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Real Python Interview Questions American Express

This document outlines interview questions for a Data Analyst position at American Express, focusing on Python programming and data manipulation skills. Key topics include data structures, memory management, exception handling, and data analysis techniques using libraries like pandas and NumPy. The document also covers advanced concepts such as decorators, generators, and methods for calculating metrics like ARPU and identifying churned customers.

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Utpalika Acharya
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46 views7 pages

Real Python Interview Questions American Express

This document outlines interview questions for a Data Analyst position at American Express, focusing on Python programming and data manipulation skills. Key topics include data structures, memory management, exception handling, and data analysis techniques using libraries like pandas and NumPy. The document also covers advanced concepts such as decorators, generators, and methods for calculating metrics like ARPU and identifying churned customers.

Uploaded by

Utpalika Acharya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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American Express Data Analyst

Interview Questions
(0-3 Years)
15-17 LPA
Python Questions
1. What is the difference between a list, tuple, set, and dictionary
in Python?
List: Ordered, mutable, allows duplicates. Example: [1, 2, 3]
Tuple: Ordered, immutable, allows duplicates. Example: (1, 2, 3)
Set: Unordered, mutable, no duplicates. Example: {1, 2, 3}
Dictionary: Key-value pairs, unordered (ordered as of Python 3.7+), mutable. Example:
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

2. How is memory managed in Python?


Uses private heap space.
Memory allocation is done by the Python memory manager.
Automatic garbage collection via gc module to manage unreferenced objects.

3. Explain Python’s GIL (Global Interpreter Lock).


Ensures only one thread executes Python bytecode at a time.
Simplifies memory management.
Limits true parallelism in multi-threaded CPU-bound tasks.

4. What are *args and kwargs in Python?


*args = non-keyword variable-length arguments (tuple).

**kwargs = keyword variable-length arguments (dict).

def demo(*args, **kwargs):


print(args)
print(kwargs)
5. What is list comprehension? Write a one-liner to flatten
a 2D list.

Concise way to create lists using [expression for item in iterable].

Flatten 2D list: [item for sublist in matrix for item in sublist]

6. How is exception handling done in Python?

try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("Error:", e)
finally:
print("Cleanup done")

try: risky code


except: handles errors
finally: runs always

7. What are decorators in Python?

def decorator(func):

def wrapper():

print("Before function")
func()
print("After function")

return wrapper

@decorator
def greet():

print("Hello")Modify function behavior without changing code.

8. What is a lambda function?


Anonymous one-liner function.

add = lambda x, y: x + y

Used in map(), filter(), sorted().


try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
print("Error:", e)
finally:
print("Cleanup done")

try: risky code


except: handles errors
finally: runs always

9. What are generators? How is yield used?

Return iterator using yield. Saves memory.

def count():

for i in range(5):
yield i

10. What are generators? How is yield used?

Shallow Copy: New object, references old nested objects.

Deep Copy: Full independent copy.

import copy
shallow = copy.copy(obj)
deep = copy.deepcopy(obj)

11. Handling missing values in pandas

df.isnull().sum()
df.fillna(0)
df.dropna()

12. Difference between .loc[] and .iloc[]


.loc[]: label-based
.iloc[]: index-based

df.loc["row_label", "col_label"]
df.iloc[2, 3]
13. Group by region and get average sales
df.groupby('region')['sales'].mean()

14. Merge datasets on multiple keys

pd.merge(df1, df2, on=['id', 'date'], how='inner')

15. Explain the difference between UNION and UNION ALL.

Q1 = df['value'].quantile(0.25)

Q3 = df['value'].quantile(0.75)

IQR = Q3 - Q1

outliers = df[(df['value'] < Q1 - 1.5*IQR) | (df['value'] > Q3 + 1.5*IQR)]

16. Broadcasting in NumPy

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
arr + 10

Adds 10 to each element without looping.

17. Matrix multiplication


np.dot(A, B)
# or
A@B

18. Difference: array(), zeros(), **linspace()

np.array([1,2,3]) # from list


np.zeros((2,2)) # matrix of zeros
np.linspace(0, 1, 5) # [0. , 0.25, 0.5 , 0.75, 1. ]

19. Palindrome check

def is_palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]
20. 2nd largest without sort

def second_largest(nums):

first = second = float('-inf')

for num in nums:

if num > first:


second, first = first, num

elif first > num > second:


second = num

return second
21. Word frequency count

from collections import Counter


Counter(paragraph.lower().split())

22. Time complexity: set vs list search

list: O(n)
set: O(1) average case (hash-based)

23. Read/write JSON

import json

with open('data.json') as f:
data = json.load(f)

with open('out.json', 'w') as f:


json.dump(data, f)

24. Efficient CSV reading

pd.read_csv('large.csv', chunksize=10000)
25. Flatten nested dict

def flatten(d, parent_key='', sep='_'):

items = {}

for k, v in d.items():

new_key = parent_key + sep + k if parent_key else k

if isinstance(v, dict):
items.update(flatten(v, new_key, sep))

else:
items[new_key] = v

return items

26. Class vs static methods

class Demo:

@staticmethod

def greet(): print("Hello")

@classmethod

def info(cls): print(cls.__name__)

27. __init__, __str__, **__repr__


__init__: constructor

__str__: readable print

__repr__: unambiguous
28. Inheritance
class Animal:
def sound(self): print("Generic")

class Dog(Animal):
def sound(self): print("Bark")

29. Calculate ARPU


def arpu(transactions):

revenue = sum(t['amount'] for t in transactions)

users = len(set(t['user_id'] for t in transactions))

return revenue / users

30. Identify churned customers


from datetime import datetime, timedelta

def get_churned(transactions):

recent = datetime.now() - timedelta(days=60)

active_users = {t['user_id'] for t in transactions if t['date'] > recent}

all_users = {t['user_id'] for t in transactions}

return all_users - active_users

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