Unit-V Green Energy Source

Types of Energy Sources

1 Solar Energy
2 Wind Energy
3 Tidal Energy
4 Hydro Energy
5 Biomass Energy
6 Geothermal Energy

https://www.edfenergy.com/for-home/energywise/renewable-energy-sources

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Definition of Energy: Energy can be defined as the ability (or) capacity to do work

The different forms of energy:

Energy can be obtained in number of way. It may be in
the form of

(1) Chemical energy - due to chemical reaction

(2) Electrical energy - due to flow of electron
(3) Heat energy - due to thermal vibration
(4) Light energy - due to radiation of light
(5) Mechanical energy – due to moving parts
(6) Nuclear energy - due to nuclear reaction
The SI unit of energy is Joule (or) N/m.

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 Types of Energy sources
1. Conventional energy sources (or) Non-renewable energy sources
2. Non-Conventional energy sources (or) Renewable energy sources
(1) Conventional energy (or) Non-renewable energy
Conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are those,
which cannot be replaced continuously.

• Generally, non-renewable energy sources come out of the

ground as liquids, gases and solids.

Examples: The conventional (or) Non-renewable energy

sources are Oil, Coal, Petroleum and natural
gas, Nuclear energy
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Non-Conventional energy (or) Renewable energy

Renewable energy is a source of energy that can never be

exhausted and can be replaced continuously

We can obtain renewable energy from the sun, from the

water, from the wind, from crop residues and waste

The types of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energies are

Solar energy Tidal energy

Wind energy Hydro energy
Biomass energy Biofuels
Geothermal Wave Power

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 Solar energy

Solar energy comes from the light of the sun, which means it
is a renewable source of energy. We can use the sun light to
create pollution free electricity. The solar cell is the system
used to convert the sunlight energy into electrical energy

Solar collectors drvandana@jlu.edu.in SOET 5

 Areas of the world with high Solar radiation

• Although the solar radiation is

relatively constant outside the earth's
atmosphere, local climate influences can
cause wide variations in
available radiation on the earth’s
surface from site to site.

• In addition, the relative motion of

the sun with respect to the earth will
• The basic resource for all allow surfaces with different
solar energy systems is the orientations to intercept different
sun. amounts of solar energy.

• Knowledge of the quantity • It is the primary task of the solar

and quality of solar energy energy system designer to determine
the amount, quality and timing of the
available at a specific
solar energy available at the site
location is of prime selected for installing a solar
importance for the design of energy conversion system.
any solar energy system drvandana@jlu.edu.in SOET 6
Flat plate collector • The absorber plate is metallic.
• It is usually coated black to
absorb more heat energy.
• Tubes, passages or channels
integral with the collector carry
water or other working fluid.
• Insulation should be provided at
the back and at the sides to
minimize the heat losses.
• Usually glass wool is used as
insulation material.

Parabolic or concentrating collector

• The reflector will have a
parabolic shape so that the sun
rays striking the profile will be
reflected on its focal point.
• If a tube carrying a fluid is kept
along the focal line, the fluid will
be heated to a very high
temperature.
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ADVANTAGES:
• Renewable source of energy
• Pollution free
• After the capital cost, the cost of power generation is quite low
• Wide range of applications, powering street lights to satellites
DISADVANTAGES:
• It is not constantly available on earth Thus some form of
storage is needed to sustain solar energy through the night
and during rainy season
• Solar energy is diffused.
• Capital cost is very high
• Large area of land is required
• Large number of solar panels are required
• Affected by seasons
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 Tidal energy

Tidal energy is the energy due to the water waves created in the
ocean. The tidal energy is also called hydropower.
It is a hydropower due to raise and fall of water wave in ocean.
The raise and fall of water wave is due to the gravitational forces
of the moon and sun as well as the revolution of the earth
The raising and falling waves are used to rotate the turbines and
hence the electricity is produced.
The large scale up and down movement of sea water represents an unlimited
source of energy.
The main feature of the tidal cycle is the difference in water surface elevations
at the high tide and at the low tide.
If the differential head could be utilized in operating a hydraulic turbine, the
tidal energy could be converted into electrical energy by means of an
attached generator. drvandana@jlu.edu.in SOET 9
 ADVANTAGES

• It is inexhaustible source of energy

• No problem of pollution
• After the capital cost, the cost of power generation is quite low
• High output can be obtained compared to solar or wind energy

DISADVANTAGES

• Capital cost is very high

• As the head is not constant, variable output is obtained
• As the head is low, large amount of water is necessary for the
turbine
• It will not operate when the available head is less than 0.5m

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Turbine rotation due to Tidal

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 Wind energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air.
•Wind energy systems convert kinetic energy to more useful forms of power.

• Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since
ancient times From beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate electric
power.
•Wind is simple air in motion.
• wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.

• During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over
water.
• The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air
rushes in to take its place, creating winds.
• This winds are used to rotate turbine blades which spins the generator to
produce electricity
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 Windmill

• Electrical energy can be generated by wind energy by utilizing the kinetic

energy of wind
• Wind mills are classified into two types
Horizontal axis wind turbine
Vertical axis wind turbine

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HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

• Vertical axis wind
turbine can be classified
into two types
Darrieus type
Savonius type
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 ADVANTAGES

• Wind Is Renewable And Free Of Cost

• Pollution free
• Can be installed in remote villages, thus reducing
costly transmission lines
DISADVANTAGES
• Capital cost is very high
• Large area of land is required
• Very diffuse source.
• maintenance cost is very high

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 Hydro energy

Hydro energy is derived from flowing water in rivers, water

streams in mountains or from man-made installations where
water flows from a high-level reservoir down through a tunnel
and away from the dam.
• A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where
there is an existing lake.
• Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to
turn turbines and thus drive generators and the
electricity is produced
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Biomass energy

Biomass energy (or) bioenergy, is the energy stored in non-

fossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils
and wastes from the forest, agricultural and industrial sectors.

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 Geothermal energy

The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth)
and therme (heat). So, geothermal energy is heat from within the earth.

We can use the steam and hot water produced inside the earth to heat
buildings or generate electricity.

Geothermal power plants derive energy from the heat of the earth’s interior.
The average increase in temperature with depth of the earth is 10C for every 30-
40m. At a depth of 10-15km, the earth’s interior is as hot as 1000-12000C.
In certain areas of our planet, the underground heat has raised the temperature of
water to over 2000C which bursts out as hot steam through the cracks in the earth’s
crust. This steam can be utilized for power production
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The earth can be compared with egg. The outer layer of the earth is called
crest and the center layer is called Mantle and inner layer is called Core (Iron).
•Below the crust of the earth, the top layer of the mantle is a hot liquid rock
called magma.

• The crust of the earth floats on this liquid magma mantle.

•For every 100 meters you go below ground, the temperature of the
rock increases about 3 degrees Celsius.
• So, if you went about 10,000 feet below ground, the temperature
of the rock would be hot enough to boil water.
• Deep under the surface, water close to the hot rock can reach
temperatures of more than 148°C.
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• Geothermal wells are drilled at suitable locations.
• Water vaporized into steam comes out of the earth’s surface in a dry condition at around
2000C and 8 bar.
• This steam will run the turbine coupled with a generator.
• Steam is condensed in a condenser and re injected back into the ground by a rejection
well
•This is hotter than boiling water (100°C). It doesn't turn into steam
because it is not in contact with the air.
• When this hot water comes up through a crack in the earth, we call it a hot
spring and it is used to rotatedrvandana@jlu.edu.in
the turbines and SOET
the electricity is produced. 21
• The most active geothermal resources are usually found along
major plate boundaries where earthquakes and volcanoes
are concentrated.
• Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area
called the Ring of Fire.

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Advantages:

Geothermal energy is cheaper

Used as space heating for buildings
Used as industrial process heat
Geothermal energy is inexhaustible

Disadvantages:

Low overall power production efficiency (about 15%)

Drilling operation is noisy
Large areas are needed foe exploitation of geothermal energy

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 BIOFUEL
Plants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass.

Also known as biomatter, biomass can be used directly as fuel or to produce liquid biofuel.

Agriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-
product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burned in internal combustion engines or boilers.

Typically biofuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Research into more efficient
methods of converting biofuels and other fuels into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very
active work.

•Liquid biofuel is usually either a bioalcohol such as ethanol fuel or a bio-oil such as biodiesel
and straight vegetable oil.
• Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles with little or no modification to the engine and
can be made from waste and virgin vegetable and animal oil and fats (lipids).
•Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified diesel engines. In fact the Diesel engine was
originally designed to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. A major benefit of biodiesel is
lower emissions. The use of biodiesel reduces emission of carbon monoxide and other
hydrocarbons by 20 to 40%.

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OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION
• OTEC uses the
temperature difference
of the sea water at
different depths to
generate electricity

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Advantage of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energy resources
1. It is fact that the consumption of conventional sources of
energy has caused more environmental damage than
any other human activity.
1. The use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal produce high
concentration harmful gases in the atmosphere and
creates so many problems such as Ozone depletion and
global warming.
1. The Non-conventional energy sources, such as the sun
and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are
called renewable. They cause fewer emissions and are
available locally.
Question: What are green energy sources. Explain working and principle of any
one of them with their advantages and disadvantages
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• Write detail note on the following non conventional energy sources along
with advantages and disadvantages:
1 Solar Energy

2 Wind Energy

3 Tidal Energy

4 Hydro Energy

5 Biomass Energy

6 Geothermal

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