Grade: XI

Subject: Computer Science

CHAPTER 1
Computer System
Overview
 Unit – 1 : Computer System Overview

● Basic computer organisation: Introduction to Computer System, hardware, software,

input device, output device, CPU, memory (primary, cache and secondary), units of
memory ( bit, byte, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB)
● Types of software: System software ( Operating systems, system utilities, device
drivers), programming tools and language translators ( assembler, compiler, and
interpreter), application software
● Operating System(OS): functions of the operating system, OS user interface
● Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, NOT, truth tables and De
Morgan’s laws, Logic circuits
● Number System: Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system; conversion
between number systems ● Encoding Schemes: ASCII, ISCII, and Unicode (UTF8,
UTF32)
 Objectives
• Introduction
• Computer Components and Basic
computer Organization
• Types of Software
 Introduction
▪ Computers are the machines that have revolutionized the world
around us. The way we live around 25-30 years ago is very
different from how we live today. A modern age student cannot
even imagine a life without internet, social media, smartphones
and many more. In short, in every aspect of life around us, we
see computers play a role directly or indirectly.
Definition:
▪ A computer is an electronic device that takes an input from
the user in the form of data and instructions, processes this
data and produces result (output) as an information.
▪ In other words, we can say that computer is an electronic
device which manipulates the data according to the list of
instructions.
 Computer System :

hardware:
“Computer hardware
refers to the physical
parts of a computer and
related devices. “

✓ External hardware devices include monitor, keyboard, mouse, printers,

and scanners.
✓ Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM.
 Computer System :

“A set of instructions given to

the computer to solve a
problem is called Software.”

✓ Software is a single/collection of programs that performs a particular

task.
✓ Software is also called Program.
✓ Different software's are used to solve different problems.
 Computer Components and
Basic Computer Organization

1. Input unit:

▪ In computer, input unit is defined as an input device. It

is responsible in taking input for the computer. A
device used to supply data to the computer.

▪ Examples of input device: Mouse, keyboards, scanners,

joysticks, and digital cameras.
 Computer Components and
Basic Computer Organization
2. Output unit:

▪ Output devices also called as output units, are used for

displaying or recording the results computed by the
computer.

▪ Examples of output device: Projectors, monitors,

microphones, printers and headphones.
 Computer Components and
Basic Computer Organization
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

▪ CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

▪ CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
▪ It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
▪ It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
▪ CPU has three components.

➢ ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

➢ Control Unit

➢ Memory or Storage Unit

 Components of computer system

The components of a computer system make the physical

structure of a computer whereas the logical structure of a
computer system is defined as Computer Organisation.
Computer Organization
 Input Devices
■ The devices through which control signals are sent to a computer

are termed as input devices.

■ Examples of input devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Magnetic Ink

Character Reader, Optical Character Reader, Optical Mark Reader

Joystick etc.
 Input Unit
1. Keyboard is a typewriter like device which is
used to type in the letters, digits and commands.

2. Mouse is a pointing device with either a roller on

its base or some laser mechanism

3. Microphone we can send sound input to

computer through a special input device called
microphone or mic in short. It converts the sound
received in computer’s format which is called
digitized sound or Digital audio
 Input Unit
GUESS THE DEVICES !!!
 Output Device
• The device that receives data from a computer system for display is
called output device.
• It converts digital information into human understandable form.
Examples: monitor, projector, printer, headphone, speaker etc.

MONITOR PRINTER
SPEAKER
Also known as “screen” displays
information in a similar way to Printers are the devices that
Speakers receive the sound in THE
that on a television screen. The deliver information by means of
form of electric current from the
picture on a monitor is made of printed characters on paper.
sound card and then converted to
thousands of tiny coloured dots Inkjet, LaserJet, Dot Matrix
sound format audible to user
called pixels printers are the examples
 Central Processing Unit(CPU)
■ The CPU or The Central Processing Unit is the main control
center and Processing Unit.
■ It is also called the brain of computer as it guides, directs,
controls and governs the performance of a computer.

■ CPU contains :
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Registers
PUZZLE – TIME
 Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)
■ ALU performs all the required arithmetic and logical
operations to perform the task.

■ The ALU performs all the four arithmetic(+ - * /) and

some logical operations (< ,> ,= ,<= ,>=, !=)
■ Note: The result of the logical operation is either TRUE or FALSE.
 Control Unit (CU)
• The CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and
manipulation of all data and information.
• The CU sends control signals until the required operations are
done properly by ALU and memory.
• It also performs the program execution that is, carrying out
all the instructions stored in the program.
• It also controls the flow of data from input devices to memory
and from memory to output devices.
 REGISTERS
• The CPU uses registers to temporary hold
processing information when the processing is
taking place.
• CPU may store some part of data or some memory
address or some instructions in its processor
registers.
• Registers are small units of data holding places.
 The Memory
■ The memory of a computer is more like a predefined working
place, where it temporarily keeps information and data to
facilitate its performance.
■ Each memory location has a unique memory address when the
task is performed it clears its memory and memory space is
then available for the next task to be performed.
■ When the power is switched off, everything stored in the
memory gets erased and cannot be recalled, It is also known
as volatile memory.

■ A bit is an elementary unit of memory. A bit is a binary digit

i.e. 0 or 1
■ Eight bits together form a byte
How is data stored in memory ?
TYPES OF MEMORY
 What is primary memory ?

❖ Primary memory is the main memory of the computer

which is attached to the CPU in the motherboard. All the
data required for CPU processing is stored in the primary
memory. This is the internal memory of the computer.
Which is known as Main Memory and Primary Memory.
❖ Primary memory is a volatile memory from which data
can be accessed very fast. Volatile Memory means, data
that is in the primary memory remains only as long as
the computer is turned on, as soon as the computer is
turned off, the data stored in the primary memory is also
destroyed.
 Types of Main Memory/
Primary Memory
1. Main memory is divided into two types:
a) RAM (Random Access Memory)
b) ROM (Read Only Memory)
types of random access memory
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage, Non-volatile memory that
stores critical startup instructions, Slower.
o MROM- Masked ROM, programmed at the time of manufacturing,
inexpensive, cant be modified or erased.
o PROM – Programmable ROM, programmed only once, not erasable.
o EPROM – Erasable & Programmable ROM, reprogrammed and erasable
o EEPROM – Electrically Erasable & Programmable ROM, programmed
and erased electrically
 Cache Memory
■ Cache memory is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data
from the frequently used main memory locations.

■ It is kept in between processor and RAM to increase the data execution

speed.

■ Whenever some data is required the CPU first looks in the cache memory, if it
is there or not.

■ If the data is found in the cache, CPU does not access Memory. Thus the
process becomes fast.
 Secondary Storage Unit
■ It is required to store data in computer for the purpose of processing
in future.
■ Because primary memory has its own limitations, secondary storage
or storage unit is very much required.
■ Secondary storage is used to store large amount of data.
■ Various secondary storage devices are available in market now a
days:
■ Hard Disk
■ Pen Drive
■ CD
■ DVD
■ Blue ray Disks
■ Memory Cards
■ Magnetic Tapes
 The System Bus
■ The group of wires used to connect main parts of computer system
is called System bus which creates an electronic path for the
transfer of data.
■ System bus is used to transfer data and instructions between the
various components of computer system.
■ The part of system bus that carries data is called Data Bus.

■ The part of system bus that carries instructions is called

Control Bus.
■ The part of system bus that carries memory address is
called Address Bus.
■ And the bus connected with input/output units is called I/O
bus.
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE
2. APPLICATION SOFTWARE

1. SYSTEM SOFTWARE: The software that controls internal computer

operations is called system software.
Such as reading data from input devices, transmitting process
information to the output devices, checking system components,
converting data instructions to computer understandable form etc.

The two categories are operating system and language processor

1. OPERATING SYSTEM
2. LANGUAGE PROCESSOR
 Operating System
➢ It is an interface between hardware and user.
➢ It is like a manager of whole computer system.
➢ It controls all resources of hardware.
➢ It manages various applications software's.
➢ It develops an environment for the user where user can give
commands and can receive outputs.
➢ Types of OS are – Single user OS, Multi user OS, Time Sharing
OS, Real Time OS, Multiprocessing OS, Distributed OS
 Language Processors
➢ A Language Processor is a special type of a computer software that
can translate the Source Code into an Object Code or machine code.
■ Source code refers to the program code written by a programmer
in a high level language such as C, Java, C++, Python etc.
■ Object code refers to a code usually in machine language or
binary code, a language that computer can understand easily.

■ The three types of language processors are:

❑ Assembler
❑ Interpreter
❑ Compiler
 Language Processors
❑Assembler: Assembler language processor convert the program
written in assembly language into machine language.

❑Interpreter: Interpreter is a type of system software that

translates and executes instructions written in a computer
program line by line or unit by unit.

❑Compiler: Compiler is another type of system software that

translates and execute instructions written in a computer
program in one go.
 Language Processors
❑Assembler: Assembler language processor convert the program
written in assembly language into machine language.

❑Interpreter: Interpreter is a type of system software that

translates and executes instructions written in a computer
program line by line or unit by unit.

❑Compiler: Compiler is another type of system software that

translates and execute instructions written in a computer
program in one go.
 Application Software
▪ These are the programs written by programmers to enable
computer to perform a specific task such as processing words,
inventory control, handling calculations and figures, medical
accounting, Financial Accounting, result preparation, railway
reservation, billing etc.
• Packages
• Utilities
• Customized Software
• Developer Tools
 Application Software
Packages: General software are designed that may be used by
individual users in a manner it suits their needs and
requirements. Such general application software are known as
packages.
• Word Processing Software
• Spreadsheets
• Database Management Systems
• Desktop Publishing Software
• Graphics Multimedia And Presentation Applications
 Application Software
Utilities are those application programs that assist the
computer by performing housekeeping functions like, backing
up disc or scanning, cleaning viruses or arranging information
etc.
• Text Editor
• Backup Utility
• Compression Utility
• Disk Defragmentor
• Anti-virus Software
 Software libraries
A software library is a predefined programming code in the
form of functions, scripts, classes etc. that can be used in the
development of new software programs and applications.
In Python:
• NumPy (Numerical Python) provides an abundance of useful features and
functions for operations on numerical arrays and matrices in Python.

• Sci-Fi (Scientific Python) contains modules for Linear algebra, Optimisation,

integration and statistics.

• Panda library is a Python package designed to do work with labelled and

relational data. It is designed for quick and easy data manipulation,
aggregation and visualization.