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Grouping of Columns On The Basis of Load

The document categorizes columns in RCC structures into three types: Axially Loaded, Uniaxially Loaded, and Bi-axially Loaded. It explains the characteristics of each type, including how loads are applied and the effects on the column's design. Additionally, it provides examples of columns in a building frame to illustrate how to identify their loading conditions.

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V.m. Rajan
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17 views13 pages

Grouping of Columns On The Basis of Load

The document categorizes columns in RCC structures into three types: Axially Loaded, Uniaxially Loaded, and Bi-axially Loaded. It explains the characteristics of each type, including how loads are applied and the effects on the column's design. Additionally, it provides examples of columns in a building frame to illustrate how to identify their loading conditions.

Uploaded by

V.m. Rajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEARN TO GROUP THE COLUMNS AS AXIALLY

LOADED, UNI-AXIALLY LOADED & BI-AXIALLY


LOADED IN A BUILDING PLAN
While designing the columns of an RCC structure, the first
step is to categorize the columns into 3 categories;
1. Axially Loaded Columns
2. Columns subjected to Axial Load and Uniaxial
Bending
3. Columns subjected to Axial Load and Bi-axial Bending.
In this article, I’m going to explain to you, all the 3
categories of columns briefly, and at the end, I will discuss
how to decide whether a column in a building is Axially
loaded Uniaxially Loaded, or Biaxially Loaded.
Axially loaded column:
In an axially loaded column, the load acting on the column
passes through the centroid of the section (as shown in
the figure below). In such columns, the beams on all 4
sides of the column will be of uniform length and cross-
section. Hence the moment generated by all the 4 sides
will be of equal magnitude and the moment created by
each beam will be balanced out by their opposite beams.
Therefore, the net effect of the moment is negligible.

pg. 104
pg. 105
However, it is practically very much difficult to cast an
Axially loaded column. That’s why IS 456 2000 suggests
that a column should be designed by considering a
minimum eccentricity as well. By the term “eccentricity”
we mean the load doesn’t pass through the centroid in a
real sense but, slightly away from the centroidal axis of
the column.

Axially Loaded with Uniaxial Bending:


In such columns, the vertical loads acting on the column
don’t pass through the centroid of the section. Rather, the
loads act eccentrically either on the x-axis or the y-axis of
the column cross-section.
These columns have beams either only in one direction or
in three directions. When connected by 3 beams, the
beams in opposite directions should have a uniform
length and cross-section. When connected by 2 beams on
opposite sides only, both the beams should have unequal
spans or cross-sections. In all the cases, the net moment
should be created along one direction only (i.e. along the
x-axis or y-axis).

pg. 106
pg. 107
Axially Loaded with Bi-axial Bending:
In such columns, the vertical loads acting on the
column don’t pass through the centroid of the
column. Rather, the load is eccentric about both the
axis in the plane of the column. (i.e. the load doesn’t
act on either the x-axis or y-axis).

pg. 108
This can be understood easily by considering the x-y
plane with origin at the Centre of the column. If the
load is acting on the x-axis only with y coordinate
zero, such a column will be an axially loaded column
with uniaxial bending and if both the coordinates
exist, the system will be Bi-axial. Bi-axially loaded
columns are connected by beams in two adjacent
perpendicular directions. Usually, we design the
columns located at the corners of a structure as
axially loaded with Bi-axial bending. These are also
identified when connected by beams on 3 sides but,
the beams on opposite sides are of unequal spans
and/or cross-sections. Bi-axially loaded columns are

pg. 109
also identified in case the beams on opposite sides
are not at the same level.

Now let’s discuss how to identify, whether a column


in a building is axially loaded, Uni-axially loaded or
Bi-axially loaded so that we can follow the design
procedure accordingly.

Let’s consider a building frame with 12 columns


numbered from C1 to C12 connected by 17 beams
numbered from B1 to B17. In this layout, we need to
pg. 110
identify whether these columns are Axially loaded,
Uniaxially Loaded, or Bi-axially loaded.

Talking about C1, it is


connected by two beams
B1 and B4 which are
aligned perpendicular to
each other. Therefore, the
moments will be created
along both the axis of the
column i.e., along x-axis
and y-axis, and because of
this, the effect of load on the column will be eccentric
along both the axis. i.e., The vertical load will act away
from both the axis at some distance say, ex and ey. Hence
we can conclude that C1 is an axially loaded column
with Bi-axial Bending.

C2 satisfies the criteria


of Uniaxial bending.
Since C2 is connected
by 3 beams B1, B2 &
B5, and the beams B1

pg. 111
& B2 lie on the opposite sides but with the same span of
4m. Therefore, the effect of the moment due to B1 & B2
will be zero and the net moment will be created due to B5
only. As a result, the effect of load on the column will be
eccentric along any of the axis. i.e., The load will act either
on x-axis or on y-axis. Hence, we can conclude that, C2 is
an axially loaded column with Uniaxial bending.

C3 is connected by the
beams, B2, B3, and B6.
Since the beams on the
opposite sides (i.e, B2 &
B3) have unequal spans
and because of asymmetry
in loading, there will be
some moment generated
due to B2 and B3. B6 will also create a moment. As a
result, the effect of load will be eccentric along both axes.
Therefore, C3 is an axially loaded column with Bi-axial
bending.

pg. 112
Again, C4 satisfies the
criteria of Bi-axial
bending. Since C4 is
connected by the
beams B3 and B7
which are aligned
perpendicular to each
other. Therefore, the
effect of load will be eccentric along both the axis as in
case of C1.

C5 satisfies the criteria of Uniaxial bending as in case of C2.


pg. 113
C6 is connected by 4
beams of span 4m
each. Therefore, due
to symmetry in
loading the net
moment along both
the axis will be zero
and because of this,
the load will pass
through the centroid of the column. Hence C6 will be an
Axially loaded column.

Talking about C7, it is


also connected by 4
beams but, B9 & B10
have different spans
causing asymmetry in
loading. On the other
hand, B6 & B13 have
the same spans and
because of this, the net
moment due to B6 &
B13 will be zero.
pg. 114
Therefore, the moment will be generated along one axis
only and such a case will be of an axially loaded column
with uniaxial bending.
Again, C8 satisfies the criteria of uniaxial bending, C9 Bi-
axial bending, C10 uniaxial, C11 Bi-axial as in case of C3,
and C12 Bi-axially loaded column.

Grouping Of Columns:
C6 (Axially Loaded Column)
C2, C5, C7, C8, & C10
(Axially Loaded Columns with Uniaxial Bending)
C1, C3, C4, C9, C11, & C12
(Axially Loaded Columns with Bi-Axial Bending)

Axially Loaded Columns


 Connected by 4 beams of equal span. (C6)
 Connected by 2 beams on opposite sides of equal span
and cross-section.

Axially Loaded Columns with Uniaxial bending


 Connected by 1 beam
pg. 115
 Connected by 3 beams, the beams in opposite
directions should have a uniform length and cross-
section. (C2, C5, C8, & C10 )
 Connected by 2 beams on opposite sides only, both
the beams should have unequal spans or cross-
sections.
Axially Loaded Columns with Bi-axial bending
 Connected by 2 beams perpendicular to each other.
(C1, C4, C9, & C12)
 Connected by 3 beams, the beams in opposite
directions must be non-uniform. (C3, & C11)
 Connected by 4 beams, the beams in opposite
directions must be non-uniform.

pg. 116

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