Unit I : Partial Diffrentiation

Lecture No. 1
Partial Differentiation
Faculty of Mathematics
Department of First Year Engineering
Mutivariate Function
• If Z has one definite value for each pair of values of x and y
then Z is called a function of two variables x and y. we
denote it by 𝑍 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
Here Z is the depend variable on two independent variables x
and y.
• Similarly, 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ,…, 𝑥𝑛 ) is a function of n
independent variables 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ,…, 𝑥𝑛 .
Partial Differentiation
Partial Derivatives:
• Let f(x,y) be a function with two variables. If we keep y constant and
differentiate f (assuming f is differentiable) with respect to the variable x, we
obtain what is called the partial derivative of f with respect to x which is
𝜕𝑓
denoted by 𝑓𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝜕𝑥
• Similarly, If we keep x constant and differentiate f (assuming f is differentiable)
with respect to the variable y, we obtain what is called the partial derivative of f
𝜕𝑓
with respect to y which is denoted by 𝑓𝑦 𝑜𝑟
𝜕𝑦
• We might also define partial derivatives of function f as follows:
𝜕𝑓 𝒇 𝒙+𝒉,𝒚 −𝒇(𝒙,𝒚) 𝜕𝑓 𝒇 𝒙,𝒚+𝒌 −𝒇(𝒙,𝒚)
= lim and = lim
𝜕𝑥 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝜕𝑦 𝒌→𝟎 𝒌
Partial Differentiation
• Higher order partial and cross partial derivatives:

• The cross-partials, fxy and fyx are defined in the following way
For most functions that one meets 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥
However, in some cases it is not true. Under
what circumstances is it true? It is true if both
functions fyx and fxy are continuous at the
point where the partials are being taken.
Geometric Interpretation
• The interpretation of ∂f/∂x and ∂f/∂y. ∂f/∂x corresponds to the slope of the
tangent to the curve APB at point P (where curve APB is the intersection of the
surface with a plane through P perpendicular to the y axis). Similarly, ∂f/∂y
corresponds to the slope of the tangent to the curve CPD at point P (where curve
CPD is the intersection of the surface with a plane through P perpendicular to the
x axis).

Unlike ordinary derivatives, partial derivatives

do not behave like fractions, in particular
𝜕𝑓 1
=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥ൗ
𝜕𝑓
 Example-1
If 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 , prove that
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 9
+ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑢 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Soln:- + + 𝑢 = + + + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 u
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + + 𝜕𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= + + 𝜕𝑧 V
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑢 = + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 …1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Where V = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝜕𝑢 3 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧
= 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑧
= 3
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 3 𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦
= 3
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3 𝑥 2 −𝑦𝑧 3 𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑧 3 𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦
Hence V = + + = 𝑥3 +𝑦3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧+ 𝑥3 +𝑦3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧+ 𝑥3 +𝑦3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 3
V= 3 3 3
=
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

∵ 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦
 3
𝑉=
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 −3
= = = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 −9
Hence + + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2

From (1)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 −9
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑢 = + + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 2
Example-2
Prove that at a point of the surface 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛 = 𝑪 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛
𝜕 2𝑧
= − 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑒𝑥 −1
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Soln:- Given 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛 = 𝑪
Taking logarithms, we have 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 …1
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant and consider z
as a function of x and y both, we have
1 1 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑥. + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + z. . + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧. =0
𝑥 𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
= − 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 …2
𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑧 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
By symmetry =−
𝜕𝑦 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 𝜕 1
=− = − 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 𝜕𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧
−1 1 𝜕𝑧
= − 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 . . .
1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 2 𝑧 𝜕𝑥
…3
From (2) and (3)
𝜕2 𝑧 −1 1 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
= − 1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 . . . - 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 2 𝑧
𝜕2 𝑧 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
=− …4
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑧 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑧 3
But on the surface 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛
𝜕2 𝑧 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1 −1
=− − =− 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑥
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 3 𝑥 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
Example-3
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
If 𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝜕𝑥 and 𝜕𝑦
Soln:- Given𝒛𝟑 − 𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚 = 𝟒 …1
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant and consider z as a
function of x and y both, we have
𝟐
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3𝒛 . −𝑥 −𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑧
= 𝟑𝒛𝟐 −𝑥 …2
𝜕𝑥
Again differentiating (1) partially with respect to y keeping x as constant and consider z
as a function of x and y both, we have
𝟐
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
3𝒛 . −𝑥 −1=0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 1
= 𝟑𝒛𝟐 −𝑥 …3
𝜕𝑦
 Example-4
𝟐 𝟐 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
If 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒚 , 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚 =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝟐 𝟐
Soln:- Given 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒚 …1
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant and consider z as a function
of x and y both, we have
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥
= …2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦
By symmetry = …3
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Again differentiating (2) partially with respect to y keeping x as constant, we have
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥 𝜕 1 −2𝑥. 2𝑦 −4𝑥𝑦
= 2 2
= 2𝑥 2 2
= 2 2 2
= 2
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦2 2

Now differentiating (3) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant, we have

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦 𝜕 1 −2𝑦.2𝑥 −4𝑥𝑦
= = 2𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Hence 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
= 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Practice Questions
1. If 𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , show that
2
 z z   z z 
 −  = 4 1 − −  xzxx + yzxy = 2 zx
 x y   x y  and
3 3 2 2 𝜕 𝜕 2 −4
2. If 𝑢 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑦), then prove that + 𝑢 = (𝑥+𝑦)2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑦 𝜕3 𝑢 𝜕3 𝑢
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 , show that = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
4. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 , , , then prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 0
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
 Unit I : Partial Diffrentiation
Lecture No. 2
Composite functions
Faculty of Mathematics
Department of First Year Engineering
Composite Functions
If z is a function of x & y, where x & y are the function of another variable t.
Then z is composite function of t.

Similarly, If z is a function of x & y, where x & y are the function of other variable s & t.
Then z is composite function of s & t.
i.e. 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑠, 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑠, 𝑡)
In order to find partial derivatives of z with respect to s & t, we must apply chain rule.
Similarly, as in ordinary derivatives.
Like if 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑡
Then 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
And 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑔′(𝑡)
Example-1
If 𝒖 = 𝒇 𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 ′′ 1
Prove that + =𝑓 𝑟 + 𝑓′(𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟
Soln:- Here 𝒖 → 𝒓 → 𝒙, 𝒚 i.e. u becomes composite function of x and y.
𝒖=𝒇 𝒓 …1
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant and consider r as a function
of x and y both, we have
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑓′(𝑟) …2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 …3
Differentiating (3) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝑥
= 2 2
= …4
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑥 +𝑦
From (2) and (4)
𝜕𝑢 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑓′(𝑟) 𝑟 …5
Again differentiating (5) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant, we have
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 ′
𝑥
2
= 𝑓 𝑟 .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝜕 ′
1
= 𝑓 𝑟 . 𝑥.
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 1 −1 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 2
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 .
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
+ 𝑓 ′ (r). 𝑟 + 𝑓 ′ (r).x. 𝑟2 . 𝜕𝑥 …6
From (4) and (6)
𝜕2 𝑢 ′′ 𝑥2 ′ 1 ′ 𝑥2
= 𝑓 𝑟 +𝑓 (r). 𝑟 −𝑓 (r). 𝑟3 …7
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟2
By symmetry, we have
𝜕2 𝑢 ′′ 𝑦2 ′ 1 ′ 𝑦2
= 𝑓 𝑟 +𝑓 (r). 𝑟 −𝑓 (r). 𝑟3 …8
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟2
Hence,
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 ′′ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ′ 2 ′ 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
+ = 𝑓 𝑟 +𝑓 (r). − 𝑓 (r).
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟3
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 2 1 1
𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + 𝑓 ′ (r). 𝑟 − 𝑓 ′ (r). 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + 𝑟 𝑓 ′ (r)
Example-2
If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 − 𝒓 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Find + 2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
Soln:- 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 − 𝒓 …1

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant and consider r as a function
of x and y both, we have
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 + 𝑥+𝑟 𝟏 + 𝜕𝑥 − 𝜕𝑥 …2
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 …3
Differentiating (3) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
= 2 2
= 𝑟
…4
𝑥 +𝑦
From (2) and (4)
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 + 𝟏+ −
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 + 𝑟 − 𝑟 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓 …5
Again differentiating (5) partially with respect to x keeping y as constant, we have
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕
2
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑟
= 1+ …6
𝑥+𝑟 𝜕𝑥
From (4) and (6)
𝜕2 𝑢 1 𝑥 1
= 𝑥+𝑟 1 + 𝑟 = 𝑟 …7
𝜕𝑥 2
Differentiating (1) partially with respect to y keeping x as constant and consider r as a
function of x and y both, we have
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
= − …8
𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 …9
Differentiating (3) partially with respect to y keeping x as constant
𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝑦
= = …10
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑟
From (9) & (10)
𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
= 𝑥+𝑟 𝑟 − 𝑟 = − 𝑥+𝑟 …11
𝜕𝑦
Again differentiating (11) partially with respect to y keeping x as constant, we have
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
2
= −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑟
1 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 1 𝑦 𝑦
= − 𝑥+𝑟 + (𝑥+𝑟)2 𝜕𝑦 = − 𝑥+𝑟 + (𝑥+𝑟)2 𝑟

𝜕 2𝑢 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑟 − 𝑟 2
2
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑟(𝑥 + 𝑟)2
𝜕2 𝑢 −𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑟 −𝑥
= = …12
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟(𝑥+𝑟)2 𝑟(𝑥+𝑟)
From (7) & (12)
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 −𝑥 1 1
2
+ 2= + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟(𝑥 + 𝑟) 𝑟 (𝑥 + 𝑟)
Practice Questions
1. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟), where 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , then prove that 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧𝑧 =
″ 2 ′
𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑟 𝑓 (𝑟)
2. If 𝑢 = log 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧𝑧 = 1
𝑚
3. If 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 , then fin the value of 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑧𝑧
 Unit I : Partial Diffrentiation
Lecture No. 3
Variable Treated as constant
Faculty of Mathematics
Department of First Year Engineering
Variable Treated as Constant
Let 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.
𝑦
Then 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥

Notation:
𝜕𝑟
• 𝜕𝑥 𝜃
means the partial derivative of r with respect to x, keeping 𝜃 as constant in a
relation expressing r as a function of x and 𝜃 only.
𝜕𝜃
• means the partial derivative of 𝜃 with respect to x, keeping r as constant in a
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
relation expressing 𝜃 as a function of x and r only.
𝜕𝑦
• means the partial derivative of y with respect to x, keeping 𝑟 as constant in a
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
relation expressing y as a function of x and 𝑟 only.
Example-1
𝒖 𝒗
• If ux + vy = 𝟎, + = 𝟏, prove that
𝒙 𝒚
u  x  v  y 
  +   =0
x  u v y  v u

𝜕𝑥
Soln:- For , Relation should be in x, u, and v
𝜕𝑢 𝑣
We have ux + vy = 0 …1
𝑢 𝑣
𝑥
+𝑦 =1 …2
𝑢𝑥
From (1) 𝑦=− 𝑣
…3
𝑢 𝑣2
From (2) & (3) − =1
𝑥 𝑢𝑥
Differentiate w.r.to u by keeping v as zero
𝑣2
𝑥=𝑢− …4
𝑢
 𝜕𝑥 𝑣2
=1+ 2
𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑢
𝜕𝑦
For 𝜕𝑣 𝑢
, Relation should be in y, u, and v

𝑣𝑦
From (1) x=− …5
𝑢
𝑢2 𝑣
From (2) & (5) − + = 1
𝑣𝑦 𝑦
𝑢2
𝑦=𝑣− …6
𝑣
Differentiate w.r.to u by keeping v as zero

𝜕𝑦 𝑢2
=1+ 2
𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝑣
𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 𝑣2 𝑣 𝑣2
+ = 1+ 2 + 1+ 2
𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑢
𝑥 𝑢 𝑦 𝑢

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2
= +
𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑦

2 2
𝑣𝑦 + 𝑢𝑥
= 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑢𝑣𝑥𝑦

𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝜕𝑦
+ = 0
𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑣
𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑢
Practice Questions
cos𝜃 sin𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢
1. If 𝑥 = , 𝑦= , then evaluate . + .
𝑢 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑎2
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦, prove that = b)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
=
𝜕𝑣 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑢 𝑎2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
3. If 𝑥 = 𝑢tan𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢sec𝑣 prove that . = .
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥