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Computer Hardware Grade 10 CAT

The document provides an overview of computer hardware, detailing its components, including input, process, output, and storage devices. It explains the functionality of various hardware elements such as keyboards, monitors, printers, and storage devices, as well as their classifications and uses. Additionally, it covers the importance of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the motherboard in computer operations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views81 pages

Computer Hardware Grade 10 CAT

The document provides an overview of computer hardware, detailing its components, including input, process, output, and storage devices. It explains the functionality of various hardware elements such as keyboards, monitors, printers, and storage devices, as well as their classifications and uses. Additionally, it covers the importance of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the motherboard in computer operations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Hardware

Grade 11
Mr K. Nkabinde

1
What have I learnt so far?
Word
Practical What do I excel so far in
practical?
Reflection Which challenges have I experienced
(10 during practical activities?

minutes) Which improvements do I need


to work on?
2
What is Hardware?
• Hardware consists of physical
parts/components of a computer that
you can see and touch.
• These parts consists of a monitor,
keyboard, graphics card, sound card
and motherboard.
• Hardware can be divided into 3
categories in order to operate:
- Input.
- Process.
- Output.
- Storage 3
Difference between Hardware and Software

4
The Input Process Output model

Inserting data into the computer.


Input Example: Keyboard (to store information)

Data is being processed and generated.


Process Example: ROM/RAM, to store
information.

A display of results from the data.


Output Example: Monitor, printer

5
6
Ports and Connectors

7
Ports and Connectors
• Ports allow computers to connect with different types of hardware,
such as a keyboard, mouse or monitor.
• Many devices use cables to connect to the computer.
• Devices can also be connected using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

8
9
10
Input Devices
11
12
A keyboard
• In the past, all the typing was
done on a typewriter.
• A typewriter was a mechanical
machine that used levers to
push an imprint of the letter
against a ribbon which then
marked the paper.
• This was a messy way of typing
and there were no corrections.

13
The Qwerty Keyboard
• The QWERTY is a layout for Latin-script alphabets.
• The name comes from the order of the first six (6) keys on the top
letter row of the keyboard.
• When a key is pressed on a keyboard, an electrical signal is sent from
the keyboard to the computer in a form of a binary code.
• A binary code represents a text, computer compressor instructions
and some things related to typing.

14
Divided parts of a Keyboard
• A keyboard consists of :
➢ Alphanumeric keys: the alphabetic keys for A and Z as well as the numeric
keys from 0 to 9.
➢Function keys: These are usually rows of keys on the top of the keyboard
and allow the user or programs to undertake special functions such as
opening a help screen by pressing F1
➢Direction keys: these are arrow keys that allow the user to move around
the screen. Located in the bottom right hand side, next to alphanumeric
keys.
➢Special keys: these are pre-programmed with useful functions such as
delete, insert and more. They are located above direction keys.

15
Pointing Devices

16
Pointing devices
• Mouse
➢ a mouse is used for a user to
interact with the computer by
moving the cursor around the
desktop.
• Touch pads
➢ it is built into the keyboard of a
laptop and allows the user to
move the cursor by moving their
fingertip over the touchpad.
17
Types of pointing devices

18
Scanning devices
19
Scanner

A scanner is a device It takes a hardcopy of


which works similarly a document and
to a photocopy converts it into digital
machine. camera.

They can be A scanner uses an Optical


Character Recognition (OCR),

stored as a file which is an electronic conversion


of images that are typed,
handwritten or printed text into
in a computer. machine-coded text.

20
Types of scanners

• Biometric scanner
• Biometrics are body
measurements and calculations
related to humans.
• this is used as a form of
identification and access control
to enter.

21
QR codes
• A Quick Response Code is a
code that is used in a
smartphone to access some
information such as accessing a
quiz, accessing information on
social media, etc.

22
Bar Code
• A barcode is a method of
representing data in a visual,
machine-readable form.
• They are used in various
industries such as retails,
healthcare and in logistic
companies to improve efficiency.

23
A magnetic Stripe reader
• A stripe reader is used to read
the information of a card.
• The card reader converts the
information encoded in the
magnetic strip into a format that
a computer can understand.

24
Other input devices

25
Digital cameras
• A digital camera is a camera that
captures photographs in a digital
memory.
• Lately, cameras that are
produced today are digital and
they are largely replacing those
that capture images in films.

26
A microphone
• A microphone allows you to
input and store sound in your
computer.
• The microphone takes the sound
waves and converts the
vibrations into data which can be
stored and manipulated.

27
Webcams
• A webcam is a device that works
in a similar way into a
microphone and a digital
camera.
• It takes images, videos and
converts that data into a digital
format.
• Others use it for vlogs,
conferences and video calls.

28
Light pen
• A light pen is a device that
allows you to navigate and use a
digital keyboard.
• It acts like a mouse.
• It is used in Tablets and
smartphones.

29
Any questions?

30
Class activity

Read all the theory based on input devices


and answer the following questions:
• In your own words, explain what is Hardware.
• What are the 2 main types of a computer?
• Explain the Input-Process-Output model in your
words.
31
Output devices

32
Screen or Monitor
• CRT monitors
✓ A monitor is an electronic device that is used to display the output of
a computer.
✓In the olden days, monitors looked like the old television sets and
they worked in a different way, they were called Cathode Ray Tube.
✓They operated a stream of electrons in a vacuum tube.

33
LCD monitors
✓From the 1970s onwards, monitors underwent major
transformations.
✓Optical properties of liquid crystals had been discovered before and
around this time a practical use for them was invented.
✓This led to a production of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

34
LCD Monitors
➢ an LCD monitor is a computer monitor or a display that uses LCD
technology to show clear images, and it is mostly found in laptop
computers and flat panel monitors.
➢An LCD monitor uses the properties of liquid crystals working with
electricity to line the crystals up in the pattern of the image required.
➢They use far less electricity than CRTs and can be made with a flat
screen with a much lower mass.

35
Example of a CRT and LCD monitor

36
Touch screen
A touch screen allows you to
directly input data using fingers or
a stylus (a pen that is used to
navigate)

37
Printers

38
Printers

• A printer is an electromechanical device which


makes hard copies
• It makes images written or printed on paper.
• In the olden days/ earliest years, printers were
simple and they produced a low-quality copy of
the document
• As Computer Research and Development has
advanced, so has the operation and print quality
of printers.

39
Types of Printers

40
Impact printers
• Dot matrix printers • The daisy wheel printer
✓It was the original computer ✓ the daisy wheel printer consisted
printer. of a large wheel on which levers
✓It operated with a moving printer were arranged.
ribbon in front of an advancing ✓At the end of each lever was a
page character.
✓The printer head impacted against ✓The quality of printout was
the ribbon and produced the shape excellent, but the choice of style
on the paper. and size of writing was restricted
✓They were useful as any shape, by the daisy wheel and the printer.
letter or size could be produced but ✓The color of the printout depended
the quality of printing was low. on the color of the mounted
ribbon.

41
Pictures of a dot matrix printer and Daisy
wheel printer

42
Non –impact printers
• The ink jet printer
✓ an ink jet printer has cartridges
of ink containing the three prime
colors of printing, namely red,
yellow and blue and usually a
separate cartridge containing
black ink.

43
Laser Printer
• A laser printer is a printer that works in a similar way to a photocopying
machine.
• Inside the printer, there’s a magnetic drum which rotates.
• The drum is connected into a computer and receives a data of what image
needs to be reproduced.
• The digital information is sent from the computer in the form of rows of
information.
• A magnetic image of the information is then scanned into the magnetic
drum.
• The drum rotates past the four cartridges containing ink of the three
primary colors: Cyan (blue) Magenta (Red), Yellow and Black (CMYK).

44
Picture of a
Laser Printer

45
Advantages and
Disadvantages of printers

46
47
48
Other output devices

49
Speakers and Headphones

✓ Most computers have built-in


speakers so that you can be able
to hear any beeps and whistles
that a computer may make.
✓Speakers are not really included
to listen to higher quality output
such as music or the sounds.
✓Headphones are used to listen
to sounds
50
Data projector
• The projector is a device that allows you to display images, videos OR
other content on a large screen or surface.
• It is useful for presentations to a large audience.
• A High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) port is used to
connect the projector- a standard for transmitting digital video and
audio from a source such as TV cable box or a computer.
• Some older projectors still use the Video Graphics Array (VGA)- a high
resolution standard for displaying text, graphics and colors on
computer monitors.

51
52
Hardware devices
• Hardware can be defined as a device which will allow you to keep
your information permanently when the computer is off so that it can
be recalled and reused again later.
• There are storage devices that are used in the computer: The Hard
disk drive, Optical drives and external drives including Memory
sticks.

53
Storing devices

54
Hardware Storage Devices
• Hard disk drive (HDD)
✓ The Hard Disk Drive is a device which
is mounted inside the computer
system box.
✓It is classified as secondary storage
and is used to save your program files
and personal files permanently.
✓The HDD consists of set of 2 to 3
circular spinning magnetic disks
called platters upon which data is
written, it can be written both sides
of the platter using a read/write
head mounted above and below each
platter.

55
Storage Capacity
• Data storage capacity is measured in bits and bytes.
• A bit is a binary digit namely a one(1) or a zero (0).
• This is because the computer system uses a flow of electricity to
transfer data, no matter how big or small it is.
• A flow of electricity represents a one and no flow of electricity
represents a zero.

56
Optical drives
• Compact disk drives
✓A device used to as a secondary storage is called the Compact disk
drive.
✓It uses a laser to burn digital data in the form of Binary Code onto the
surface of a metallic disk covered in dye and a protective coating.
✓It is called a Compact Disk (CD).

57
Digital Versatile Disk Drive
• A DVD is a digital optical disk data
storage format that can store any
kind of digital data and has been
widely used for video programs.
• The device uses a laser with a
shorter wavelength(650nm as
opposed to 780nm for the CD) and
thus the pits and lands can be
written much closer together.
• Data can be written onto a typical
DVD disk and it’s capacity is around
4.7 GB

58
Blu-Ray Drive
• A blu-ray drive is an optical drive
used for reading data from and
possibly writing data on a blu-
ray disc.
• Blu-ray disks at present, come in
dual layered disks (50GB
storage), triple layered disk (75
GB storage) and quadruple
layered disks (100 GB storage).

59
Flash drive
• A flash drive is a portable device
which allows you to move easily
from one computer to another
(containing its own medium).
• It is small in comparison to an
external HDD and does not require
its own power supply.
• It generates less storage capacity
than an external HDD but that too
is changing.
• Flash drives of 256 GB and greater
are being produced.
60
Tape drives
• A tape drive is a data storage
that reads and writes data on a
magnetic tape.
• It stores data especially for
backup and archiving purposes.
• A final secondary storage to be
considered is the tape drive.

61
Memory cards and card readers
• Memory card is an electronic • A memory card reader is a
flash memory data storage device used for reading data for
device used for storing digital a memory card such as a
information. Compact Flash, Secure Digital
• They are commonly used in (SD) or Multi Media Card
portable electronic devices such (MMC).
as digital cameras, smart • Most card readers also offer
devices, laptops, games and write capability and together
electronic music devices. with the card can function as a
flash stick.

62
Memory cards and Card readers

63
Any questions?

64
Class activity

65
The parts of a computer

66
The motherboard
• A motherboard is a piece of plastic upon which all the different chips
and devices are mounted.
• Every input and output device need to be connected to the
motherboard.
• Connected to the motherboard are a collection of chips.
• A chip is an electronic device that contains circuitry needed to
perform the different functions of a computer.
• It consists of wires connected in ways so that specific jobs can be
done.

67
The motherboard
• The circuitry is usually called an
Integrated Circuit (IC).
• There are three main chips that
you can be familiar with, these
are:
✓The Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
✓Random Access Memory (RAM)
✓Read Only Memory. (ROM)

68
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• If you take a look at the motherboard, there is one chip that is much
larger than all the rest, usually 3 or 4 times great.
• This chip is called the Central Processing Unit(CPU).
• It fits into a slot on the motherboard called t.he socket

69
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU is the brain of the computer.
• It is responsible for converting data
into information .
• It also controls all the hardware
devices, software programs and all
operations of the computer.
• Without the CPU, the computer won’t
function/ won’t work. The Central
means that it is the important part of
the computer.
• Processing means that it does all the
working out and controlling of the
computer.

70
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The speed of the CPU is very important, since it is faster and the
faster your computer will be able to function.
• The speed of the CPU is measured in a frequency unit called Herz (Hz)
which will measure how many processes can be done in a second.
• Today’s computers typically run at a speed or greater than 3GHz.

71
CPU speed
• 1 Kilo= 1000 (thousand)
• 1 Mega = 1 000 000 (million)
• 1 Giga= 1 000 000 000 (billion)
• 1 Tera= 1 000 000 000 000 ( trillion)

72
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Read Only Memory(ROM) is a second type of chip that is consolidated
in the motherboard.
• It is a type of chip that stores information that is needed by the
computer on a permanent basis such as devices loaded on the
computer. ( it stores data permanently).
• The ROM is permanent memory and when the computer is switched
off, the information is not lost.
• This type of memory is called non-volatile memory.

73
ROM with BIOS&CMOS
• One special ROM chip is the Basic
Input Output System (BIOS).
• The chip stores information that is
needed when the computer is
switched on and controls how the
computer switches on, what tasks
are performed and helps the CPU
control the other devices
connected to the computer.
• The Complementary Metal Oxide
Semi-conductor(CMOS) contains
the system configuration.

74
Slots on the Motherboard
• There are slots on the motherboard which are used to connect
smaller boards containing extra circuitry which adds functions to the
computer.
• They include: sound cards, graphics card and internal modems and
network cards. These additional cards are known as daughter cards
or expansion cards.
• There are different types of slots presented in as typical computer
today which are : Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment (SATA) and PCI express (PCIe).

75
Slots on the Motherboard
• AGP- it is a slighter smaller in
length slot that is usually found
in the centre of the
motherboard.
• It is dedicated to graphic cards
and cannot be used by any other
card.
• It has its own direct connection
of wires on the motherboard.

76
Slots on the Motherboard
• PCle- this is a main type of slot used to connect most cards to the
motherboard.
• It is pronounced PEE CEE EYE Express and most modern cards will fit
comfortably into these slots.
• Its connection to the motherboard is presently the fastest of all slots.

77
Slots on the Motherboard
• SATA- this is the main slot used to connect storage devices (such as
HDD) to the motherboard.
• It replaces the older Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
slots which have become obsolete.

78
Random Access Memory (RAM)
• On the motherboard, there are at least three types of slots present,
and each slot allows you to connect another board directly to the
motherboard.
• RAM is a temporary memory where your computer stores data it
needs to retrieve quickly.
• It acts as a volatile memory for the CPU to use while it is processing
data or controlling hardware or software.

79
Random Access
Memory
• The RAM slots on the motherboard are
specifically designed for RAM and no
other board will fit into these slots.
• Do not ever try to force a board or
another card into a slot on a
motherboard.
• If it is the wrong slot, you can do
damage to both the MoBo and the card.

80
Any questions?

81

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