SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT (SIP)

PROGRESS REPORT 2
ON

AN INSIGHT INTO RESEARCH

DESIGN WITHIN ORGANIZATIONS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Name: Mr. Gurkirat Singh Name: Rashu Kumari
Designation: Visiting Faculty UID: 23MBA11646
Chandigarh University MBA Batch: 2023-2025

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS CHANDIGARH
UNIVERSITY GHARAUN, MOHALI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Particulars Page No.

1 Research Design 03

2 Types of Research Design 03

3 Sub-types of Research Design 04

4 Principles of Research Design 05

5 Research Design Elements 07

6 Characteristics of Research Design 08

7 Research Process 09

8 Variables 09

9 Position of Level of Significance 10

10 Primary and Secondary Data 11

 RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research Design is the framework of research methods and techniques that researchers have chosen to
conduct their research. This design allows researchers to sharpen the research method appropriate for the
topic and succeed in the research.

Creating a research topic describes the types of research (experimental, research, correlation, semi-
experimental, review) and their subtypes (design of experiments, research questions, and descriptive case
studies).

There are three main feathers of research design:

• Data Collection
• Measurement
• Analysis
Organizational research issues drive design, but not the other way around. During the study design
phase, you decide which tools to use and how to use them.

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN:

Researchers need a clear understanding of the different types of research designs in order to select models to
apply to their studies.

Like the study itself, the design of an analysis can be divided into quantitative and qualitative.

• QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION:
Determines the relationship between observations and data collected based on mathematical calculations.
Statistical methods can confirm or
disprove theories related to natural phenomena. Researchers rely on qualitative research
methods to conclude "why" a particular theory exists and what respondents have to say about it.

• QUANTITATIVE STUDIES:
For cases where statistical reasoning is required to obtain actionable information, Numbers give you a better
perspective to make important business For decisions. Quantitative research methods are essential for the
growth of any tissue. Complex numerical data and insights from analytics can be very effective in making
decisions about the future of your business.
SUB-TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN:

1. Descriptive research Design:

This research describes the characteristics of the variable under study. The focus is basically on the “what”
and “why” of the problem taken for the research. It observes the research problem thoroughly. If the
problem is not clear for conducting descriptive research then exploratory research can be used by
researchers first.

2. Experimental research design:

It is an experimentation done by taking two or more variables. By keeping first variable constant which can be
manipulated to see the difference occurred in the second variable.

It helps to gather necessary data for us to make better decision about the framed hypothesis. Whatever
changes observed in the variable under study is solely based on the manipulation of independent variable. It
is the most accurate and practical kind of research.

3. Correlation research design:

It represents the relationship between two groups. It studies about how one group impacts the other and what
are the changes that are observed when either one of them changes. At least two groups required to conduct
quantitative research successfully.

It ranges from -1 to +1 where -1 indicates a perfect negative relationship and +1 indicates a positive
relationship.

4. Diagnostic research design:

In this research researcher finds out the cause of a specific problem. It includes origination of issue,
investigation of issue, solutions of the issue.

It consists of 3 parts of the study:

a) Initiating a Problem
b) Diagnosing a Problem
c) Solving a Problem
5. Explanatory research design:
This research uses ideas and thoughts of research. It mainly focuses on the undiscovered problem and
elaborated in detail. This research helps researcher to get deeply elaboration of what and why Questions
of that problem. The part that is unexplained gets more focus.

PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH DESIGN:

1. Principle of Repetition
2. Principle of Randomization
3. Principle of Local Control

1. Principle of Repetition:
According to this principle, an experiment should be repeated more than once. Therefore, each treatment
applies to several experimental setups rather than just one. This increases the statistical accuracy of the
experiment. For example, suppose you are investigating the effects of two types of wheat. Therefore, we
divide the field into two parts and grow one variety in one part and the other in another. It then compares
the returns of the two parts and draws a conclusion based on it. However, if we apply the cloning principle
to this experiment, we will first divide the field into parts and grow one cultivar in half of this part and the
other cultivar in the rest. It then collects data on the yields of the two varieties and compares them to draw
conclusions. Results obtained in this way are more reliable than conclusions drawn without applying the
principle of iteration.

2. Principle of Randomization:
When conducting experiments, the principle of randomization protects us from the influence of external
factors. This indicates that this principle requires researchers to design or design experiments in such a way
that all variations caused by external factors can be grouped under the general heading of "randomness".

For example, when a researcher grows one variety of wheat in the first half of a field and grows another
variety in the other half, soil fertility may vary in the first half of the field. Half compared to the other
half. If so, there searcher's results are unrealistic. In this situation, he can assign a variety of wheat to
grow in different parts of the field to apply the random sampling method, i.e. the principle of
randomization, and to protect itself from the influence of external factors.

Thus, he can use the principle of randomization to better estimate the error of the experiment.
3. Principle of Local Control:
This is another important principle of experimental design. According to this principle, external factors
that are known causes of variability are intentionally changed over a wide range as needed. This should be
done in such a way that the variability it causes can be measured and thus excluded from experimental
error. Experiments should be designed in such a way that the researcher can perform a two tailed
ANOVA that divides the overall variability of the data into three components related to the external
factor, the treatment and experimental error. In short, if the principle of local control is used, variability
due to external factors can be excluded from the experimental error.

RESEARCH DESIGN ELEMENTS:

Effective studies typically minimize data bias and increase the accuracy of the collected data. Designs
with minimal margin of error in experimental studies are generally considered to be the desired result.

The important factors are:

1. Exact purpose

2. Methods used to collect and analyze survey results

3. Methods used to analyze the collected details

4. Types of survey methods

5. Potential opposition to the survey

6. Attitudes towards the survey

7. Timeline

CHARACTERSTICS OF A RESEARCH DESIGN:

1. Neutrality

2. Reliability
3. Validity
4. Generalization
 1. Neutrality: When preparing a study, you may need to make assumptions about the data to be
collected. The predicted outcomes of the study should be unbiased and neutral. Understand the
opinions of multiple people's final estimates and conclusions, and consider those who agree with the
results.

2. Reliability: In regular studies, researchers expect the same results every time. A solid
design will give you the results you want. Your plan should indicate how to formulate your
research questions to ensure standards of outcome.

3. Validity: Multiple measurement tools are available. However, the right measurement tools
are only those that help researchers evaluate outcomes based on research objectives. Thereafter, the
questionnaire developed on the basis of this plan will be valid.

4. Generalization: The outcome of the plan should apply to a population as well as a limited
sample. The generalized method assumes that the survey can be conducted on any part of the
population with the same accuracy.

The above factors affect how respondents respond to survey questions, so a good design should
balance all of the above characteristics.

RESEARCH PROCESS:
Study operation consists of a series of path or behaviour wanted for effectively conducting study.

The following are the steps that provide useful procedural guidelines regarding the conduct of research:

1. Articulating the inquiry problem

2. Extended literature audit

3. Developing theory
4. Preparing the inquiry design

5. Determining sample design

6. Collecting data
7. Performance of the strategy
8. Anatomy of data
9. Theory testing

10. Generality and explanation

11. Preparation of the report or present of the conclusions.

VARIABLE:
In research, a variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and is
measured, manipulated, or controlled in a study to understand its effects and relationships with other
variables.

Dependent and Independent Variables:

An account that varies is understood as a variable. The generality may undertake other quantitative
worth’s like head, load, revenue etc.

Qualitative variables are not quantifiable in the strictest sense of the word. However, qualitative phenomena
can also be quantified depending on the presence or absence of the attribute under consideration.

The phenomenon of taking different quantitative values even at the decimal point is called "continuous
variable". However, not all variables need to be continuous. A value that can only be expressed as an
integer is called a "continuous variable". alike understood as" unconnected variable" in statistical
vocabulary.

For example, age is a continuous variable and number of children is anon-constant variable.

When a change in one variable depends on a change in another variable, it is called a dependent variable
or endogenous variable, and the variable that causes a change in the dependent variable is called an
independent or explanatory variable or exogenous variable.

For example, if demand depends on price, then demand is the dependent variable and price is the independent
variable. And if demand is determined by many variables, such as income and the price of a substitute,
demand will depend on it in addition to the price of the original good. In other words, demand is a dependent
variable determined by independent variables such as the price of the original good, income, and the price of
substitute goods.

POSITION OF LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:

It's a certain chance that should be chosen with great care, reason and insight. However, the significance
position is taken at 5 per cent, also it means that H0 would be rejected when the slice result has a lower than
0,If for case.05 probability of circumstance when H0 is true.
In other words, the five per cent position of significance implies that the experimenter is willing to take a
threat of five per cent of rejecting the null thesis, when (H0) is actually true. In sum, the significance position
reflects the maximum value of the probability of rejecting H0 when it's actually true, and which is generally
determined previous to testing the thesis.

Primary and Secondary Data:

Primary Data that has been generated by the experimenter himself herself, checks, interviews, trials,
especially designed for understanding and working the exploration problem at hand.

Secondary Data Using being data generated by large government Institutions, healthcare installations etc. as
part of organizational recordkeeping. The data is also uprooted from further varied data lines.

Data Sampling:
Data sampling is a research method used to select a subset of individuals or cases from a larger population,
known as the sample, to represent the characteristics of the entire population.

The goal of data sampling is to make inferences about the population based on the data collected from the
sample.

Methods of Data Sampling:

1. Random Sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

2. Stratified Sampling: Divides the population into subgroups and selects a random sample from each
subgroup.

3. Systematic Sampling: Selects every nth member from a list or population.

4. Cluster Sampling: Selects a random sample from a subset of the population.

5. Snowball Sampling: Selects participants who refer others to the study.

6. Quota Sampling: Selects participants based on specific characteristics to ensure representation.

7. Purposive Sampling: Selects participants based on specific criteria or characteristics relevant to the
study.
8. Self-Selection Sampling: Participants volunteer to participate in the study.

9. Judgmental Sampling: Researchers select participants based on their expertise and knowledge.

10. Probability Sampling: Uses random selection methods to ensure representativeness.

11. Non-Probability Sampling: Does not use random selection methods, and participants are selected
based on convenience or other factors.