COMPUTER NETWORKING

DAY1 DAY2 DAY3

WEEK 1 INTRODUCTION TYPE OF NETWOK-PAN, TOPOLOGY
LAN, MAN, WAN 5-4-3 RULES
WEEK 2 CABLE CONFIGURATION COMPONENT OF NETWORK PRACTICAL
WEEK 3 IP ADDRESS- IPV4 AND IP ADDRESS- IPV4 AND IPV6 SUBNETTING
IPV6
WEEK 4 SUBNETTING SUBNETTING SUBNETTING
WEEK 5 OSI AND TCP/IP MODELPORT NUMBER AND SYSTEM /
SERVICES ROUTERCONFIGURATION
WEEK 6 SYSTEM / SYSTEM / INTRODUCTION TO
ROUTERCONFIGURATION ROUTERCONFIGURATION CISCO PACKET TRACER
WEEK 7 INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO CISCO REVISION
CISCO PACKET TRACER PACKET TRACER

TOOLS
CRIMPING TOOLS – CRIMPER, LAN / CABLE TESTER, RJ45 – 10PC,
LAN OR ETHERNET CABLE – 3M
ROUTING OF INTERNET BANDWIDTH ISP – INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
NETWORK SERVICE PROVIDER

COMPUTER NETWORK is the connection of two or more devices for the

purpose of sharing files, data, information and resources.
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SERVER
PRINTER

B asset D

MODE OF NETWORKING
1. WIRELESS
2. WIRED
ADVANTAGES
1. USER ACCESS
 2. SERVICES
3. INTERNET
4. INFORMATION SHARING AND STORAGE

DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
1. SECURITY AND COMPLIANCE
2. ADMINISTRATIVE TIME
3. NETWORK FAILURE
4. COST

TYPES OF NETWORKS

1.PAN – PERSONAL AREA NETWORK – This is a type of network where all the
devices in the network belongs to an individual. This is a network by yourself and for
yourself. Internet is not a must to create a personal area network.
A PAN, or Personal Area Network, is a small computer network that connects devices within a short range,
typically around the personal space of a single user, usually up to 10 meters (33 feet). It allows these devices to
communicate and share data with each other without an external connection, like the internet.

Think of it as your own little bubble of connected gadgets. Your phone, laptop, smartwatch, headphones, and even
some printers can all be part of your PAN, depending on how you set it up.

Here are some key characteristics of PANs:

• Small coverage area: As mentioned, PANs are designed for short-range connectivity, typically within a
few meters of the user.
• Limited number of devices: PANs can usually only connect a handful of devices at a time.
• Low data rates: PANs are not meant for transferring large amounts of data quickly. They're more suited
for things like sharing music files or connecting to a printer.
• Wireless or wired: PANs can be set up using either wireless technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, or
wired connections like USB.
Here are some common examples of PANs in action:

• Connecting your wireless headphones to your phone: This is a classic example of a Bluetooth PAN.
Your phone and headphones communicate directly with each other, without needing any other network.
• Sharing files between your laptop and tablet: You can use Wi-Fi Direct to create a PAN between your
laptop and tablet, and then easily transfer files back and forth.
• Connecting a fitness tracker to your phone: Many fitness trackers use Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to
connect to your phone, allowing them to sync data and send you notifications.

PANs are a great way to simplify your life and make it easier to stay connected to your devices. They're also
becoming increasingly popular in the world of the Internet of Things (IoT), as more and more devices are equipped
with wireless connectivity.

2. LAN – LOCAL AREA NETWORK – this is a type of network for a small

geographical area. E.g., home and small offices
A LAN, or Local Area Network, is a group of computers and devices connected together in a limited geographic
area, typically within a building or campus. Unlike PANs, which are designed for personal use and short-range
connections, LANs can connect a much larger number of devices over a wider area.

Here are some key characteristics of LANs:

• Larger coverage area: LANs can typically cover areas up to a few kilometers, although this can vary
depending on the technology used.
• More devices: LANs can connect dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of devices.
• Higher data rates: LANs offer much faster data transfer speeds than PANs, typically ranging from 100
Mbps to 10 Gbps or even higher.
• Wired or wireless: LANs can be set up using either wired connections like Ethernet cable, or wireless
technologies like Wi-Fi.

Here are some common examples of LANs in action:

• Office networks: Most offices have a LAN that connects all the computers, printers, and other devices
together. This allows employees to share files, access the internet, and use other network resources.
• School networks: Schools often have LANs that connect all the computers in the classrooms, labs, and
administrative offices. This allows students and staff to share resources and access the internet.
• Home networks: Many homes have LANs that connect all the computers, smartphones, tablets, and other
devices together. This allows family members to share files, play games, and access the internet.

LANs are essential for businesses, schools, and homes that need to share resources and connect to the internet.
They offer a secure and reliable way to connect devices and make it easy for people to work together.

Here are some additional details about LANs:

 • LAN devices: LANs are made up of a variety of devices, including computers, printers, servers, switches,
routers, and access points. These devices work together to connect the devices on the network and allow
them to communicate with each other.
• LAN security: LANs can be vulnerable to security threats, such as hacking and malware. It is important to
take steps to secure your LAN, such as using strong passwords, installing firewalls, and keeping your
software up to date.
• Types of LANs: There are several different types of LANs, each with its own advantages and
disadvantages. The most common type of LAN is an Ethernet LAN, which uses Ethernet cable to connect
devices. Wi-Fi LANs are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer more flexibility and convenience.

3. MAN – METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK – this type of network is

for medium geographical area. Like community, government offices,
university
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that spans a metropolitan area, such as a large city or a
conurbation, connecting various locations like office buildings, universities, and government agencies within that
area. It's essentially a bridge between the smaller Local Area Networks (LANs) within individual buildings and the
wider Wide Area Networks (WANs) that connect geographically dispersed locations.

Think of it like a highway system for data within a city. Just as highways connect smaller roads and streets within
a city, MANs connect individual LANs and allow for faster and more efficient data transfer between them
compared to using the wider WANs.

Here are some key characteristics of MANs:

• Coverage area: Typically spans a few kilometers to 50 kilometers, encompassing the entirety of a large
urban area.
• Devices connected: Connects multiple LANs, each potentially containing hundreds or even thousands of
devices.
• Data rates: Offers high data transfer speeds, usually ranging from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps or even higher,
facilitating smooth data exchange between connected locations.
• Technologies used: Often relies on dedicated fiber optic cables, microwave links, or even satellite
connections for high-speed and reliable data transmission.

Here are some of the benefits of using MANs:

• Enhanced communication and collaboration: Enables seamless data sharing and communication
between different organizations and institutions within the city, fostering collaboration and innovation.
• Improved resource utilization: Allows for centralized storage and sharing of resources like printers,
servers, and databases, reducing costs and redundancy.
 • Increased efficiency and productivity: Faster data transfer speeds and improved network reliability lead
to increased efficiency and productivity for businesses and organizations.
• Boosted economic growth: MANs can play a crucial role in attracting businesses and promoting economic
growth within a metropolitan area by creating a robust and reliable communication infrastructure.

Here are some real-world examples of MANs in action:

• Municipal government networks: Many city governments utilize MANs to connect different
departments, public safety agencies, and educational institutions, facilitating efficient communication and
service delivery.
• Hospital networks: Large hospitals often have MANs connecting various buildings and medical facilities,
enabling real-time patient data sharing and improved healthcare delivery.
• University campus networks: Universities often rely on MANs to connect different departments,
libraries, and research facilities, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing among students and
researchers.

Overall, MANs play a vital role in the modern digital age by providing the backbone for efficient and reliable
communication and data exchange within large urban areas. They contribute to improved collaboration, resource
utilization, economic growth, and a range of other benefits for the communities they serve.

4. WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORK – this is a type of network for a large

geographical area. Here INTERNET is a must.
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It's a telecommunications network that spans a large geographic area, often
connecting multiple networks across cities, countries, or even the entire globe. Think of it as a highway system for
data, but instead of cars, it carries information packets between different locations.

Here are some key characteristics of WANs:

• Coverage area: WANs can cover vast distances, from regional networks spanning a few hundred
kilometers to the global internet encompassing the entire planet.
• Technologies used: Various technologies can be used to build a WAN, including leased lines, satellite
connections, virtual private networks (VPNs), and the internet itself.
• Data rates: WANs typically offer lower data transfer speeds compared to smaller networks like LANs and
MANs, ranging from a few Mbps to hundreds of Mbps, depending on the technology used.
• Complexity: WANs are more complex to set up and maintain than smaller networks due to the larger
distances and diverse technologies involved.

Here are some of the benefits of using WANs:

• Connect geographically dispersed locations: WANs enable businesses and organizations to connect their
offices, branches, and data centers across different locations, facilitating communication, collaboration, and
resource sharing.
 • Access global resources: WANs provide access to global resources like the internet and cloud services,
opening up new opportunities for businesses and individuals.
• Improved efficiency and productivity: WANs can streamline communication and data sharing, leading to
increased efficiency and productivity for geographically dispersed teams.
• Centralized data management: WANs enable centralized data storage and management, ensuring
consistency and accessibility for authorized users across different locations.

Here are some real-world examples of WANs in action:

• Corporate networks: Large businesses with multiple offices or branches often use WANs to connect their
locations, allowing employees to share files, access company resources, and collaborate on projects.
• Banking networks: Banks rely on WANs to connect their branches, ATMs, and data centers, facilitating
secure financial transactions and real-time data synchronization.
• Educational networks: Universities and school districts often use WANs to connect their campuses,
providing students and faculty with access to shared resources and online learning platforms.

Overall, WANs are essential for businesses and organizations operating in a globalized world. They facilitate
communication, collaboration, resource sharing, and access to global resources, contributing to increased
efficiency, productivity, and growth.

TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY can either be physical or logical
Physical topology can be defined as the arrangement of the devices in a network.

TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
There are basically 3 types of physical topology, they are
1. LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY – this is a type of topology where all the devices in
the network are connected together with a single cable called the BACKBONE
cable. The devices are connected to the node that are terminated on the single
cable.

Advantages of linear topology

 1. Uses less cable
2. Not expensive
3. Easy to install

Disadvantages
1. Difficult to troubleshoot
2. Network fail if the main cable break.

Bus Topology
Bus topology is a setup of a network where network devices, computers or nodes are directly linked to a single
cable, or we can say with a common link. An RJ-45 network cable or coaxial cable is preferred to link them,
depending on the type of system network card.

In a bus topology, we have another important term which is the station. Basically, a host on a bus network is
known as a station. When it comes to the bus network, all the stations will accept all network traffic, and this
traffic will have a similar transmission preference.

Table of Contents

• Important Pointers of Bus Topology

 • Advantages of Bus Topology
• Disadvantages of Bus Topology
• FAQs Related to Bus Topology

Important Pointers of Bus Topology

• The bus topology is created efficiently, and every station is linked via a single cable called a backbone
cable.
• There are two conditions: First, the nodes are directly linked to the backbone cable, or they take the help of
a drop cable to make a connection.
• When it comes to the bus topology, the famous access technique is CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access).
CSMA: It’s a type of media access control that handles data flow to guarantee data integrity.

Advantages of Bus Topology

• It works excellently in a tiny network.
• Bus topology is the most uncomplicated topology for linking computers linearly.
• It demands a shorter cable length as compared to the star topology.
• In the case of bus topology, nodes are directly linked to the cable; therefore, the starting cost of installation
is quite low.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

• In the case of bus topology, it is very tough to determine the issues if the entire network goes down.
• For large networks, it is not suitable.
• We need terminators at both ends of the primary cable.
• It is tough to troubleshoot particular device issues.
• The network divides into two if the primary cable is harmed.
• If we add new devices to the bus topology network, it would affect the network and slow down.
• Though the concept of bus topology is pretty easy, it still demands a lot of cabling.

STAR TOPOLOGY
This is the type of topology where by a switch or hub is connected to the source and
all other devices are connected to the switch.
Advantages
Easy to install
Easy to troubleshoot

Disadvantages
Expensive
Require more cable
If the switch or hub is faulty, there is network failure.

TREE TOPOLOGY- a tree topology has the combination of the star topology and
linear bus topology.
In network topology, a tree topology resembles the structure of a tree, with a hierarchical arrangement
of nodes and connections. Imagine a central "root" node connected to various "branch" nodes, which in
turn can connect to further "leaf" nodes, and so on. Each node connects to a single parent node above
it, creating a clear hierarchy like branches ascending to a trunk.

Here are some key characteristics of a tree topology:

• Hierarchical structure: Nodes are arranged in levels, with the root node at the top and leaf nodes
at the bottom.
• Point-to-point connections: Each node connects to its parent node using a single link, with no
loops or cycles.
• Scalability: Tree topologies can be easily expanded by adding new nodes at the lower levels.
• Centralized control: The root node often acts as a central point of control and management for
the network.

Some advantages of using a tree topology include:

• Improved fault tolerance: If one node fails, it only affects its immediate children, not the entire
network.
 • Efficient data transmission: Data can be sent and received through defined paths, optimizing
traffic flow.
• Easy management and troubleshooting: The hierarchical structure simplifies network
administration and problem identification.

However, there are also some disadvantages to consider:

• Single point of failure: The root node is critical, and its failure can disrupt the entire network.
• Limited redundancy: There are no alternative paths if a link fails, unlike with mesh topologies.
• Increased cost: Setting up a tree topology may require more cables and equipment compared to
simpler options.

Here are some common applications of tree topologies:

• Corporate networks: Large organizations often use tree topologies to connect individual
workstations to central servers and switches.
• Cable TV networks: The signal is distributed from a central headend through branch amplifiers to
individual homes.
• Telephone networks: Telephone calls are routed through the network following a hierarchical tree
structure.

While not the most common topology overall, tree topologies offer a balance of benefits and drawbacks,
making them a suitable choice for various network configurations.

Ring topology: Devices are connected in a closed loop, like a circle. Data travels in one direction around the loop.
This topology is not very common anymore because it can be difficult to troubleshoot and add new devices.
Mesh topology: Devices are connected to each other in a web-like fashion, with multiple paths between any two
devices. This is the most reliable topology because if one link fails, there are still other paths for data to travel.
However, it is also the most expensive and complex to install.

5-4-3 rules
This rule only affects the tree topology

Here's what the rule specifies:

 • Maximum 5 segments: There can be only a maximum of five network segments between any two
communicating devices. Segments are short sections of cable connecting devices.
• Maximum 4 repeaters: These five segments can be connected by a maximum of four
repeaters. Repeaters amplify signals to extend their reach but introduce slight delays.
• Maximum 3 active segments: Of the five, only three segments can contain active devices that
send and receive data. The remaining two can be used for connecting repeaters without
additional devices.

The primary reasons for these limitations are:

• Signal delay: Each segment and repeater adds a tiny delay to the signal. Too many hops could
cause collisions, where signals from different devices arrive at the same time and are corrupted.
• Collision domain: The 5-4-3 rule limits the "collision domain," which is the area where collisions
can occur. Smaller collision domains improve network performance and reduce the impact of
collisions.

Modern networks using switches operate differently and don't require the 5-4-3 rule. Switches segment
the network into collision domains, eliminating the need for repeaters and allowing for longer cable
lengths. However, understanding the 5-4-3 rule can be helpful in troubleshooting older networks or
understanding historical networking principles.

Here are some additional points to consider:

• The rule is sometimes written as 5-4-3-2-1, including two link segments without active devices
and one collision domain.
• There are alternative configurations, like the "Ethernet way" with two repeaters but no active
devices between them.
• The rule became less relevant with the rise of faster Ethernet technologies and switches.

1.