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2 SPREADSHEET

Spreadsheet is a large sheet comprising several Rows and Columns for data
manipulation. It is used to record, calculate and compare numerical or financial data. It is
an application software. The data stored can be arranged and analysed with the help of
different functions and formulae. Spreadsheet provides the facility to draw various graphs
like bar, pie, etc.

LibreOffice Calc
LibreOffice Calc is a spread sheet package that we can use to calculate, analyse and
manage data. LibreOffice Calc is available in variety of platforms including Linux,
Windows and macOS. LibreOffice is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS).

Features of LibreOfficeCalc/ Spread Sheet

 Easy Calculations: In LibreOffice Calc, there are lot of tools which help the user to
perform even complex calculations on different data across sheets with ease.

 Arranging Data: The data stored in LibreOffice calc can be organised or

reorganised according to the needs of the user.

 Serve as Database: This programme allows storing any amount of data in different
sheets. Storing, retrieving, filtering etc. are easy in it.

 Dynamic Charts: Different types of charts are available in LibreOffice Calc and are
enable the user to present various data in an appealing manner.
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Components of spreadsheet-LibreOffice Calc

1. Row
2. Column
3. Cell
4. Range

1. Row: The horizontal grid in a in a work sheet is called row. Rows are named by
numbers like 1, 2, 3 etc. In LibreOffie Calc there are 1048576 rows.

2. .Column: The vertical grid in a worksheet is called column. Columns are named by
alpha characters like A, B.AA,AB,..and ended with AMJ) In LibreOffice Calc there are
1024 columns.
Insert a column or row

We can add or delete Rows and columns in a spread sheet. To add a column, click
at the column header and right click the mouse, here we get an option to ìinsert
column leftî Click, new column is to be inserted.

OR

Right click the mouse anywhere in the column-----------Insert-------Entire column-----Ok

Insert a Row
To add a row, click at the Row header and right click the mouse, there we get an
option to ìinsert Rows aboveî ----- Click ,new Row is to be inserted.

OR

Right click the mouse in a cell anywhere in the row to be inserted---------Insert----- Entire Row

Delete column
To delete a column the following steps to be followed:
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To delete a column, click at the column header and right click the mouse, here we
get an option to ìdelete selected columnî-----Click ,now the selected column deleted
OR
1. Select anywhere in the column to be deleted.
2. Right click the mouse.
3. Select delete.
4. Again select ìdelete entire columnî
5. Click OK
3. Cell: The intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. In a spread sheet data
are recorded in cells. Data can be number, text, date & time. The data is always
entered into the active cell; the active cell can be identified with the black outline.

Cell address: Cell address is used to identify a cell. It consists of column name
(letter) and row number. Each cell has a unique identification code known as cell
address. Example for cell address:

Cell pointer: The active cell has a frame around it. That frame is called cell pointer

4. Range: A RANGE is a group of adjacent cells in a worksheet. A range may contain

just a single cell, or many cells. A range can be referenced by giving the address of
the starting cell and ending cell separated by a colon (:) eg.The range starting from D1
to E10 is written as D1:E10, where colon (:) is the range operator.

For eg: The range D1:E10 (D1 colon E10) includes a block of 20 cells starting from D1
and ending E10.
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Naming a Range
Naming a range means giving a reference name to a specific range. Naming range in
Calc will save time for writing complex formulas.

Steps Involved in the process of naming a range (name of the range is ìNumbersî)

1. Select the cells which are to be named, say(B2:F2)

2. Select ìDefine Range ìfrom ìDataî Menu.

This will display a dialogue box as ìDefine Database Rangeî. It will provide a place
to enter ìNameî in which type we can type any name ,say ìNumbersî which will
represent cell range $B$2:$F$2 as shown in the range. Naming range in Calc will
save time for writing complex formulas.

A Screen in LibreOffice Calc

1. Title bar: File Name displayed here.

2. Menu Bar: Various features of the software displayed here. This menu contains
items to create a new document, save a document, to access templates and
wizards.

3. Standard Tool bar: Here tools like sort, cut, copy, save, spelling etc are arranged.
Standard Toolbar gives the user access to file operations, printing etc.
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4. Formatting Tool Bar: The formatting toolbar is a toolbar that gives the user the
ability to change the formatting of selected text. Various tools like font size, bold,
underline etc arranged here.

5. Active Cell: the selected, highlighted, or clicked-upon cell is called the active cell.
Data entry takes place only in an active cell.

6. Name Box: This is the place where the active cellís address is displayed. Displays
the reference for the current cell, the range of the selected cells, or the name of the
area.

7. Formula Bar: It shows the contents of the current cell and allows you to create and
view formula.

8. Column Header: Name of the column displayed here. Columns are named alpha
characters like A, B...AA,AB,..and ended with AMJ. In LibreOffice Calc there are
1024 columns.

9. Row Header: Name of the row displayed here. Rows are named by numbers like 1,
2, 3 etc. In LibreOffice Calc there are 1048576 rows.

10. Sheet Tab: Sheet tab shows the sheets in a work book. Here the user can rename,
move, delete and copy a work sheet.

11. Status Bar: The Status Bar is located on the bottom of your document page.It's
not a toolbar Displays the number of the current sheet, the total number of sheets in
the spreadsheet, current Page Style etc.
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Work book
A file in spread sheet is known as work book. A work book is a collection of number of
work sheets.

Work sheet
Each page in the work book is called work sheet.

Spreadsheet Operations
 Open Work Book: While being on the LibreOffice Calc, you can open a new
workbook by choosing ëNewí------ ëSpreadsheet íoption from the File Menu. While
being on the LibreOffice Calc, you can open a existing workbook by choosing
ëopen ëoption from the File Menu and select the required workbook.

 Save a Work Sheet: It is necessary to save all the files in the computer when your
work is completed.íSave Así option in the File Menu enables you to save a
workbook with a suitable name to the computer.

 Close Work Book: After you finish works in a workbook, you can close the
workbook with ëCloseí option from ëFileí menu.

 Insert a new work sheet: Click the tab at the exact position (plus symbol) on the
bottom of the present work sheet or right click on the sheet tab--------Insert sheet.

 To delete a work sheet: Click on the work sheet tab which you want to delete -----
Right click----Delete Sheet----Ok.

 To rename a worksheet: Click on the name of the work sheet tab (say, sheet 1)
you want to rename -----Right click------ -Enter the new name---- ----Ok.
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 To copy / move a work sheet: Click on the work sheet tab which you want to
copy-------Right click-----select move or copy-------- select the sheet insert before ---
---- ok.

 Quit LibreOffice Calc: Use ëExit LibreOfficeí option from the ëfileí Menu.

Types of Data
In the cell of a worksheet three types of data are entered .They are-Value, Label and
Formula.

 Value-Value is a number that you enter in a cell. It also includes symbols like +,-,
coma (,) and decimal point (.).By default values are right aligned. Calculations can
be done using values only. Example: Age of employee, salary of employee etc.

 Label- The text data is called label. It includes alphabets and symbols. By default
labels are left aligned. Example: Name of Employee, sex, designation etc.

 Formula- A formula is a mathematical expression that produces a new value from

the values or numbers on which it is applied. Formulas are used for simple
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division as well as for complex calculations.
In LibreOffice calc formula begins with an equal (=) symbol. Example : =SUM
(A2:F5)

Deleting the cell content

The contents of a cell can be deleted by placing the mouse pointer at the concerned cell
to be deleted and press the space bar from the key board or select the cell to be deleted-
---------delete.
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Components of a Formula
Formulas are used for simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division as well as
for complex calculations. Formulas help to speed up the calculations. A standard formula
may have three components.

 Mathematical operators
 Cell References
 Functions

Mathematical Operators: In a formula, there must be some mathematical

operators like +,- etc.The following table shows different types of operators.
Operation Performed Operators Symbol
Arithmetic Operators
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Percent %
Exponential ^
Comparison Operators
Equal to =
Greater than >
Less than <
Greater than or Equal to >=
Less than or equal to <=
Not equal to <>
Reference Operators
Range operator :
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Cell Reference: The cell address used in a formula is called cell reference. A cell
reference identifies the location of a cell or cells in the spreadsheet. There are three
types of cell references:
 Types of cell references
1. Relative references
2. Absolute references
3. Mixed cell references

Relative reference (Normal references): In relative cell reference, when a formula

is copied to another cell, the cell references given in the formula will automatically
changes to suit the new location. For eg cell D1 contains the formula =A1+B1+C1,
while coping the formula in D1 to D2 the formula will automatically changed to =
A2+B2+C2.

Absolute cell reference: Unlike relative references, absolute reference cell does
not change when copied to another location. An absolute cell reference is used to
keep a cell constant in the formula.Here column and row (a Cell) remain constant
.To set an absolute reference a dollar sign ($) is use before the column name and/
row number.

Example: 1, when the formula C7 =B7*$C$1 is copied from C7 toC8, the relative
cell reference changes B7 to B8 but the absolute cell reference ($C$1) remains
unchanged. Here both the column C and row 1 are constant.

Example 2: C1=$A$1+$B$1.Absolute cell reference will not change its references if

we copy the formula to any part of the work sheet.

Mixed reference: Mixed reference is used to keep a column or a row remains

constant in a formula. It is partly absolute and partly relative. In mixed cell
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references when formula is copied and pasted to other cells ,the cell reference in
the formula ,it holds either row number or column name constant.$C4 is example
for column constant, C$5 is example for row constant.

For example cell reference $A1, makes the column A constant, but the row 1
changes as A1,A2,A3 etc according to the new location. In the same way the
reference A$1, makes the row 1 constant, but the column reference changes as
B1,C1,D1 etc according to the new location.

Another example: C1=A$1+$B1, C2=B2*A$2

Functions: Functions are built in formulas or predefined formulas in

spreadsheet to perform some specific calculations.Unlike formula in function
users have to provide cell references and address only. There are different
categories of functions available in LibreOffice Calc.

Example for function: H2=SUM(B2:G2)

Difference between Formula and Function

Formula Function
It is user designed It is software designed or
predefined
User should give cell User should give only cell
references and arithmetical references
opertors in a formula.
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Arguments: The data that a function receives is known as the arguments of the
function.. For example,F1=Avg(D1:D10) .In this formula ,the cell range D1:D10 is the
argument of the average functions.

Important functions in LibreOffice Calc

LibreOffice Calc provides many functions by default. Here classify LibreOffice Calc
functions into six categories.

1. Date and Time function.

2. Mathematical function.
3. Statistical Function
4. Text manipulation function
5. Logical function.
6. Lookup function.
7. Financial function.

Date & Time Mathematical Statistical Text Logical Lookup Financial

Function Function Function Manipulation Function Function Function
Function L
TODAY SUM AVERAGE TEXT IF LOOKUP ACCRINT
NOW SUMIF MINIMUM CONCATENA AND VLOOKUP CUMIPMT
DAY ROUND MAXIMUM -TE NOT HLOOKUP PV
MONTH ROUNDUP COUNTIF OR FV
YEAR ROUNDDOWN COUNT PMT
DATEVALU COUNTA RATE
COUNTBLANK NPV
ROWS
COLUMNS

 Date and Time Function: Accounting is much related with the dates and time.
Transactions are recorded and analysed on the basis of its date and time of occurrences.
This function is used to perform operations on date and time values.LibreOffice Cal takes
30/12/1899 as the base year for calculating date. Date and time functions are used to
manipulate date and time. The important Date and Time functions are, TODAY ( ), NOW
( ), DAY ( ), MONTH ( ), YEAR ( ), DATEVALUE ( ).
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 Today ( ): This function shows todayís date in a selected cell.LibreOffice Calc

assumes this date from our computerís system date. This function helps to
calculate days between current date and a given date. For example, we can find
out current date (suppose current date is15-08-2018) in cell A1 by A1=Today ()
and type date,say,01/01/2018 in cell B1.We will get answer in cell C1. C1=A1-
B1.In this case answer will be 226 days.

 Now ( ): It is a similar function of Today (). But Now ( ) function shows the current
date with time.

 Day (serial number): This function shows the day of the date. For example if
A1=23-9-2015, the Day(A1) will result in 23.Because it is the 23rd day of the
month.

 Month (): This function returns the serial number of a given date ranging from 1
to 12. Syntax :MONTH(ìdateî) Example :MONTH(ì01/06/2019î) returns 6,i,e. The
6th month.
 Year () This function shows the serial number of the year from the date value
given in the bracket. For example in the above case Year(A1) or Year
(ì15/08/18î)returns 2018,i.e. the 2018th year.

 DATEVALUE ( ): This function converts the given date that is stored as text to a
serial number that LibreOffice Calc recognises as a date. LibreOffice Calc
considers 30/121899 as the base date with date value zero.Based upon
this,DATEVALUE function converts the given date and return its corresponding
date value number.

For example the formula =DATEVALUE(ì01/01/2016î)returns the value 42370.

There is 42370 days from 30/12/1899 to 01/01/2016. The DATEVALUE(ìDateî )
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function is helpful in case where a worksheet contains dates in a text format that
you want to filter, sort, or use in the date calculations.

Example-2,the Function DATEVALUE(ì15/08/2018î) returns 43327,the serial

number of the date 15/08/2018,that date value(43327) is used by spread sheet in
the date calculations.

 Mathematical Functions
These functions are used for arithmetical calculations used in business. It includes :
 SUM( )
 SUMIF( )
 ROUND( )
 ROUNDUP( )
 ROUNDDOWN( )

 SUM ( ): The SUM function is used to add the values contained in a range of
cells.

For example =SUM(12,14,10).It will show the result as 36.(numbers should be

separated by coma(,) Syntax=SUM(number1,number2,number3.........)
Or
Syntax=SUM(cell 1,cell 2,..........)
Or
Syntax=SUM(Range 1,Range 2,..........)

 SUMIF ( ): The SUMIF ( ) function sum its values only when a particular
criteria or condition is satisfied. In SUMIF function firstly test the values given
in the first range and if this range satisfies the given criteria (conditions to be
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tested) then returns the sum of the corresponding values in a second supplied
range.

Syntax=SUMIF(range,îcriteriaî,sum range)

Range is the range to which the criteria are to be applied.

Criteria is the condition to be fulfilled for totalling cells. In function, it has to
be surrounded by double quotes (ì ì).
Sum range (Optional) is the range from which values are summed. If this
parameter has not been indicated, the values found in the range are
summed.

 ROUND ( ): The ROUND function rounds a supplied number to a specified

decimal places.Often while calculating interest, preparing pay roll, division of
numbers etc the end result may be in fraction. ROUND function helps to
round-off the answer to a certain number of decimal place.

 Roundup ( ): The Roundup function always round a number to upward,

without considering the value next to the rounding digit.
Eg.=Roundup(125.373,2)results in 125.38.Instead,if we use the
formula=Round(125.373,2),the result will be 125.37,because the digit in the
third decimal place is less than 5. Syntax=Roundup(number, Count)

 Rounddown( ): The ROUNDDOWN function always round a number to

downward, without considering value next to the rounding digit. Eg.=Round
down(623.497,1)results in 623.4.Instead,if we use the formula
=Round(623.497,1),the result will be 623.5,because the digit in the second
decimal place is more than 5.
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 Statistical Function: Statistical function helps in report generation. It operates on a set

of data and gives summarized results.Important statistical functions are:
 AVERAGE( )
 MINIMUM( )
 MAXIMUM( )
 COUNT()
 COUNTA()
 COUNTBLANK()
 COUNTIF()

 AVEREGE ( )
Syntax=AVERAGE(Number1,number2,...)

This function is used to find out average values (Arithmetic mean) in a range
of cells.

 MINIMUM Function/ MIN( ): The minimum function in LibreOffice Calc is

used to find out lowest values in a range of cells.
Syntax=MIN(Number1,Number2,...)

 MAXIMUM Function/ MAX( ): The maximum function in LibreOffice Calc is

used to find out lowest values in a range of cells.

Syntax=MAX(Number1,Number2,...)

 COUNT ( ): The COUNT function counts the number of cells that contains
numeric values in a given range of cells or list of arguments separated by
commas.
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It counts both numbers and dates. Empty cells, logical values, text and error
codes etc are ignored. Only numerical values (numerical values include
number and date and time) are counted here.

Syntax=COUNT(value 1,value 2,value 3...)

Or
Syntax= COUNT(cell 1,cell 2,..........)
Or
Syntax=COUNT(Range 1,Range 2,..........)

 COUNTA ( ): The COUNTA function counts the number of cells that contain
any type of data. It count cells contains numbers, text, date,time,logical
values,etc. This function never countsempty/ blank cells.

Syntax=Counta(value 1,value 2,value 3...)

 COUNTBLANK ( ): COUNTBLANK functions counts the number of empty

cells in a given range. A cell that contains formula is not treated as empty,
even if its result is empty.

Syntax=Countblank(range)

 COUNTIF ( ): Count if function is used to count the number of cells in a range

that meet a given condition or criteria. The criteria can be a number (10), text
string(Hindu), expression(>) etc.
Syntax=Countif(range,îcriteriaî)

Range: Range to which criteria are to be applied.

Criteria:It can be a number,expression,cell reference or a character string. For

eg.,criteria can be expressed as 7000,î>50î,îThodupuzhaî,C2 etc.

Note.If you search for literal text enclose the text in double quotes (ì ì)
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 Text Manipulation Function

 TEXT: This function converts a numeric value to text in a specific number

format.
Syntax is : TEXT (value, format_text) where,

 CONCATENATE: This function joins two or more text strings into one text
string and its:
Syntax is CONCATENATE (text1, text2,...)

 LOGICAL FUNCTION: Logical functions help to compare more than one condition and
outcome. Logical functions return only one of two values: True or False. Logical function
requires the usage of logical operators.

There are number of logical operators such as =,> (greater than), <(less than),>=
(greater than or equal to),<=(less than or equal to),<>(not equal to) etc.

Eg:=IF(A1<20,îYesî,îNoî)this function will return Yes if cell A1<20 and 0 for anything else

Various logical functions are:

 IF: Specifies a logical test to perform
 AND: Returns TRUE if all of its arguments are TRUE
 OR: Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE

 IF: IF function is one of the most popular and useful functions in

LibreOfficeCalc. This function is used to test a condition, whether it is TRUE
or FALSE. When the condition is TRUE, then first action is taken. When it is
FALSE, then the second action is taken.

Syntax=IF(Test,ThenValue,OtherwiseVlue)
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=IF(A1<20,îPassedî,îFailedî)

Logic test= Condition you want to test, it may be any value or expression that
can be True or False.
Then Value (Value if true)= The value that is returned if the result of logical
test is true.
Otherwise Value (Value if false)=the value that is returned if the result of
logical test is false.
 NESTED IF: Nested If function is used to evaluate different conditions.
The IF function can be nested, when you have multiple conditions to
meet.
Syntax =IF(Test 1,Then Value 1,IF(Test 2,Then Value 2,IF(..............)))

o The second IF will be started only when the first IF statement result
a FALSE value.
o When values are TEXT It should always be enclosed in quotation
mark (ì ì).
o Note the number of closing brackets; its number should be equal to
the number of IFís in the formula.
 AND: Returns TRUE if ALL arguments are TRUE. It checks more than one
condition and if any argument is FALSE, returns FALSE.

Syntax=AND(logical Value 1,logical Value 2..........)

 OR Function: OR Function tests a number of supplied conditions and returns

TRUE if at least one argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are
FALSE.
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The difference between OR and AND is that OR will return TRUE if atlest one
argument is correct but AND will return TRUE only when all arguments must
be correct.
OR (logical Value 1, logical Value 2..........)
Returns TRUE, if at least one argument is TRUE, returns FALSE if all
arguments are FALSE.

Syntax=OR(logical Value 1,logical Value 2..........)

 Lookup and References Function: The LOOKUP function returns a value either from a
one-row or onecolumn range or from an array. The LOOKUP function has two syntax
forms: vector and array.

 LOOKUP (Vector Form) : Lookup_value is a value that LOOKUP searches

for in the first vector. Lookup_value can be a number, text, a logical value, or
a name or reference that refers to a value.

The syntax is LOOKUP (lookup_value, lookup_vector lookup_vector,

result_vector)

 LOOKUP (Array Form)

The syntax is LOOKUP (lookup_value, array)

Lookup_value is a value that LOOKUP searches for in an array.

Lookup_value can be a number, text, a logical value, or a name or reference
that refers to a value.
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 VLOOKUP: The VLOOKUP function, which stands for vertical lookup, helps
us to find specific information in large data tables such as an inventory list of
parts or a large employee contact list. The VLOOKUP function searches and
matches first the required value from the column of a range of cells, and then
returns a value from any cell on the same row of the range.

The syntax is VLOOKUP (lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num,

range_lookup)

 HLOOKUP: The HLOOKUP function (short name of Horizontal Lookup),

searches for a value in the first row of a table array and returns the
corresponding value in the same column from another row of the same table
array.

The syntax for HLOOKUP is : HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array,

row_index_num, range_lookup)

 Financial Functions

 ACCRINT: This function returns the accrued interest for a security that pays
periodic interest.

The syntax of this is ACCRINT (issue, first_interest, settlement, rate, par,

frequency, basis, calc_method).

 CUMIPMT: This function returns the cumulative interest paid between two
periods
The syntax of the function is: CUMIPMT (rate, nper, pv, start_period,
end_period, type)
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 PV: This function returns the present value of an investment. The present
value is the total amount that a series of future payments is worth now.

The syntax of the function is : PV (rate, nper, pmt, fv, type)

 FV: This function returns the future value of an investment based on periodic,
constant payment and a constant interest rate.

The syntax of the function is : FV (rate, nper, pmt, pv, type)

 PMT: The PMT function calculates the periodic payment for an annuity,
assuming equal payments and a constant rate of interest

The syntax of PMT function is = PMT(rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type])

 RATE: This function returns the interest rate per period of an annuity. RATE

is calculated by iteration and can have zero or more solutions. If the successive
results of RATE do not converge to within 0.0000001 after 20 iterations, RATE
returns the #NUM! error value (2.32).

The syntax of the function is : RATE (nper, pmt, pv, fv, type, guess)

 NPV: This function calculates the net present value of an investment by using
a discount rate and a series of future payments (negative values) and income
(positive values).

The syntax for the function is: NPV (rate, value1, value2,…. )
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DATA VALIDATION
Data validation is a feature to define restrictions on type of data entered into a cell. We
can configure data validation rules for cells data that will not allow users to enter invalid
data, There may be warning messages when users tries to type wrong data in the cell.
The messages also guide users to what input is expected for the cell, and instructions to
correct any errors.

DATA VALIDATION FORM

To input data into a spreadsheet, often we type the data into cells directly. That’s where
data validation comes in handy. Instead of typing the same thing again and again, we
can enter data into cells using drop-down lists or using data input form. Using a data form
can make data entry easier than moving from column to column when we have more
columns of data than can be viewed on the screen. To create input data form it is
necessary that all the data names must be entered in the first row of the worksheet.

DATA FORMATTING
Formatting of spreadsheets makes easier to read and understand he important
information (e.g. conditional formatting, number formatting, text and general spreadsheet
formatting etc.). On the Ribbon there are several tools and shortcuts to format
spreadsheets effectively. Some of them are described as follows:

 FORMATTING TOOLS
 Number formatting – Number formatting includes adding per cent
symbols (%), commas (,), decimal places, and currency signs ($,Rs. etc),
date, time, scientific values and as well as some special formats to a
spreadsheet.
 Currency: If we enter a financial value complete with the dollar/ currency
sign and two decimal places, Excel assigns a Currency format to the cell
along with the entry.
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 Percentages: If we enter a value representing a percentage as a whole

number followed by the per cent sign without any decimal places, Excel
assigns to the cell the percentage format that follows this pattern along
with the entry.
 Dates: If we enter a date (dates are values, too) that follows one of the
built-in Excel number formats, such as 16-04-2009 or 16- Apr-2009 the
program assigns a Date format that follows the pattern of the date.
 Conditional Formatting: Conditional formatting helps us for specific
questions about data. We can apply conditional formatting to a cell
range, a table, or a PivotTable report. There are important differences to
understand when we use conditional formatting on a PivotTable report.
 Merging a range of Cells: Merged cells are a single cell that is created
by combining two or more selected cells. The cell reference for a merged
cell is the upper-left cell in the original selected range. When two or more
adjacent horizontal or vertical cells are merged, the cells become one
large cell and displayed across multiple columns or rows. The contents
of one appear in the centre of the merged cell.
 Use Format Painter To copy quickly formatting from one cell or group of
cells to another part of the spreadsheet uses the format painter. This
feature is very useful when extending a spreadsheet and we need to
format the newly added cells to match the original ones.

OUTPUT REPORTS
We can print entire or partial worksheets and workbooks, one at a time, or several at
once. The MS Excel can print just the Excel table or also it provides to:
 Print a partial or entire worksheet or workbook.
 Print several worksheets at once.
 Print several workbooks at once.
 Print an Excel table.
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 Print a workbook to a file.

 Print a graphic Charts and Pivot Tables.

PREPARATION OF REPORTS USING PIVOT TABLE

A Pivot Table is way to present information in a report format. A PivotTable report often
provides enhanced layout, attractive and formatted report with improved readability. This
report is prepared from the spreadsheet once we add the fields with appropriate level of
details, calculations and group the data as per required information. The Pivot Table
uses a List Data Table (Database).

PIVOT TABLES
The Pivot Table feature allows us to create across tabulation summary of data in which
heading can subsequently moved to give different views of the data.