element.addEventListener("animationend", () => console.log("Animation
ended!"));
animationiteration: Triggered when a CSS animation iteration is completed.
element.addEventListener("animationiteration", () => console.log("Animation
iteration!"));
Transition Triggered by CSS transitionstart: Triggered when a CSS transition starts.
Events transitions. element.addEventListener("transitionstart", () => console.log("Transition
started!"));
transitionend: Triggered when a CSS transition ends.
element.addEventListener("transitionend", () => console.log("Transition
ended!"));
Pointer Unified events for pointerdown:
Events mouse, touch, and Triggered when a pointer (mouse, touch, or pen) is pressed down.
pen interactions. element.addEventListener("pointerdown", () => console.log("Pointer down!"));
pointermove: Triggered when a pointer moves.
element.addEventListener("pointermove", () => console.log("Pointer moved!"));
pointerup: Triggered when a pointer is released.
element.addEventListener("pointerup", () => console.log("Pointer up!"));
Custom User-defined N/A
Events events created
using the
CustomEvent
constructor.
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Adding Event Listeners and Event Delegation in JavaScript
Adding Event Listeners
An event listener is a function that waits for an event to occur on a specific element and then executes a specified callback
function.
Syntax
element.addEventListener(event, callbackFunction, useCapture);
Parameter Description
event The name of the event to listen for (e.g., "click", "mouseover").
callbackFunction The function to execute when the event occurs.
useCapture Optional boolean indicating the phase to handle the event (true for capture, false for bubble).
Example 1: Adding a Click Event Listener
const button = document.getElementById("myButton");
button.addEventListener("click", () => {
alert("Button clicked!");
});
Event Delegation
Event delegation is a technique where you attach a single event listener to a parent element to handle events on its child
elements. This is useful for managing events dynamically or efficiently when there are many child elements.
Event Delegation is used to:
Reduces the number of event listeners in your code.
Efficient for dynamically created elements.
Simplifies event handling for similar child elements.
How Event Delegation Works
Event delegation relies on event bubbling, where an event triggered on a child element propagates up to its parent
elements.
Syntax
parentElement.addEventListener(event, (e) => {
if (e.target.matches(selector)) {
callbackFunction(e);
}
});
Parameter Description
parentElement The parent element where the event listener is attached.
event The name of the event to listen for (e.g., "click", "change").
e.target The element that triggered the event.
selector A CSS selector to match the child elements for which the event should be handled.
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Arrays in JavaScript
An array is a data structure used to store multiple values in a single variable. Arrays in JavaScript are dynamic and can hold
values of different types.
Property of JavaScript array:
1. Dynamic Nature: Arrays in JavaScript can grow or shrink dynamically. Many methods (map(), reduce(), etc.) rely on
custom callback functions for flexibility.
2. Chaining: Methods like map() and filter() can be chained for complex operations.
3. Mutability: Methods like push(), pop(), shift(), unshift(), sort() and reverse() modify the original array, while map(),
filter() and reduce() return new arrays or values.
Creating Arrays
1. Using Array Literals
Syntax: let arrayName = [value1, value2, ...];
Example:
let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
console.log(fruits); // Output: ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
2. Using the Array Constructor
Syntax: let arrayName = new Array(size or elements);
Example:
let numbers = new Array(5); // Creates an array with 5 empty slots
let colors = new Array("Red", "Green", "Blue");
console.log(colors); // Output: ["Red", "Green", "Blue"]
Manipulating Arrays
Method Description Syntax Example Output
push()
Adds one or more elements to the end of an array.
Returns the new length of the array.
Syntax:
array.push(element1, element2);
Example:
let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana"];
fruits.push("Cherry");
console.log(fruits); // Output: ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
pop()
Removes the last element from an array.
Returns the removed element.
Syntax :
array.pop();
Example:
let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
let lastFruit = fruits.pop();
console.log(fruits); // Output: ["Apple", "Banana"]
console.log(lastFruit); // Output: "Cherry"
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shift()
Removes the first element from an array.
Returns the removed element.
Syntax:
array.shift();
Example:
let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"];
let firstFruit = fruits.shift();
console.log(fruits); // Output: ["Banana", "Cherry"]
console.log(firstFruit); // Output: "Apple"
unshift()
Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array.
Returns the new length of the array.
Syntax:
array.unshift(element1, element2);
Example:
let fruits = ["Banana", "Cherry"];
fruits.unshift("Apple");
console.log(fruits); // Output: ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
map()
Creates a new array by applying a function to each element of the original array.
Syntax:
array.map(callback);
Example:
let numbers = [1, 2, 3];
let squared = numbers.map(num => num * num);
console.log(squared); // Output: [1, 4, 9]
filter()
Creates a new array with elements that pass a test implemented by a function.
Syntax:
array.filter(callback);
Example:
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let evenNumbers = numbers.filter(num => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(evenNumbers); // Output: [2, 4]
Some Advanced Array Methods
Method Description Syntax Example Output
reduce()
Combines all elements of an array into a single value by applying a function iteratively.
The function takes an accumulator (previous result) and the current element as arguments.
Syntax:
array.reduce(callback(accumulator, currentValue, index, array), initialValue);
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Example:
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let sum = numbers.reduce((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 0);
console.log(sum); // Output: 10
find()
Returns the first element in the array that satisfies a given condition.
If no element satisfies the condition, it returns undefined.
Syntax:
array.find(callback(element, index, array));
Example:
let numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 8];
let firstEven = numbers.find(num => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(firstEven); // Output: 8
findIndex()
Returns the index of the first element that satisfies a given condition.
If no element satisfies the condition, it returns -1.
Syntax:
array.findIndex(callback(element, index, array));
Example:
let numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 8];
let firstEvenIndex = numbers.findIndex(num => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(firstEvenIndex); // Output: 4
every()
Tests whether all elements in the array satisfy a given condition.
Returns true if all elements pass the test; otherwise, false.
Syntax:
array.every(callback(element, index, array));
Example:
let numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8];
let allEven = numbers.every(num => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(allEven); // Output: true
some()
Tests whether at least one element in the array satisfies a given condition.
Returns true if any element passes the test; otherwise, false.
Syntax:
array.some(callback(element, index, array));
Example:
let numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7, 8];
let hasEven = numbers.some(num => num % 2 === 0);
console.log(hasEven); // Output: true
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sort()
Sorts the elements of an array in place.
By default, sorts elements as strings in ascending order.
A custom compare function can be provided for numerical or complex sorting.
Syntax:
array.sort(compareFunction);
Example:
let numbers = [10, 3, 7, 1];
numbers.sort((a, b) => a - b); // Ascending order
console.log(numbers); // Output: [1, 3, 7, 10]
reverse()
Reverses the order of elements in an array in place.
Syntax:
array.reverse();
Example:
let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
numbers.reverse();
console.log(numbers); // Output: [4, 3, 2, 1]
Objects in JavaScript
Objects in JavaScript are collections of properties and methods. They represent real-world entities and are a cornerstone of
JavaScript programming.
1. Properties
Properties are key-value pairs associated with an object.
The key is always a string (or symbol), and the value can be any data type (string, number, object, function, etc.).
Syntax:
let objectName = {
property1: value1,
property2: value2,
};
Example:
let car = {
brand: "Toyota",
model: "Corolla",
year: 2022,
};
console.log(car.brand); // Output: Toyota
2. Methods
Methods are functions defined as properties of an object.
They allow objects to perform actions.
Syntax:
let objectName = {
methodName: function() {
// Code here
}, };
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Example:
let calculator = {
add: function(a, b) {
return a + b;
},
};
console.log(calculator.add(5, 3)); // Output: 8
3. The this Keyword
Refers to the object in which it is used.
In methods, this points to the object calling the method.
Example:
let person = { name: "Alice", greet: function() {
return ‘Hello, my name is ${this.name}’; }, };
console.log(person.greet()); // Output: Hello, my name is Alice
Accessing Properties and Methods
Access Type Syntax Example Output
Dot Notation object.property car.brand Toyota
Bracket Notation object["property"] car["model"] Corolla
Accessing Methods object.method() calculator.add(5, 3) 8
Using this this.property inside a method person.greet() Hello, my name is Alice
Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Properties
Operation Syntax Example Output
Add Property object.newProp = value; car.color = "Red"; Adds color: "Red"
Modify Property object.property = newValue; car.brand = "Honda"; Updates brand to Honda
Delete Property delete object.property; delete car.year; Removes year
Object Creation
Type Description Syntax
Object Literals The most common way to create let user = { name: "John", age: 30 };
objects.
Using new Object(): Creates an empty object and adds let user = new Object();
properties later. user.name = "John";
user.age = 30;
Using Constructor Functions Used to create multiple objects of the function User(name, age) {
same type. this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
let user1 = new User("Alice", 25);
let user2 = new User("Bob", 30);
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Using Classes Modern syntax for creating objects class User {
with methods and properties. constructor(name, age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
greet() {
return `Hi, I'm ${this.name}`;
}
}
let user = new User("Alice", 25);
console.log(user.greet()); // Output: Hi, I'm
Alice
Introduction to Asynchronous Programming
Asynchronous programming allows a program to handle tasks like file reading, network requests, or timers without blocking
the main thread. This ensures that applications remain responsive even when performing time-consuming operations.
Features of Asynchronous Programming
Concept Description
Synchronous Execution Tasks are executed one at a time in a sequence, blocking the next task until the current one
completes.
Asynchronous Tasks are executed without waiting for the previous task to complete, enabling non-blocking
Execution behavior.
Synchronous Example Asynchronous Example
console.log("Start"); console.log("Start");
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) { setTimeout(() => console.log("Asynchronous Task"), 1000);
console.log(i); console.log("End");
} Output:
console.log("End"); Start
End
Output: Asynchronous Task
Start
0
1
2
End
Callbacks
A callback is a function passed as an argument to another function, executed after the completion of an asynchronous
operation.
Example: Imagine ordering pizza. You give your phone number to the pizza shop (callback). When the pizza is ready, they call
you to notify you (execute the callback).
Syntax
function asyncOperation(callback) {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Operation Complete"); callback(); }, 1000);
}
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Example
function displayMessage() {
console.log("Callback executed!");
}
console.log("Start");
asyncOperation(displayMessage);
console.log("End");
Output:
Start
End
Operation Complete
Callback executed!
Advantages
Simple to use for basic tasks.
Disadvantages
Can lead to "callback hell."
Note: Callback Hell: Callback hell happens when you use too many nested callbacks, making your code hard to read, debug,
and maintain. It looks like a "pyramid" or "ladder" because one function depends on the result of the previous function.
Promises
A Promise is an object that represents a task that will complete in the future (success or failure). It has three states:
States of a Promise
State Description
Pending Initial state, neither fulfilled nor rejected.
Fulfilled Operation completed successfully.
Rejected Operation failed.
Syntax
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
if (condition) {
resolve("Success");
} else {
reject("Error");
}
});
Example
const fetchData = () => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Data fetched successfully!");
}, 1000);
});
};
fetchData()
.then((data) => console.log(data))
.catch((error) => console.error(error));
Output:
Data fetched successfully!
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Advantages
Avoids callback hell.
Chainable .then() and .catch().
Disadvantages
Requires more code for simple operations.
Still requires careful error handling.
Async/Await
Async/await is a syntactic sugar over promises, making asynchronous code look and behave more like synchronous code.
Example: Instead of constantly checking for your package (callbacks or .then), you simply wait until it's delivered (await).
Syntax
async function asyncFunction() {
try {
const result = await promise;
console.log(result);
} catch (error) {
console.error(error);
}
}
Example
const fetchData = () => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve("Data fetched successfully!");
}, 1000);
});
};
async function fetchAndDisplay() {
console.log("Fetching data...");
const data = await fetchData();
console.log(data);
}
fetchAndDisplay();
Output:
Fetching data...
Data fetched successfully!
Advantages
Simplifies asynchronous code.
Better error handling with try-catch.
Disadvantages
Requires modern JavaScript environments.
May block execution within await.
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Comparison of Callbacks, Promises, and Async/Await
Feature Callbacks Promises Async/Await
Ease of Use Basic but leads to callback Cleaner syntax with .then() and Simplifies code, resembles
hell. .catch. synchronous flow.
Error Handling Difficult to manage. Handled using .catch(). Managed using try-catch.
Code Poor in nested callbacks. Better readability. Excellent readability.
Readability
Example callbackFunction() promise.then().catch() await promise
Fetch API for Making HTTP Requests
The Fetch API is a modern JavaScript interface for making HTTP requests to servers. It is built on promises and allows you to
perform tasks like retrieving data from APIs, submitting forms, or interacting with RESTful services in a clean and readable
way.
Features of Fetch API
Feature Description
Promise-Based The Fetch API uses promises, making it easier to handle asynchronous requests.
Default Method The default HTTP method is GET, but you can specify others like POST, PUT, and DELETE.
Response Object The response object provides methods like .json(), .text(), and .blob() to parse responses.
Supports Headers You can set custom headers for requests.
Syntax
fetch(url, options)
.then(response => {
// Handle the response
})
.catch(error => {
// Handle errors
});
Parameter Description
url The URL to which the request is sent.
options Optional object specifying request details like method, headers, body, etc.
Making HTTP Requests Using Fetch
1. GET Request: Used to retrieve data from a server.
2. POST Request: Used to send data to a server.
3. PUT Request: Used to update existing data on the server.
4. DELETE Request: Used to delete data from the server.
Handling Responses
The response object provides methods to process the data:
Method Description Example
.json() Parses the response as JSON. response.json()
.text() Parses the response as plain text. response.text()
.blob() Parses the response as a binary large object (e.g., images). response.blob()
.status Returns the HTTP status code of the response. response.status
.ok Returns true if the HTTP status code is in the range 200–299. response.ok
Comparison of Fetch API with XMLHttpRequest
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Would you like to explore error handling or real-world examples in more depth?
Feature Fetch API XMLHttpRequest
Ease of Use Cleaner syntax with promises. Callback-based, less readable.
Built-In JSON Support Yes, using .json(). No, requires manual parsing.
Modernity New and widely adopted. Older and less commonly used now.
Error Handling and Debugging in JavaScript
Effective error handling and debugging are essential to ensure smooth execution of JavaScript code. JavaScript provides tools
like try...catch blocks for error handling and browser debugging tools for identifying and resolving issues.
Error Handling: try...catch Block
The try...catch block allows you to handle runtime errors gracefully without breaking the entire application. Errors in the try
block are caught in the catch block, where you can handle them.
Syntax
try {
// Code that might throw an error
} catch (error) {
// Code to handle the error
} finally {
// Optional: Code that always executes
}
Keyword Description
try Block of code to test for errors.
catch Block of code to handle errors. The error object contains details about the error.
finally Optional block that always executes after try or catch, regardless of an error.
Error Handling Methods
Method Description Example
try...catch Handles runtime errors. Catching JSON parsing errors.
throw Manually throws an error. throw new Error("Custom error message");
finally Executes code after try/catch, regardless of success Cleaning up resources like closing a file or database
or failure. connection.
Debugging Tools in the Browser
Modern browsers provide powerful tools to debug JavaScript applications. These tools allow you to inspect code, set
breakpoints, and monitor application behavior.
1. Console: The console is used to log messages, errors, and warnings.
Command Description Example
console.log() Logs messages to the console. console.log("Hello, World!");
console.error() Logs error messages. console.error("An error occurred!");
console.warn() Logs warnings. console.warn("This is a warning!");
2. Breakpoints: Breakpoints pause code execution to allow step-by-step debugging.
Steps to Use Breakpoints:
1. Open the browser’s Developer Tools (F12 or Ctrl+Shift+I).
2. Navigate to the Sources tab.
3. Locate the script and click on the line number to set a breakpoint.
4. Refresh the page to trigger the breakpoint.
3. Call Stack: The call stack shows the sequence of function calls leading to the current execution point.
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4. Watch Expressions: Monitor specific variables or expressions during debugging.
Steps:
1. Open the Developer Tools.
2. Go to the Watch section in the Sources tab.
3. Add variables or expressions to watch their values in real-time.
5. Network Tab: The Network tab helps debug HTTP requests and responses.
Feature Description
Status Code Shows HTTP status codes like 200, 404, etc.
Headers Displays request and response headers.
Payload Shows the data sent in requests.
6. Debugger Keyword : The debugger keyword pauses code execution at a specific point.
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