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Chapter 3 Linear Motion

The document discusses linear motion, defining key physical quantities such as position, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It distinguishes between scalar and vector quantities, explaining how acceleration and velocity interact in various scenarios. Additionally, it touches on concepts of free fall and the effects of gravity, including Galileo's contributions to the understanding of motion.

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3 views31 pages

Chapter 3 Linear Motion

The document discusses linear motion, defining key physical quantities such as position, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It distinguishes between scalar and vector quantities, explaining how acceleration and velocity interact in various scenarios. Additionally, it touches on concepts of free fall and the effects of gravity, including Galileo's contributions to the understanding of motion.

Uploaded by

wassupmorons
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Motion

Linear motion is motion in one dimension. The object moves


back and forth in a straight line.
Motion
Diagrams
Physical Quantities
• Position – an object’s location
• Speed – change in position with time
• Velocity – change in position with time
including direction
• Acceleration – change in velocity with time
Speed

 Speed is a scalar quantity


 Speed has no direction and is always
expressed as a positive number
 same units as velocity (meters/sec, mph, or km/hr)

distance
speed 
time
Speed vs. Velocity
distance Velocity is a vector
Speed 
time

distance
Velocity  (with direction)
time

Speed is the magnitude of velocity

7
Vectors
A quantity that requires both a magnitude (or size) and a direction
can be represented by a vector. Graphically, we represent a vector
by an arrow.

The velocity of this car is 100 m/s (magnitude) to the left


(direction).

This boy pushes on his friend with a force of 25 N to the right.


Vectors and Scalars
 Vector quantities need both magnitude (size
or numerical value) and direction to
completely describe them
 +, –, left, right, up, down, north, south, east,
and west can all be used to indicate direction
 Scalar quantities are completely
described by magnitude only
Question
Which of the following are vector quantities:

1. your age
2. acceleration
3. velocity
4. speed
5. mass
Example: Resultant Velocity
We can use the Pythagorean theorem to solve for the
resultant velocity.

5 km/h
Introductory Question
Consider the following controls in an automobile: gas
pedal, brake, steering wheel. What are the controls on
this list that cause an acceleration of the car?

1. The gas pedal and the brake


2. Only the brake
3. Only the gas pedal
4. The gas pedal, the brake,
and the steering wheel
Acceleration
change in velocity
Acceleration 
time interval
Acceleration is a vector.
Acceleration can be a change in the
magnitude and/or direction of velocity with
time.
A car traveling in a circle at constant speed
is accelerating because the direction of the
car’s velocity vector is changing with time

13
Acceleration and Velocity
 When an object’s velocity and acceleration
are in the same direction, the object is
speeding up velocity

acceleration

 When an object’s velocity and acceleration


are in the opposite direction, the object is
slowing down
velocity
acceleration
Acceleration and Velocity

 Images are equally spaced. The car is moving with


constant velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining
the same size)
 Acceleration equals zero
Acceleration and Velocity

 Images become farther apart as time increases


 Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
 Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
 Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
Acceleration and Velocity

 Images become closer together as time increases


 Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same
length)
 Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
 Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
Review Question
Complete the following statement: For an object moving with a
velocity to the right and an acceleration to the left, the
distance traveled

1. increases for each second that the object moves.

2. decreases for each second that the object moves.

3. is the same for each second that the object moves.

4. cannot be determined, even if the elapsed time is known.


Introductory Question
Suppose I throw a ball upward
into the air. After the ball leaves
my hand, is there any force
pushing the ball upward?

1. Yes
2. No

19
Galileo Galilei
• 1564 – 1642
• Italian physicist and
astronomer
• Formulated laws of
motion for objects in
free fall
• Supported heliocentric
universe
Acceleration on an
Inclined Plane
Galileo found that the ball rolling down
the inclined plane picks up the same
amount of speed in successive seconds.

Galileo found greater accelerations for


steeper inclines.

Free Fall
An object falling under the influence of
gravity alone.

21
Question
On which of these hills does the ball roll
down with increasing speed and
decreasing acceleration along the path?
(Ignore air resistance)

1 2 3
Acceleration Due to Gravity

There is a rumor that Galileo dropped balls of the same material, but
different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that
their time of descent was independent of their mass.
23
A Feather and a Coin
A feather and a coin fall at equal accelerations in
a vacuum (no air resistance).

Hammer and Feather drop


on the Moon:
Apollo 15 – August 1971
Astronaut Dave Scott
24
Acceleration Due to Gravity
with negligible air resistance

On earth’s surface, all falling


objects accelerate downward at
9.8 m/s2 (~10 m/s2)

All objects fall at the same rate!


Free Fall
Constant acceleration:
The rate at which the velocity
changes each second is the same

The speed changes by 9.8 m/s every second

g = 9.8 m/s2 (~10 m/s2)

26
Free Fall
Constant acceleration:
The rate at which the velocity
changes each second is the same

The speed changes by 9.8 m/s every second

g = 9.8 m/s2 (~10 m/s2)

27
Question
What happens to the speed of a
ball after it is thrown upward in
the air?

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Increases than decreases
4. Decreases than increases
5. Remains the same

28
Question
What happens to the acceleration
of a ball after it is thrown
upward in the air?

1. Increases
2. Decreases
3. Increases than decreases
4. Decreases than increases
5. Remains the same

29
Drag Force and Speed
As a skydivers speed increases,
so does the drag force
the drag force is
proportional to speed2

The parachutist reaches terminal


velocity when magnitude of air
resistance equals weight.
Question
Which one of the following statements is true?
1. If a car is traveling eastward, its acceleration must be eastward.
2. If a car is slowing down, its acceleration must be negative.
3. A car with constant acceleration can never stop and stay stopped.

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