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Biotech 8 Reviewer Protein Synthesis

The document provides an overview of protein synthesis, detailing the roles of various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and the processes involved, including transcription, elongation, and translation. It explains gene expression as a regulatory mechanism for protein production and outlines key components such as codons, exons, and introns. Additionally, it describes the significance of RNA modifications like splicing, capping, and tailing in enhancing RNA stability and function.

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Elizabeth Anne Villaflores
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10 views6 pages

Biotech 8 Reviewer Protein Synthesis

The document provides an overview of protein synthesis, detailing the roles of various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) and the processes involved, including transcription, elongation, and translation. It explains gene expression as a regulatory mechanism for protein production and outlines key components such as codons, exons, and introns. Additionally, it describes the significance of RNA modifications like splicing, capping, and tailing in enhancing RNA stability and function.

Uploaded by

Elizabeth Anne Villaflores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1.

​ Adenine
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025​ 2.​ Guanine
3.​ Uracil
Protein Synthesis - Is a 4.​ Cytosine
process that cells use to
create proteins. Proteins are 3 Types of RNA:
the building blocks of cells 1.​ mRNA - is made
and are made up of Amino from a DNA
Acids. template during
transcription. It
Gene - Is the basic unit of carries protein
heredity, it is made up of DNA. instructions from
the nucleus to the
Ribonucleic Acid - aka RNA is cytoplasm.
a single-stranded molecule
that is present in most living
organisms.
-​ It is made up of
nucleotides, which
are ribose sugars
attached to
nitrogenous bases
& phosphate
groups.

RNA Nitrogenous Bases:


(remember this with the
acronym AGUC)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025

2.​ tRNA - acts as a 3 Process of RNA


bridge between 1.​ RNA SPLICING -
mRNA and amino during splicing,
acids, helping build coding-regions
proteins. It pairs (exons) are kept
with mRNA to and non-coding
ensure each amino regions (introns)
acid is added in the are cut out and
correct order removed.
during protein 2.​ RNA CAPPING - a
synthesis. modified guanine
nucleotide is added
3.​ rRNA - facilitates to the 5′ end of the
the binding of mRNA during
mRNA and tRNA transcription. This
and catalyzing the cap protects the
formation of mRNA from
peptide bonds degradation, helps
between amino in ribosome
acids. recognition, and
facilitates efficient
translation.

3.​ RNA TAILING - is the


addition of extra
nucleotides to the 3′
end of RNA. This
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS conserved process enhances
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025​ RNA stability, activity, and
​ plays a key role in gene
regulation across organisms.

Gene Expression:
Gene expression is how a 🔸 Gene expression =
gene's information is used to Running a restaurant → Only
create functional molecules. certain recipes are used at
This happens through RNA certain times.
transcription, producing either 🔸 RNA transcription = The
proteins or non-coding RNAs chef → Chooses which recipes
with other roles. It acts like an to make based on demand.
"on/off switch" to control when 🔸 On/Off switch = Menu
and where these molecules availability → Some dishes
are made and a "volume (proteins) are always
control" to regulate their available, others are seasonal
amounts.​ (only made when needed).
🔸 Volume control = Order
To simplify further, think of it size → Determines how much
this way: of a dish (protein) is made
🔸 Gene = Recipe book → depending on demand.
Contains all the possible
dishes (proteins) that can be
made.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025
nucleotides to the growing
Stages of Protein Synthesis: RNA strand at its 3' end,
ensuring accurate
Transcription - DNA is copied transcription.
to create a complementary
RNA molecule, which then Termination - The process of
carries the genetic ending transcription is called
information needed to make termination, and it happens
proteins. once the polymerase
transcribes a sequence of DNA
Initiation - RNA polymerase known as a terminator.
binds to a specific DNA region
called the promoter, initiating Translation - A cell uses the
the process of RNA synthesis. information encoded in
messenger RNA (mRNA) to
Elongation - RNA polymerase build a protein, with ribosomes
moves along the template decoding the mRNA sequence
DNA strand in the 3' to 5' into a polypeptide chain
direction. As it moves, it adds (protein).
complementary RNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025​

6.​ Exons - Coding Regions


1.​ Primary Transcript - A
single-Stranded RNA
7.​ Introns - Non-coding
product synthesized by
regions
transcription of DNA.

8.​ Codon - is a sequence


2.​ RNA Polymerase -
of three nucleotides in
Enzymes responsible for
messenger RNA that
addition of nucleotides
determines the position
during transcription.
of amino acids when a
3.​ Promoter Site - A
cell starts making
specific DNA sequence
proteins.
located upstream of a
gene that serves as a
binding site for RNA
polymerase, initiating the
transcription process.
9.​ Anticodon - is a
sequence of three
4.​ Cytoplasm (Ribosome) -
nucleotides in transfer
Site of protein synthesis.
RNA that binds to a
corresponding codon
5.​ TATA Box - A TATA box is
and designates a
a DNA sequence that
specific amino acid.
indicates where a
genetic sequence can
10.​Start Codon - signals
be read and decoded.
the beginning of protein
translation and initiates
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 11.​ Stop Codon - is a
BIOTECH 8 QUARTER 4
FCCO 8 - S. Y. 2024-2025​ sequence of three
​ nucleotides (a
the formation of the protein trinucleotide) in DNA or
chain (AUG). messenger RNA (mRNA)
that signals a halt to
protein synthesis in the
cell (UAA, UAG, and UGA).

Goodluck!!!!

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