SQL Commands Syntax

Syntax Examples
Creating the CREATE DATABASE <DATABASENAME>; CREATE DATABASE SCHOOL;
database
Open the Use <DATABASENAME> ; Use SCHOOL;
database
Creating the CREATE TABLE <TABLENAME> CREATE TABLE
table (<COLMNNAME1><DATATYPE1><SIZE>, STUDENT(STUID INT(3),NAME
<COLUMNNAME2><DATATYPE2><SIZE> ; CHAR(30));
Insert the records INSERT INTO <TABLENAME> INSERT INTO STUDENT
into the table VALUES(<VALUE1,VALUE2…>); VALUES(1,’JOHN’);
INSERT INTO STUDENT
VALUE(2,’NILA’);
Structure of the DESC <TABLE NAME> DESCRIBE STUDENT
table OR OR
DESCRIBE STUDENT DESC STUDENT
Display all the SHOW DATABASES;
databases
Display the tables SHOW TABLES ;
in the particular
database
Delete the DROP <DATABASNAME>; DROP STUDENT;
database
Delete the table DROP TABLE <TABLEAME>; DROP TABLE STUDENT;
Adding the ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> ADD ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD
column in <COLUMNNAME> <DATATYPE>(SIZE); GENDER CHAR(2);
existing table
Adding the olumn ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> ADD ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD
with common (<COLUMNAME><DATATYPE> (MARKS INT(2) DEFAULT
data to the CONSTRAINT); 100);
existing table
Rename TABLE ALTER TABLE <current_table_name> ALTER TABLE STUDENT
name RENAME TO <new_table_name>; RENAME TO STU;
Rename the ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> ALTER TABLE STUDENT
column name CHANGE COLUMN <old_column_name> CHANGE COLUMN CITY STATE
<new_column_name> VARCHAR(15);
<DATATYPE>(SIZE);
Modify the data ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> MODIFY ALTER TABLE STUDENT
type for the COLUMN(<COLUMNAME><DATATYPE>SIZE) MODIFY COLUMN CITY
particular column ; CHAR(40);
Delete a column ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> DROP ALTER TABLE STUDENT DROP
from the table (<COLUMNAME> CITY;
Updating an UPDATE <TABLENAME> UPDATE STUDENT SET
existing record SET column1 = value1, column2 = CITY = CHENNAI WHERE
value2, ...[WHERE condition]; STUID=2;
UPDATE products SET
price = price * 1.1;
#Increase all prices by 10%
 Display the SELECT * FROM <TABLENAME>; SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
whole records
Display the SELECT * FROM <TABLENAME> WHERE SELECT * FROM STUDENT
records CONIDITION; WHERE ROLLNO=101;
according to the
condition
Display single SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT CITY FROM
column record <TABLENAME>; STUDENT;
Display the SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT
record in single <TABLENAME> WHERE CONDITION; WHERE ROLLNO=101;
column
according to the
condition
Eliminate SELECT DISTINCT <COLUMN NAME> SELECT DISTINCT(age) FROM
duplicate values FROM <TABLENAME>; STUDENT;
USING RELATIONAL OPERATORS(>,<,<=,>=,==,!=/<>/!=)
Applying the SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT MARKS FROM STUDENT
relational <TABLENAME> WHERE WHERE ROLLNO>100;
operators using <COLUMNNAME><CONDITION> SELECT NAME,MARKS FROM
where clause STUDENT WHERE ROLLNO>=100;
USING LOGICAL OPERATORS(AND,OR,NOT)

Applying more SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT

than one <TABLENAME> WHERE WHERE MARKS>=80 AND
condition using <COLUMNNAME><CONDITION> AND GENDER=’M’;
<CONDITION>
where clause SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT
<TABLENAME> WHERE WHERE MARKS>=80 OR
<COLUMNNAME><CONDITION> OR GENDER=’M’;
<CONDITION>
SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT
<TABLENAME> WHERE WHERE MARKS>=80 NOT
<COLUMNNAME><CONDITION> NOT GENDER=’M’;
<CONDITION>
USING ALIAS NAME
Applying the SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT NAME FROM STUDENT
duplicate table <TABLENAME> AS <ALIASNAME>; AS STUDENT1;
name
Applying the SELECT <COLUMNNAME> AS SELECT NAME AS STUDENTNAME
duplicate column <ALIASNAME>FROM <TABLENAME>; FROM STUDENT;
name
Including the text SELECT <COLUMNNAME> SELECT ROLLNO,NAME ,‘WAS
message between ‘TEXTMESSAGE’ <COLUMNNAME> FROM BORN ON’,DOB FROM STUDENT;
the columns <TABLENAME>;
SPECIAL OPERATORS ..BETWEEN ..AND
Apply the SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT ROLLNO,MARKS FROM
‘between and not <TABLENAME> WHERE <COLUMNNAME> STUDENT WHERE MARKS
between’ BETWEEN <VALUE1> AND <VALUE2>; BETWEEN 40 AND 80;
 SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT ROLLNO,MARKS FROM
<TABLENAME> WHERE <COLUMNNAME> NOT STUDENT WHERE MARKS NOT
BETWEEN <VALUE1> AND BETWEEN 40 AND 80;
<VALUE2>;
CONDITION BASED ON A LIST – IN AND NOT IN
Apply the ‘ in and SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT ROLLNO FROM STUDENT
not in’ values <TABLENAME> WHERE <COLUMNNAME> IN WHERE CITY IN MUMBAI;
<VALUE1>,<VALUE2>…
SELECT <COLUMNNAME> FROM SELECT ROLLNO FROM STUDENT
<TABLENAME> WHERE <COLUMNNAME> NOT WHERE CITY NOT IN MUMBAI;
IN <VALUE1>,<VALUE2>…
CONDTION BASED ON PATTERN—LIKE(USE WILD CARD CHARACTERS %-MATCHES ANY
STRING UNDERSCORE(_) MATCHES ANYONE CHARACTER
-> The LIKE operator is SELECT <COLUMNAME> SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME
used in a WHERE clause FROM <TABLENAME> WHERE LIKE “D%”;
to search for a specified <COLUMNNAME> LIKE SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE
pattern in a column. <PATTERN>; NAME LIKE “%D%”;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE NAME
-> The percent sign (%) LIKE “_D%”;
represents zero, one, or SELECT * FROM STUDENT WHERE
multiple characters NAME LIKE “%D”;
-> The underscore sign (_)
represents one, single
character
order by select * from CUSTOMER order by
Address, LastName
select * from CUSTOMER order by
LastName desc
SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS
HAVING with COUNT() employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
SELECT product_id, SUM(quantity
HAVING with SUM() * price) AS total_sales
FROM order_items
GROUP BY product_id
HAVING SUM(quantity * price) >
10000;
SELECT category, AVG(price) AS
HAVING with AVG() avg_price
FROM products
GROUP BY category
HAVING AVG(price) > 50;
 COUNT() SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS
employee_count
Aggregate Functions in FROM employees
GROUP BY GROUP BY department;
SUM() SELECT product_id, SUM(quantity
* price) AS total_sales
FROM order_items
GROUP BY product_id;
AVG() SELECT job_title, AVG(salary)
AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_title;
MIN() SELECT customer_id,
MAX() MIN(order_date) AS
first_order,
MAX(order_date) AS
latest_order
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id;
SELECT column_name(s), SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS
aggregate_function(col employee_count
GROUP BY umn_name) FROM employees
FROM table_name GROUP BY department;
WHERE condition
GROUP BY SELECT
customer_id,
column_name(s)
COUNT(*) AS order_count,
[ORDER BY
column_name(s)]; SUM(amount) AS total_spent
FROM orders
GROUP BY customer_id
HAVING SUM(amount) > 1000;

The HAVING clause in MySQL filters groups of rows after the GROUP BY clause has been
applied. Unlike WHERE which filters rows before grouping, HAVING filters the grouped
results.