Angular Js

AngularJS is a very powerful JavaScript library. It is used in Single Page Application (SPA)
projects. It extends HTML DOM with additional attributes and makes it more responsive to user
actions. AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers
around the world. It is licensed under the Apache license version 2.0.

Prerequisites
You should have basic understanding of scripting language such as JavaScript, and any text
editor. You should also know the basic web technologies such as HTML, CSS, AJAX etc. for
learning to develop web applications using Angular JS.

AngularJS is an open source, JavaScript based web application development framework.

Definition of AngularJS as put by its official documentation is as follows:

AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets you use HTML as your
template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express your application components
clearly and succinctly. Its data binding and dependency injection eliminate much of the code
you currently have to write. And it all happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner
with any server technology.

It was originally developed in 2009 by Misko Hevery and Adam Abrons. It is now maintained by
Google.

General Features
The most important general features of AngularJS are:

 AngularJS is a efficient framework that can create Rich Internet Applications (RIA).

 AngularJS provides developers an options to write client side applications using

JavaScript in a clean Model View Controller (MVC) way.

 Applications written in AngularJS are cross-browser compliant. AngularJS automatically

handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser.

 AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers around
the world. It is licensed under the Apache license version 2.0.

Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale, high performance, and easy-to-maintain
web applications.

Core Features
The most important core features of AngularJS are:

 Data-binding: It is the automatic synchronization of data between model and view

components.

 Scope: These are objects that refer to the model. They act as a glue between controller
and view.

 Controller: These are JavaScript functions bound to a particular scope.

 Services: AngularJS comes with several built-in services such as $http to make a
XMLHttpRequests. These are singleton objects which are instantiated only once in app.

 Filters: These select a subset of items from an array and returns a new array.

 Directives: Directives are markers on DOM elements such as elements, attributes, css,
and more. These can be used to create custom HTML tags that serve as new, custom
widgets. AngularJS has built-in directives such as ngBind, ngModel etc.

 Templates:These are the rendered view with information from the controller and
model. These can be a single file (such as index.html) or multiple views in one page
using partials.

 Routing: It is concept of switching views.

 Model View Whatever: MVW is a design pattern for dividing an application into
different parts called Model, View, and Controller, each with distinct responsibilities.
AngularJS does not implement MVC in the traditional sense, but rather something closer
to MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel). The Angular JS team refers it humorously as Model
View Whatever.

 Deep Linking: Deep linking allows you to encode the state of application in the URL so
that it can be bookmarked. The application can then be restored from the URL to the
same state.

 Dependency Injection: AngularJS has a built-in dependency injection subsystem that

helps the developer to create,understand, and test the applications easily.
 Concepts
The following diagram depicts some important parts of AngularJS .

Advantages of AngularJS
The advantages of AngularJS are:

 AngularJS provides capability to create Single Page Application in a very clean and
maintainable way.

 AngularJS provides data binding capability to HTML. Thus, it gives user a rich and
responsive experience.

 AngularJS code is unit testable.

 AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.

  AngularJS provides reusable components.

 With AngularJS, the developers can achieve more functionality with short code.

 In AngularJS, views are pure html pages, and controllers written in JavaScript do the
business processing.

On the top of everything, AngularJS applications can run on all major browsers and
smart phones, including Android and iOS based phones/tablets.

Disadvantages of AngulaJS
Though AngularJS comes with a lot of merits, here are some points of concern:

 Not Secure : Being JavaScript only framework, application written in AngularJS are not
safe. Server side authentication and authorization is must to keep an application
secure.

 Not degradable: If the user of your application disables JavaScript, then nothing would
be visible, except the basic page.

AngularJS Directives
The AngularJS framework can be divided into three major parts:

 ng-app : This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model : This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input
controls.

 ng-bind : This directive binds the AngularJS application data to HTML tags.

Example
Now let us write a simple example using AngularJS library. Let us create an HTML
filemyfirstexample.html shown as below:

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.0-beta.17/
angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body ng-app="myapp">

<div ng-controller="HelloController" >

 <h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Angular Js!</h2>
</div>

<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])
.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

Include AngularJS
We include the AngularJS JavaScript file in the HTML page so that we can use it:

<head>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>

You can check the latest version of AngularJS on its official website.

Point to AngularJS app

Next, it is required to tell which part of HTML contains the AngularJS app. You can do this by
adding the ng-app attribute to the root HTML element of the AngularJS app. You can either add
it to html element or body element as shown below:

<body ng-app="myapp">
</body>

View
The view is this part:

<div ng-controller="HelloController" >

<h2>Welcome {{helloTo.title}} to the world of Angular Js!</h2>
</div>

ng-controller tells AngularJS which controller to use with this view. helloTo.title tells AngularJS
to write the model value named helloTo.title in HTML at this location.

Controller

The controller part is:

<script>
angular.module("myapp", [])
.controller("HelloController", function($scope) {
$scope.helloTo = {};
$scope.helloTo.title = "AngularJS";
});
</script>

This code registers a controller function named HelloController in the angular module named
myapp. We will study more about modules and controllers in their respective chapters. The
controller function is registered in angular via the angular.module(...).controller(...) function
call.
The $scope parameter model is passed to the controller function. The controller function adds a
helloTo JavaScript object, and in that object it adds a title field.

Execution
Save the above code as myfirstexample.html and open it in any browser. You get to see the
following output:

What happens when the page is loaded in the browser ? Let us see:

 HTML document is loaded into the browser, and evaluated by the browser.

 AngularJS JavaScript file is loaded, the angular global object is created.

 The JavaScript which registers controller functions is executed.

 Next, AngularJS scans through the HTML to search for AngularJS apps as well as views.

 Once the view is located, it connects that view to the corresponding controller function.

 Next, AngularJS executes the controller functions.

 It then renders the views with data from the model populated by the controller. The
page is now ready.

Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern for
developing web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the following three
parts:

 Model - It is the lowest level of the pattern responsible for maintaining data.
  View - It is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user.

 Controller - It is a software Code that controls the interactions between the

Model and View.

MVC is popular as it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and supports
separation of concerns. The controller receives all requests for the application and then works
with the model to prepare any data needed by the view. The view then uses the data prepared
by the controller to generate a final presentable response. The MVC abstraction can be
graphically represented as follows.

The model

The model is responsible for managing application data. It responds to the request
from view and to the instructions from controller to update itself.

The view
A presentation of data in a particular format, triggered by the controller's decision to present
the data. They are script-based template systems such as JSP, ASP, PHP and very easy to
integrate with AJAX technology.

The controller

The controller responds to user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The
controller receives input, validates it, and then performs business operations that modify the
state of the data model.
AngularJS is a MVC based framework. In the coming chapters, let us see how AngularJS uses
MVC methodology.

Before creating actual Hello World ! application using AngularJS, let us see the parts of a
AngularJS application. An AngularJS application consists of following three important parts:

 ng-app : This directive defines and links an AngularJS application to HTML.

 ng-model : This directive binds the values of AngularJS application data to HTML input
controls.

 ng-bind : This directive binds the AngularJS Application data to HTML tags.

Creating AngularJS Application

Step 1: Load framework

Being a pure JavaScript framework, it can be added using <Script> tag.

<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js">
</script>

Step 2: Define AngularJS application using ng-app directive.

<div ng-app="">
...
</div>

Step 3: Define a model name using ng-model directive.

<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>

Step 4: Bind the value of above model defined using ng-bind directive.
<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>

Executing AngularJS Application

Use the above mentioned three steps in an HTML page.

<html>
<title>AngularJS First Application</title>
<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>
<div ng-app="">
<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>
</div>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

How AngularJS integrates with HTML

 The ng-app directive indicates the start of AngularJS application.

 The ng-model directive creates a model variable named name, which can be used with
the HTML page and within the div having ng-app directive.

 The ng-bind then uses the name model to be displayed in the HTML <span> tag
whenever user enters input in the text box.

 Closing </div> tag indicates the end of AngularJS application.

DIRECTIVES
AngularJS directives are used to extend HTML. They are special attributes starting with ng-
prefix. Let us discuss the following directives:

 ng-app - This directive starts an AngularJS Application.

 ng-init - This directive initializes application data.

 ng-model - This directive defines the model that is variable to be used in AngularJS.
  ng-repeat - This directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a collection.

ng-app directive

The ng-app directive starts an AngularJS Application. It defines the root element. It
automatically initializes or bootstraps the application when the web page containing AngularJS
Application is loaded. It is also used to load various AngularJS modules in AngularJS Application.
In the following example, we define a default AngularJS application using ng-app attribute of a
<div> element.

<div ng-app="">
...
</div>

ng-init directive

The ng-init directive initializes an AngularJS Application data. It is used to assign values to the
variables. In the following example, we initialize an array of countries. We use JSON syntax to
define the array of countries.

<div ng-app="" ng-init="countries=[ {locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},

{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'},
{locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
</div>

ng-model directive

The ng-model directive defines the model/variable to be used in AngularJS Application. In the
following example, we define a model named name.

<div ng-app="">
...
<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
</div>

ng-repeat directive

ng-repeat directive repeats HTML elements for each item in a collection. In the following
example, we iterate over the array of countries.

<div ng-app="">
...
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>
<ol>
<li ng-repeat="country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>

Example:

<html>
<title>AngularJS Directives</title>
<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>
<div ng-app="" ng-init="countries=[{locale:'en-US',name:'United States'},
{locale:'en-GB',name:'United Kingdom'},
{locale:'en-FR',name:'France'}]">
<p>Enter your Name: <input type="text" ng-model="name"></p>
<p>Hello <span ng-bind="name"></span>!</p>
<p>List of Countries with locale:</p>
<ol>
<li ng-repeat="country in countries">
{{ 'Country: ' + country.name + ', Locale: ' + country.locale }}
</li>
</ol>
</div>

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Expressions

Expressions are used to bind application data to HTML. Expressions are written inside double
curly braces such as in {{ expression}}. Expressions behave similar to ng-bind directives.
AngularJS expressions are pure JavaScript expressions and output the data where they are
used.

Using numbers

<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>

Using String
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>

Using Object

<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>

Using Array

<p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>

Example

<html>
<title>AngularJS Expressions</title>
<body>
<h1>Sample Application</h1>

<div ng-app="" ng-init="quantity=1;cost=30;

student={firstname:'Srikanth',lastname:'Giddalur',rollno:101};marks=[80,90,75,73,60]
">
<p>Hello {{student.firstname + " " + student.lastname}}!</p>
<p>Expense on Books : {{cost * quantity}} Rs</p>
<p>Roll No: {{student.rollno}}</p>
<p>Marks(Math): {{marks[3]}}</p>
</div>

<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

CONTROLLERS

AngularJS application mainly relies on controllers to control the flow of data in the application.
A controller is defined using ng-controller directive. A controller is a JavaScript object that
contains attributes/properties, and functions. Each controller accepts $scope as a parameter,
which refers to the application/module that the controller needs to handle.

<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">

...
</div>
Here, we declare a controller named studentController, using ng-controller directive. As a next
step, we define it as follows:

<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
}
}
</script>

 The studentController is defined as a JavaScript object with $scope as an argument.

 The $scope refers to application which uses the studentController object.

 The $scope.student is a property of studentController object.

 The firstName and the lastName are two properties of $scope.student object. We pass
the default values to them.

 The property fullName is the function of $scope.student object, which returns the
combined name.

 In the fullName function, we get the student object and then return the combined
name.

 As a note, we can also define the controller object in a separate JS file and refer that file
in the HTML page.

Now we can use studentController's student property using ng-model or using expressions as
follows:

Enter first name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.firstName"><br>

Enter last name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}

 We bound student.firstName and student.lastname to two input boxes.

 We bound student.fullName() to HTML.

 Now whenever you type anything in first name and last name input boxes, you can see
the full name getting updated automatically.

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Controller</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">
Enter first name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.firstName"><br><br>
Enter last name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.lastName"><br>
<br>
You are entering: {{student.fullName()}}
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
}
}
</script>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Filters
Filters are used to modify the data. They can be clubbed in expression or directives using pipe
(|) character. The following list shows commonly used filters.

S.NO Name Description

1 uppercase converts a text to upper case text.
2 lowercase converts a text to lower case text.
3 currency formats text in a currency format.
4 filter filter the array to a subset of it based on provided criteria.
4 orderby orders the array based on provided criteria.

Uppercase Filter

This adds uppercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here, we add uppercase filter
to print student name in capital letters.

Enter first name:<input type="text" ng-model="student.firstName">

Enter last name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.lastName">
Name in Upper Case: {{student.fullName() | uppercase}}

Lowercase Filter

This adds lowercase filter to an expression using pipe character. Here, we add lowercase filter
to print student name in small letters.

Enter first name:<input type="text" ng-model="student.firstName">

Enter last name: <input type="text" ng-model="student.lastName">
Name in Lower Case: {{student.fullName() | lowercase}}

Currency Filter

This adds currency filter to an expression that returns a number. Here, we add currency filter to
print fees using currency format.

Enter fees: <input type="text" ng-model="student.fees">

fees: {{student.fees | currency}}

Filter Filter

To display only required subjects, we use subjectName as filter.

Enter subject: <input type="text" ng-model="subjectName">
Subject:

<ul>
 <li ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>

Orderby Filter

To order subjects by marks, we use orderBy marks.

Subject:

<ul>
<li ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects | orderBy:'marks'">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>

Example

<html>
<head>

<title>Angular JS Filters</title>

</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">

<table border="0">
<tr><td>Enter first name:</td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.firstName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter last name: </td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.lastName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter fees: </td><td><input type="text"
ng-model="student.fees"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter subject: </td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="subjectName"></td></tr>
</table>

<br/>

<table border="0">
<tr><td>Name in Upper Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() |
uppercase}}</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Name in Lower Case: </td><td>{{student.fullName() |
lowercase}}</td></tr>
<tr><td>fees: </td><td>{{student.fees | currency}}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Subject:</td><td>
<ul>
<li ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects | filter: subjectName |
orderBy:'marks'">
{{ subject.name + ', marks:' + subject.marks }}
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</table>

</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65}
],
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
}
}
</script>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Tables

Table data is generally repeatable. The ng-repeat directive can be used to draw table easily. The
following example shows the use of ng-repeat directive to draw a table:

<table>
 <tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
Table can be styled using CSS Styling.
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;

</style>

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Table</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">
<table border="0">

<tr><td>Enter first name:</td><td><input type="text" ng-

model="student.firstName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter last name: </td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.lastName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Name: </td><td>{{student.fullName()}}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Subject:</td><td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},

{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
 }
}
</script>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

HTML DOM

The following directives are used to bind application data to attributes of HTML DOM elements:

S.No Name Description

1 ng-disabled Disables a given control.
2 ng-show Shows a given control.
3 ng-hide Hides a given control.
4 ng-click Represents a AngularJS click event.

ng-disabled Directive

Add ng-disabled attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a checkbox
and see the variation.

<input type="checkbox" ng-model="enableDisableButton">Disable Button

<button ng-disabled="enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button>

ng-show Directive

Add ng-show attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a checkbox
and see the variation.

<input type="checkbox" ng-model="showHide1">Show Button

<button ng-show="showHide1">Click Me!</button>

ng-hide Directive

Add ng-hide attribute to an HTML button and pass it a model. Bind the model to a checkbox and
see the variation.

<input type="checkbox" ng-model="showHide2">Hide Button

<button ng-hide="showHide2">Click Me!</button>
ng-click Directive

Add ng-click attribute to an HTML button and update a model. Bind the model to HTML and see
the variation.

<p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p></td>

<button ng-click="clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click Me!</button>

Example
<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS HTML DOM</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="">
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td><input type="checkbox" ng-model="enableDisableButton">Disable
Button</td>
<td><button ng-disabled="enableDisableButton">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="checkbox" ng-model="showHide1">Show Button</td>
<td><button ng-show="showHide1">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input type="checkbox" ng-model="showHide2">Hide Button</td>
<td><button ng-hide="showHide2">Click Me!</button></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><p>Total click: {{ clickCounter }}</p></td>
<td><button ng-click="clickCounter = clickCounter + 1">Click
Me!</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

MODULES
AngularJS supports modular approach. Modules are used to separate logic such as services,
controllers, application etc. from the code and maintain the code clean. We define modules in
separate js files and name them as per the module.js file. In the following example, we are
going to create two modules:

 Application Module - used to initialize an application with controller(s).

 Controller Module - used to define the controller.

Application Module

Here is a file named mainApp.js that contains the following code:

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

Here, we declare an application mainApp module using angular.module function and pass an
empty array to it. This array generally contains dependent modules.

Controller Module
studentController.js

mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
}
});

Here, we declare a controller studentController module using mainApp.controller function.

Use Modules

<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="studentController">

..
<script src="mainApp.js"></script>
<script src="studentController.js"></script>

Here, we use application module using ng-app directive, and controller using ng-controller
directive. We import the mainApp.js and studentController.js in the main HTML page.

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Modules</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="studentController">
<table border="0">
<tr><td>Enter first name:</td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.firstName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter last name: </td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.lastName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Name: </td><td>{{student.fullName()}}</td></tr>
<tr><td>Subject:</td><td>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
 <tr ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src="mainApp.js"></script>
<script src="studentController.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

mainApp.js

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

studentController.js

mainApp.controller("studentController", function($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
};
});

FORMS
AngularJS enriches form filling and validation. We can use ng-click event to handle the click
button and use $dirty and $invalid flags to do the validation in a seamless way. Use novalidate
with a form declaration to disable any browser-specific validation. The form controls make
heavy use of AngularJS events. Let us have a look at the events first.

Events

AngularJS provides multiple events associated with the HTML controls. For example, ng-click
directive is generally associated with a button. AngularJS supports the following events:

 ng-click

 ng-dbl-click

 ng-mousedown

 ng-mouseup

 ng-mouseenter

 ng-mouseleave

 ng-mousemove

 ng-mouseover

 ng-keydown

 ng-keyup

 ng-keypress

 ng-change

Let us go through ng-click:

ng-click

Reset data of a form using on-click directive of a button.

<input name="firstname" type="text" ng-model="firstName" required>

<input name="lastname" type="text" ng-model="lastName" required>
<input name="email" type="email" ng-model="email" required>
<button ng-click="reset()">Reset</button>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.reset = function(){
$scope.firstName = "Srikanth";
$scope.lastName = "Giddalur";
$scope.email = "SrikanthGiddalur@srigsystems.com";
}
$scope.reset();
}
</script>

Validate Data

The following can be used to track error.

 $dirty - states that value has been changed.

 $invalid- states that value entered is invalid.

 $error- states the exact error.

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">
 <form name="studentForm" novalidate>
<table border="0">
<tr><td>Enter first name:</td><td><input name="firstname"
type="text" ng-model="firstName" required>
<span style="color:red" ng-show="studentForm.firstname.$dirty &&
studentForm.firstname.$invalid">
<span ng-show="studentForm.firstname.$error.required">First Name is
required.</span>
</span>
</td></tr>

<tr><td>Enter last name: </td><td><input name="lastname"

type="text" ng-model="lastName" required>
<span style="color:red" ng-show="studentForm.lastname.$dirty &&
studentForm.lastname.$invalid">
<span ng-show="studentForm.lastname.$error.required">Last Name is
required.</span>
</span>
</td></tr>

<tr><td>Email: </td><td><input name="email" type="email" ng-

model="email" length="100" required>
<span style="color:red" ng-show="studentForm.email.$dirty &&
studentForm.email.$invalid">
<span ng-show="studentForm.email.$error.required">Email is
required.</span>
<span ng-show="studentForm.email.$error.email">Invalid email
address.</span>
</span>
</td></tr>

<tr><td><button ng-click="reset()">Reset</button></td><td><button
ng-disabled="studentForm.firstname.$dirty && studentForm.firstname.
$invalid ||
studentForm.lastname.$dirty && studentForm.lastname.$invalid ||
studentForm.email.$dirty && studentForm.email.$invalid"
ng-click="submit()">Submit</button></td></tr>

</table>
</form>
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.reset = function(){
 $scope.firstName = "Srikanth";
$scope.lastName = "Giddalur";
$scope.email = "SrikanthGiddalur@srigsystems.com";
}
$scope.reset();
}
</script>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

INCLUDES
HTML does not support embedding HTML pages within the HTML page. To achieve this
functionality, we can use one of the following options:

 Using Ajax - Make a server call to get the corresponding HTML page and set it in
innerHTML of HTML control.

 Using Server Side Includes - JSP, PHP and other web side server technologies can
include HTML pages within a dynamic page.

Using AngularJS, we can embed HTML pages within an HTML page using ng-include directive.

<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">

<div ng-include="'main.html'"></div>
<div ng-include="'subjects.html'"></div>
</div>

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">
<div ng-include="'main.html'"></div>
<div ng-include="'subjects.html'"></div>
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope) {
$scope.student = {
firstName: "Srikanth",
lastName: "Giddalur",
fees:500,
subjects:[
{name:'Physics',marks:70},
{name:'Chemistry',marks:80},
{name:'Math',marks:65},
{name:'English',marks:75},
{name:'Hindi',marks:67}
],
fullName: function() {
var studentObject;
studentObject = $scope.student;
return studentObject.firstName + " " + studentObject.lastName;
}
}
}
</script>
<script
src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

main.html

<table border="0">
<tr><td>Enter first name:</td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.firstName"></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter last name: </td><td><input type="text" ng-
model="student.lastName"></td></tr>
 <tr><td>Name: </td><td>{{student.fullName()}}</td></tr>
</table>

subjects.html

<p>Subjects:</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
</tr>
<tr ng-repeat="subject in student.subjects">
<td>{{ subject.name }}</td>
<td>{{ subject.marks }}</td>
</tr>
</table>

AJAX
AngularJS provides $http control which works as a service to read data from the server. Server
makes a database call to get the desired records. AngularJS needs data in JSON format. Once
the data is ready, $http can be used to get the data from server in the following manner:

function studentController($scope,$http) {
var url="data.txt";
$http.get(url).success( function(response) {
$scope.students = response;
});
}

Here, the file data.txt contains student records. $http service makes an ajax call and sets
response to its property students. students model can be used to draw tables in HTML.

Examples

data.txt

[
{
"Name" : "Srikanth Giddalur",
"RollNo" : 101,
"Percentage" : "80%"
},
{
 "Name" : "Nikil Prasanth",
"RollNo" : 201,
"Percentage" : "70%"
},
{
"Name" : "Ciril Rao",
"RollNo" : 191,
"Percentage" : "75%"
},
{
"Name" : "Christopher G",
"RollNo" : 111,
"Percentage" : "77%"
}
]

testAngularJS.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Includes</title>
<style>
table, th , td {
border: 1px solid grey;
border-collapse: collapse;
padding: 5px;
}
table tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
table tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="" ng-controller="studentController">
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Roll No</th>
<th>Percentage</th>
</tr>
 <tr ng-repeat="student in students">
<td>{{ student.Name }}</td>
<td>{{ student.RollNo }}</td>
<td>{{ student.Percentage }}</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<script>
function studentController($scope,$http) {
var url="data.txt";
$http.get(url).success( function(response) {
$scope.students = response;
});
}
</script>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></
script>
</body>
</html>

VIEWS

AngularJS supports Single Page Application via multiple views on a single page. To do this,
AngularJS has provided ng-view and ng-template directives, and $routeProvider services.

ng-view Directive

The ng-view directive simply creates a place holder where a corresponding view (HTML or ng-
template view) can be placed based on the configuration.

Usage

Define a div with ng-view within the main module.

<div ng-app="mainApp">
...
<div ng-view></div>
</div>

ng-template Directive

The ng-template directive is used to create an HTML view using script tag. It contains idattribute
which is used by $routeProvider to map a view with a controller.
Usage

Define a script block with type as ng-template within the main module.

<div ng-app="mainApp">
...
<script type="text/ng-template" id="addStudent.html">
<h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}

</script>
</div>

$routeProvider Service

The $routeProvider is a key service which sets the configuration of URLs, maps them with the
corresponding HTML page or ng-template, and attaches a controller with the same.

Usage 1

Define a script block with type as ng-template within the main module.

<div ng-app="mainApp">
...
<script type="text/ng-template" id="addStudent.htm">
<h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
</div>

Usage 2

Define a script block with main module and set the routing configuration.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);

mainApp.config(['$routeProvider',
function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider.
when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.html',

controller: 'AddStudentController'
}).
 when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.html',
controller: 'ViewStudentsController'
}).
otherwise({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
});
}]);

The following points are important to be considered in above example:

 The $routeProvider is defined as a function under config of mainApp module using key
as '$routeProvider'.

 The $routeProvider.when defines a URL "/addStudent", which is mapped to

"addStudent.html". addStudent.html should be present in the same path as main HTML
page.If the HTML page is not defined, then ng-template needs to be used with
id="addStudent.html". We used ng-template.

 The "otherwise" is used to set the default view.

 The "controller" is used to set the corresponding controller for the view.

Example

The following example shows use of all the above mentioned directives.

testAngularJS.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Views</title>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.25/angular-route.min.js"></
script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp">
<p><a href="#addStudent">Add Student</a></p>
<p><a href="#viewStudents">View Students</a></p>
<div ng-view></div>
<script type="text/ng-template" id="addStudent.html">
 <h2> Add Student </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
<script type="text/ng-template" id="viewStudents.html">
<h2> View Students </h2>
{{message}}
</script>
</div>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", ['ngRoute']);

mainApp.config(['$routeProvider',
function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider.
when('/addStudent', {
templateUrl: 'addStudent.html',
controller: 'AddStudentController'
}).
when('/viewStudents', {
templateUrl: 'viewStudents.html',
controller: 'ViewStudentsController'
}).
otherwise({
redirectTo: '/addStudent'
})
}]);

mainApp.controller('AddStudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display add student form";
});

mainApp.controller('ViewStudentsController', function($scope) {
$scope.message = "This page will be used to display all the students";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

SCOPES

Scope is a special JavaScript object that connects controller with views. Scope contains model
data. In controllers, model data is accessed via $scope object.
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});
</script>

The following important points are considered in above example:

 The $scope is passed as first argument to controller during its constructor definition.

 The $scope.message and $scope.type are the models which are used in the HTML page.

 We assign values to models that are reflected in the application module, whose
controller is shapeController.

 We can define functions in $scope.

Scope Inheritance

Scope is controller-specific. If we define nested controllers, then the child controller inherits the
scope of its parent controller.

<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});
mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});
</script>

The following important points are considered in above example:

 We assign values to the models in shapeController.

 We override message in child controller named circleController. When message is used

within the module of controller named circleController, the overridden message is used.

Example
testAngularJS.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="shapeController">
<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
<div ng-controller="circleController">
<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
</div>
<div ng-controller="squareController">
<p>{{message}} <br/> {{type}} </p>
</div>
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller("shapeController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In shape controller";
$scope.type = "Shape";
});
mainApp.controller("circleController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In circle controller";
});
mainApp.controller("squareController", function($scope) {
$scope.message = "In square controller";
$scope.type = "Square";
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

SERVICES

AngularJS supports the concept of Separation of Concerns using services architecture. Services
are JavaScript functions, which are responsible to perform only specific tasks. This makes them
individual entities which are maintainable and testable. The controllers and filters can call them
on requirement basis. Services are normally injected using dependency injection mechanism of
AngularJS.
AngularJS provides many inbuilt services. For example, $http, $route, $window, $location etc.
Each service is responsible for a specific task such as the $http is used to make ajax call to get
the server data, the $route is used to define the routing information, and so on. The inbuilt
services are always prefixed with $ symbol.

There are two ways to create a service:

 Factory

 Service

Using Factory Method

In this method, we first define a factory and then assign method to it.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}
return factory;
});

Using Service Method

In this method, we define a service and then assign method to it. We also inject an already
available service to it.

mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService){
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
Example

testAngularJS.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="CalcController">
<p>Enter a number: <input type="number" ng-model="number" />
<button ng-click="square()">X²</button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}
return factory;
});
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService){
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService) {
$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

DEPENDENCY INJECTION

Dependency Injection is a software design in which components are given their dependencies
instead of hard coding them within the component. This relieves a component from locating
the dependency and makes dependencies configurable. This also helps in making components
reusable, maintainable and testable.
AngularJS provides a supreme Dependency Injection mechanism. It provides following core
components which can be injected into each other as dependencies.

 Value

 Factory
  Service

 Provider

 Constant

Value

Value is a simple JavaScript object, which is required to pass values to the controller during
config phase (config phase is when AngularJS bootstraps itself).

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
//create a value object as "defaultInput" and pass it a data.
mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);
...
//inject the value in the controller using its name "defaultInput"
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});

Factory

Factory is a function which is used to return value. It creates a value on demand whenever a
service or a controller requires it. It generally uses a factory function to calculate and return the
value.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
//create a factory "MathService" which provides a method multiply to return multiplication
of two numbers
mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b
}
return factory;
});
//inject the factory "MathService" in a service to utilize the multiply method of factory.
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService){
 this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
...

Service

Service is a singleton JavaScript object containing a set of functions to perform certain tasks.
Service is defined using service() function and it is then injected into the controllers.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
...
//create a service which defines a method square to return square of a number.
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService){
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
//inject the service "CalcService" into the controller
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});

Provider

Provider is used by AngularJS internally to create services, factory etc. during the config phase.
The following script can be used to create MathService that we created earlier. Provider is a
special factory method with get() method which is used to return the value/service/factory.

//define a module
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
...
//create a service using provider which defines a method square to return square of a
number.
mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
};
});
});

Constant

Constants are used to pass values at the config phase considering the fact that value cannot be
used during the config phase.

mainApp.constant("configParam", "constant value");

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>AngularJS Dependency Injection</title>
</head>
<body>

<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>

<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="CalcController">
<p>Enter a number: <input type="number" ng-model="number" />
<button ng-click="square()">X²</button>
<p>Result: {{result}}</p>
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.config(function($provide) {
$provide.provider('MathService', function() {
this.$get = function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
};
});
});
mainApp.value("defaultInput", 5);
mainApp.factory('MathService', function() {
var factory = {};
factory.multiply = function(a, b) {
return a * b;
}
return factory;
});
mainApp.service('CalcService', function(MathService){
this.square = function(a) {
return MathService.multiply(a,a);
}
});
mainApp.controller('CalcController', function($scope, CalcService, defaultInput) {
$scope.number = defaultInput;
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
$scope.square = function() {
$scope.result = CalcService.square($scope.number);
}
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

CUSTOM DIRECTIVES

Custom directives are used in AngularJS to extend the functionality of HTML. They are defined
using directive function. A custom directive simply replaces the element for which it is
activated. During bootstrap, the AngularJS application finds matching elements and does one-
time activity using its compile() method of the custom directive. Then it processes the element
using link() method of the custom directive based on the scope of the directive. AngularJS
provides support to create custom directives for the following elements:

 Element directive - This activates when a matching element is encountered.

 Attribute - This activates when a matching attribute is encountered.

 CSS - This activates when a matching CSS style is encountered.

 Comment - This activates when a matching comment is encountered.

Understanding Custom Directive

Define custom HTML tags.

<student name="Srikanth"></student><br/>
<student name="Ciril"></student>

Define custom directive to handle the above HTML tags.

var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);

//Create a directive, first parameter is the html element to be attached.

//We are attaching student html tag.
//This directive will be activated as soon as any student element is encountered in html
mainApp.directive('student', function() {
//define the directive object
var directive = {};
//restrict = E, signifies that directive is Element directive
directive.restrict = 'E';
//template replaces the complete element with its text.
directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> , Roll No:
<b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";
//scope is used to distinguish each student element based on criteria.
directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
}
//compile is called during application initialization. AngularJS calls it once when html page is
loaded.
directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {
element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");
//linkFunction is linked with each element with scope to get the element specific data.
var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {
element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> , Roll No: <b>"+
$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
}
return linkFunction;
}
return directive;
});

Define controller to update the scope for directive. Here, we use the value of name attribute as
scope's child.

mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
 $scope.Srikanth = {};
$scope.Srikanth.name = "Srikanth Giddalur";
$scope.Srikanth.rollno = 1;
$scope.Ciril = {};
$scope.Ciril.name = "Ciril Giddalur";
$scope.Ciril.rollno = 2;

});

Example

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Custom Directives</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="StudentController">
<student name="Srikanth"></student><br/>
<student name="Ciril"></student>
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.directive('student', function() {
var directive = {};
directive.restrict = 'E';
directive.template = "Student: <b>{{student.name}}</b> , Roll No:
<b>{{student.rollno}}</b>";

directive.scope = {
student : "=name"
}
directive.compile = function(element, attributes) {
element.css("border", "1px solid #cccccc");
var linkFunction = function($scope, element, attributes) {
element.html("Student: <b>"+$scope.student.name +"</b> , Roll No: <b>"+
$scope.student.rollno+"</b><br/>");
element.css("background-color", "#ff00ff");
}
return linkFunction;
}
return directive;
});
mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.Srikanth = {};
$scope.Srikanth.name = "Srikanth Giddalur";
$scope.Srikanth.rollno = 1;
$scope.Ciril = {};
$scope.Ciril.name = "Ciril G";
$scope.Ciril.rollno = 2;
});

</script>
</body>
</html>

INTERNALIZATION

AngularJS supports inbuilt internationalization for three types of filters : Currency, Date, and
Numbers. We only need to incorporate corresponding java script according to locale of the
country. By default, it considers the locale of the browser. For example, for Danish locale, use
the following script:

<script src="https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js"></script>

Example Using Danish Locale

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="StudentController">
{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js"></script>
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
 $scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

Example Using Browser Locale

<html>
<head>
<title>Angular JS Forms</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>AngularJS Sample Application</h2>
<div ng-app="mainApp" ng-controller="StudentController">
{{fees | currency }} <br/><br/>
{{admissiondate | date }} <br/><br/>
{{rollno | number }}
</div>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.2.15/angular.min.js"></script>
<!-- <script src="https://code.angularjs.org/1.2.5/i18n/angular-locale_da-dk.js"></script> -->
<script>
var mainApp = angular.module("mainApp", []);
mainApp.controller('StudentController', function($scope) {
$scope.fees = 100;
$scope.admissiondate = new Date();
$scope.rollno = 123.45;
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

JSON - JavaScript Object Notation

JSON or JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for
human-readable data interchange. The JSON format was originally specified by Douglas
Crockford, and is described in RFC 4627. The official Internet media type for JSON is
application/json. The JSON filename extension is .json.

JSON - Overview

JSON or JavaScript Object Notation is a lightweight text-based open standard designed for human-readable data
interchange. Conventions used by JSON are known to programmers, which include C, C++, Java, Python, Perl,
etc.

 JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation.

 The format was specified by Douglas Crockford.
 It was designed for human-readable data interchange.
 It has been extended from the JavaScript scripting language.
 The filename extension is .json.
 JSON Internet Media type is application/json.
 The Uniform Type Identifier is public.json.

Uses of JSON

 It is used while writing JavaScript based applications that include browser extensions and websites.
 JSON format is used for serializing and transmitting structured data over network connection.
 It is primarily used to transmit data between a server and web applications.
 Web services and APIs use JSON format to provide public data.
 It can be used with modern programming languages.

Characteristics of JSON

 JSON is easy to read and write.

 It is a lightweight text-based interchange format.
 JSON is language independent.
 Simple Example in JSON

The following example shows how to use JSON to store information related to books based on their topic and
edition.
{
"book": [

{
"id":"01",
"language": "Java Script",
"edition": "third",
"author": "Ciril Rao"
},

{
"id":"02",
"language": "CSS",
"edition": "second"
"author": "G.Srikanth"
}
]
}

After understanding the above program, we will try another example in java script. Let's save
the below code as json.html

<html>
<head>
<title>JSON example</title>

<script language = "javascript" >

 var object1 = { "language" : "Java Script", "author" : "Ciril Rao" };
document.write("<h1>JSON with JavaScript example</h1>");
document.write("<br>");
document.write("<h3>Language = " + object1.language+"</h3>");
document.write("<h3>Author = " + object1.author+"</h3>");

var object2 = { "language" : "CSS", "author" : "G.Srikanth" };

document.write("<br>");
document.write("<h3>Language = " + object2.language+"</h3>");
document.write("<h3>Author = " + object2.author+"</h3>");

document.write("<hr />");
document.write(object2.language + " programming language can be studied " + "from
book written by " + object2.author);
document.write("<hr />");

</script>

</head>

<body>
</body>

</html>

JSON - Syntax

Let's have a quick look at the basic syntax of JSON. JSON syntax is basically considered as a
subset of JavaScript syntax; it includes the following −
  Data is represented in name/value pairs.
 Curly braces hold objects and each name is followed by ':'(colon), the name/value pairs
are separated by , (comma).
 Square brackets hold arrays and values are separated by ,(comma).

JSON supports the following two data structures −

 Collection of name/value pairs − This Data Structure is supported by different

programming languages.
 Ordered list of values − It includes array, list, vector or sequence etc.

JSON – DataTypes

JSON format supports the following data types –

Type Description

Number double- precision floating-point format in JavaScript

String double-quoted Unicode with backslash escaping

Boolean true or false

Array an ordered sequence of values

Value it can be a string, a number, true or false, null etc

Object an unordered collection of key:value pairs

Whitespace can be used between any pair of tokens

null empty

Number
  It is a double precision floating-point format in JavaScript and it depends on
implementation.
 Octal and hexadecimal formats are not used.
 No NaN or Infinity is used in Number.

The following table shows the number types –

Type Description

Integer Digits 1-9, 0 and positive or negative

Fraction Fractions like .3, .9

Exponent Exponent like e, e+, e-, E, E+, E-

Syntax

var json-object-name = { string : number_value, .......}

Example

Example showing Number Datatype, value should not be quoted −

var obj = {marks: 97}

String

 It is a sequence of zero or more double quoted Unicode characters with backslash

escaping.
 Character is a single character string i.e. a string with length 1.

The table shows string types –

Type Description

" double quotation

 \ reverse solidus

/ solidus

b backspace

f form feed

n new line

r carriage return

t horizontal tab

u four hexadecimal digits

Syntax

var json-object-name = { string : "string value", .......}

Example

Example showing String Datatype −

var obj = {name: 'Amit'}

Boolean

It includes true or false values.

Syntax

var json-object-name = { string : true/false, .......}

Example

var obj = {name: 'Amit', marks: 97, distinction: true}

Array

 It is an ordered collection of values.

 These are enclosed in square brackets which means that array begins with .[. and ends
with .]..
 The values are separated by , (comma).
 Array indexing can be started at 0 or 1.
 Arrays should be used when the key names are sequential integers.

Syntax

[ value, .......]

Example

Example showing array containing multiple objects –

{
"books": [
{ "language":"Java Script" , "edition":"second" },
{ "language":"CSS" , "lastName":"fifth" },
{ "language":"HTML" , "lastName":"third" }
]
}

Object

 It is an unordered set of name/value pairs.

 Objects are enclosed in curly braces that is, it starts with '{' and ends with '}'.
 Each name is followed by ':'(colon) and the name/value pairs are separated by ,
(comma).
 The keys must be strings and should be different from each other.
 Objects should be used when the key names are arbitrary strings.

Syntax

{ string : value, .......}

 Example

Example showing Object –

{
"id": "011A",
"language": "JAVA Script",
"price": 500,
}

Whitespace

It can be inserted between any pair of tokens. It can be added to make a code more readable.
Example shows declaration with and without whitespace −

Syntax

{string:" ",....}

Example

var i = " sachin";

var j = " saurav"

null

It means empty type.

Syntax

null

Example

var i = null;

if(i == 1){

document.write("<h1>value is 1</h1>");

}
else{

document.write("<h1>value is null</h1>");

JSON Value

It includes −

 number (integer or floating point)

 string
 boolean
 array
 object
 null

Syntax

String | Number | Object | Array | TRUE | FALSE | NULL

Example

var i = 1;

var j = "sachin";

var k = null;

JSON – Objects

Creating Simple Objects

JSON objects can be created with JavaScript. Let us see the various ways of creating JSON
objects using JavaScript −

Creation of an empty Object −

var JSONObj = {};

Creation of a new Object −

var JSONObj = new Object();

Creation of an object with attribute book name with value in string, attribute price with
numeric value. Attribute is accessed by using '.' Operator −
var JSONObj = { "bookname ":"JS BLACK BOOK", "price":500 };

This is an example that shows creation of an object in javascript using JSON, save the below
code as json_object.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Creating Object JSON with JavaScript</title>

<script language = "javascript" >

var JSONObj = { "name" : "srigsystems.com", "year" : 2012 };

document.write("<h1>JSON with JavaScript example</h1>");

document.write("<br>");
document.write("<h3>Website Name = "+JSONObj.name+"</h3>");
document.write("<h3>Year = "+JSONObj.year+"</h3>");
</script>

</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Creating Array Objects

The following example shows creation of an array object in JavaScript using JSON, save the
below code as json_array_object.html

<html>
<head>
<title>Creation of array object in javascript using JSON</title>
 <script language = "javascript" >
document.writeln("<h2>JSON array object</h2>");

var books = { "Pascal" : [

{ "Name" : "Pascal Made Simple", "price" : 700 },
{ "Name" : "Guide to Pascal", "price" : 400 }],

"Scala" : [
{ "Name" : "Scala for the Impatient", "price" : 1000 },
{ "Name" : "Scala in Depth", "price" : 1300 }]
}

var i = 0
document.writeln("<table border = '2'><tr>");

for(i = 0;i<books.Pascal.length;i++){
document.writeln("<td>");
document.writeln("<table border = '1' width = 100 >");
document.writeln("<tr><td><b>Name</b></td><td width = 50>" +
books.Pascal[i].Name+"</td></tr>");
document.writeln("<tr><td><b>Price</b></td><td width = 50>" + books.Pascal[i].price
+"</td></tr>");
document.writeln("</table>");
document.writeln("</td>");
}

for(i = 0;i<books.Scala.length;i++){
document.writeln("<td>");
document.writeln("<table border = '1' width = 100 >");
 document.writeln("<tr><td><b>Name</b></td><td width = 50>" +
books.Scala[i].Name+"</td></tr>");
document.writeln("<tr><td><b>Price</b></td><td width = 50>" +
books.Scala[i].price+"</td></tr>");
document.writeln("</table>");
document.writeln("</td>");
}
document.writeln("</tr></table>");
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

JSON – Schema

JSON Schema is a specification for JSON based format for defining the structure of JSON data. It
was written under IETF draft which expired in 2011. JSON Schema −

 Describes your existing data format.

 Clear, human- and machine-readable documentation.
 Complete structural validation, useful for automated testing.
 Complete structural validation, validating client-submitted data.

JSON Schema Validation Libraries

There are several validators currently available for different programming languages. Currently
the most complete and compliant JSON Schema validator available is JSV.

Languages Libraries

C WJElement (LGPLv3)

Java json-schema-validator (LGPLv3)

 .NET Json.NET (MIT)

ActionScript 3 Frigga (MIT)

Haskell aeson-schema (MIT)

Python Jsonschema

Ruby autoparse (ASL 2.0); ruby-jsonschema (MIT)

PHP php-json-schema (MIT). json-schema (Berkeley)

JavaScript Orderly (BSD); JSV; json-schema; Matic (MIT); Dojo; Persevere

(modified BSD or AFL 2.0); schema.js.

JSON Schema Example

Given below is a basic JSON schema, which covers a classical product catalog description –

{
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#",
"title": "Product",
"description": "A product from Acme's catalog",
"type": "object",

"properties": {

"id": {
 "description": "The unique identifier for a product",
"type": "integer"
},

"name": {
"description": "Name of the product",
"type": "string"
},

"price": {
"type": "number",
"minimum": 0,
"exclusiveMinimum": true
}
},

"required": ["id", "name", "price"]

}

Let's the check various important keywords that can be used in this schema –

Keywords Description

$schema The $schema keyword states that this schema is written

according to the draft v4 specification.

title You will use this to give a title to your schema.

description A little description of the schema.

type The type keyword defines the first constraint on our JSON
 data: it has to be a JSON Object.

properties Defines various keys and their value types, minimum and
maximum values to be used in JSON file.

required This keeps a list of required properties.

minimum This is the constraint to be put on the value and represents

minimum acceptable value.

exclusiveMinimum If "exclusiveMinimum" is present and has boolean value true,

the instance is valid if it is strictly greater than the value of
"minimum".

maximum This is the constraint to be put on the value and represents

maximum acceptable value.

exclusiveMaximum If "exclusiveMaximum" is present and has boolean value true,

the instance is valid if it is strictly lower than the value of
"maximum".

multipleOf A numeric instance is valid against "multipleOf" if the result

of the division of the instance by this keyword's value is an
integer.

maxLength The length of a string instance is defined as the maximum

number of its characters.

minLength The length of a string instance is defined as the minimum

number of its characters.

pattern A string instance is considered valid if the regular expression

matches the instance successfully.
You can check a http://json-schema.org for the complete list of keywords that can be used in
defining a JSON schema. The above schema can be used to test the validity of the following
JSON code –

[
{
"id": 2,
"name": "An ice sculpture",
"price": 12.50,
},

{
"id": 3,
"name": "A blue mouse",
"price": 25.50,
}
]

JSON - Comparison with XML

JSON and XML are human readable formats and are language independent. They both have
support for creation, reading and decoding in real world situations. We can compare JSON with
XML, based on the following factors −

Verbose

XML is more verbose than JSON, so it is faster to write JSON for programmers.

Arrays Usage

XML is used to describe the structured data, which doesn't include arrays whereas JSON include
arrays.

Parsing

JavaScript's eval method parses JSON. When applied to JSON, eval returns the described object.
Example

Individual examples of XML and JSON –

JSON

{
"company": "Volkswagen",
"name": "Vento",
"price": 800000
}

XML

<car>
<company>Volkswagen</company>
<name>Vento</name>
<price>800000</price>
</car>